Different Types Of Motor Activity Research Articles

Conceptual model of physical culture and health classes by running with women of the first period of mature age

In the scientific literature, conceptual models of physical culture and health classes in various directions of motor activity are described. There are data that indicate that in women of different morphological types, adaptive changes to different types of motor activity are not the same. In addition, it was established that the level of development of indicators of physical and functional fitness in women of different morphological types differs significantly. Therefore, there is a need to supplement the conceptual models of physical culture and health classes with the provision that morpho-functional features should be taken into account. The following methods were used to solve the tasks: theoretical analysis, generalization of data from scientific and methodological literature and experimental data, synthesis, modeling. On the basis of the analysis of the results of experimental studies, the provisions on the need to differentiate the level of indicators of physical and functional fitness in women in the first period of mature age, depending on their somatotype, have been determined. Provisions on a differentiated approach to representatives of different somatotypes when programming physical culture and health classes by running have been determined. Incorporating into the concept of recreational running classes a provision on a differentiated approach to programming classes for women of the first period of mature age of various somatotypes will ensure the maximum health-improving effect, since the peculiarities of their adaptation to such loads will be taken into account.

Implementation of physical exercises in the health restoration program of adolescents aged 8-14 years old with bronchial asthma

The article states that the introduction of physical exercises into the health restoration program for adolescents aged 8-14 years old with bronchial asthma is aimed at achieving short-term goals: improving the ability to manage respiratory function; learning prolonged exhalation; improvement of functional state; increasing tolerance to physical activity; reduction of muscle spasms. Long-term goals are used to improve the health of adolescents aged 8-14 years old with bronchial asthma: improving the vital capacity of the lungs; adaptation to physical activity; improvement of external breathing function; strengthening of chest muscles; improving the ability to control breathing during an attack of asthma; return to an active lifestyle; restoration of the balance of excitation and inhibition processes in the cortex of the large cerebral hemispheres, reduction of pathological cortico-visceral reflexes and restoration of the stereotype of regulation of the respiratory apparatus. The effectiveness of the restorative process depends on the rational construction of the motor regime, as the rational use and distribution during the day in a certain sequence of different types of motor activity of adolescents 8-14 years old with bronchial asthma. The tasks of a gentle movement regime are: improving the ability to control the respiratory function, teaching prolonged exhalation; promoting the removal of sputum from the lungs; learning methods for achieving relaxation during an asthma attack; increasing load tolerance. The tasks of a gentle training movement regime are: improving control of shortness of breath during attacks; improvement of functional state; increasing tolerance to physical activity; improvement of psycho-emotional state; reduction of muscle spasms. The tasks of the training movement regime are: improving the vital capacity of the lungs; adaptation to physical activity; reduction of BA attacks; improvement of external breathing function; strengthening of chest muscles; return to an active lifestyle.

Changes in the morphological and functional indicators of students in response to dosed physical activity

Purpose: to determine the features of changes in the morphological and functional indicators of students in response to a dosed physical load. Material & Methods: practically healthy students of 18±0.7 years of I-II courses of study (n=40) who did not regularly go in for sports in the past and present took part in the study. They were divided into test groups according to the following principle: group 1 (n=20) included students involved in playing sports (sports games and their elements); group 2 (n=20) included students involved in acyclic/cyclic types of physical culture and sports activities (types of athletics). Research methods: theoretical methods of pedagogical research; testing; hardware methods; mathematical and statistical. Results: the features of adaptation of the functional systems of the body of students to regular physical culture and sports classes by different types of motor activity of a predominant orientation were determined: gaming (sports games and their elements, mini-sports games); cyclic (types of athletics). It was revealed that as a result of regular classes according to training programs, both in terms of types of physical culture and sports, predominantly cyclic / acyclic (types of athletics), and game types (sports games and their elements), there is an improvement in the level of working capacity and endurance of students already in a two-month period. The reactions of the students' organism in response to the dosed physical activity of the Martin-Kushelevsky test at the end of the study allow us to assert an increase in the level of functioning and reserves of the cardiovascular system of the subjects as characteristics of the adaptation of the morphological and functional structures of the body to programmed regular physical exercises. However, when comparing the indicators of the studied groups, no significant differences were found. Consequently, the influence of predominantly different types of training loads is similar. This helps to deepen the understanding of the influence of academic physical education classes on the body of students. Consequently, the main determinant of increasing the level of adaptation to physical activity among students is the regularity of classes, while observing the pedagogical and specific sports principles of their construction. At the same time, the main goal of such classes should be to increase the level of general endurance as a characteristic of the level of physical health. Conclusions: morphological and functional changes in the body of students in the amount provided for by the program of physical education of higher education do not depend on the predominant nature of motor activity. As a result of the two-month training program, an improvement in the functional state of the students' body was revealed. However, this does not apply to the integral indicators of the functioning of the cardiovascular system. To improve the morphological and functional indicators of students, it is necessary to increase the time of regular physical education classes, regardless of the nature of motor activity.

Adaptive reactions of the cardiovascular system to health classes with different types of motor activity.

The topicality of research`s subject. In themodern scientific literature, the adaptiveresponses of the cardiovascular system toexercise are studied mainly by the dynamics ofblood pressure at rest. Adaptive responses ofblood pressure during dosed exercise remaininsufficiently studied.The purpose of the study. To establish thefeatures of adaptive reactions of heart rate,blood pressure at rest and after dosed exercisein women 25-35 years of age under theinfluence health classes of different types ofphysical activity.Research methods: pedagogical experiment,pulsometry, sphygmomanometry, methods ofmathematical statistics.Results: Wellness running classes caused a2.2% decrease in resting heart rate and a 2.1%decrease in systolic blood pressure after adosed ergometric load power of 1 ·kg.Wellness swimming helped to reduce heartrate by 1.9% and reduce by 2.5% systolicblood pressure after a load power of 2 W·kg.Сonclusions: We did not find data on theimpact of wellness activities in swimming,running, aqua fitness, fitness on the functionalstate of the cardiovascular system of women ofthe first period of adulthood. To solve thisproblem, a study of adaptive responses ofcardiovascular system to the various types ofphysical activity. Detected decreased heart rateat rest and systolic blood pressure after a dosedergometric load in women engaged in wellnessactivities in swimming, running. Theseprograms were focused on stimulating aerobicenergy supply.

Шляхи функціонування сфери фізичної культури у нових соціально-економічних умовах

Актуальність теми дослідження. Перехід України на нові економічні умови, негативно позначився на діяльності багатьох спортивних організацій різних форм власності. У зв’язку з цим постає необхідність пошуку та реалізації нових форм і підходів до організації позанавчальної фізкультуро-оздоровчої та спортивно-масової роботи з різними верствами населення України, які б відповідали соціально-економічним реаліям сьогодення. Аналіз вітчизняної теорії й практики фізичного виховання різних груп населення засвідчує, що рівень залу- чення громадян до рухової активності в Україні потребує функціонування нової, сучасної системи фізичного виховання – спорту для всіх, що є закономірним результатом пошуку ефективних шляхів забезпечення доступ- ності для населення рухової активності заради зміцнення здоров’я людини. Світовий досвід показує, що створення мережі спортивних клубів є ефективним засобом покращення здоров’я та підвищення рухової активності громадян. Мета дослідження – дослідити шляхи функціонування сфери фізичної культури в сучасних соці- ально-економічних умовах. Методи дослідження. Для досягнення поставленої мети проведено теоретичний аналіз науково-методичної літератури й документальних матеріалів, системний аналіз досягнень вітчизняних дослідників із цієї проблематики. Результати дослідження. Сучасні українські клуби – невід’ємна складова частина соціально-культурного та спортивного життя країни. Вони представлені як у державному, так і в комерційному секторах культури й характеризуються розгалуженою інфраструктурою, різноманітністю послуг, що надаються громадянам у їхньому бажанні щодо покращення власного здоров’я та використання різних видів рухової активності. Висновки. Поєднання спеціально організованих і самостійних видів оздоровчої рухової активності в діяльності центів фізичного здоров’я населення є актуальним на цьому етапі розвитку індустрії спорту в нашій державі.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MOTOR ACTIVITIES AT PE LESSONS ON MYOPIA PROGRESSION

Aim. The article deals with assessing the effect of different types of motor activity performed during physical education classes on myopia development. Materials and methods. 42 female university students aged 18 years participated in the study. All participants are characterized by acquired uncomplicated myopia. Three homogenous groups of fourteen were formed. The first group performed Nordic walking at PE classes, the second group used a fitness game (Just Dance), the third group was exempted from attending practical PE classes. All female students underwent an ophthalmic examination at the beginning and at the end of the study. The level of physical development and functional abilities of the body was established in all participants. The assessment was conducted based on the dynamics of indicators. Results. It was established that Nordic walking and lessons with a fitness game (Just Dance) did not influence significantly myopia development (р > 0.05). In the first group, myopia development was registered at the level of 0.34 diopter/year, and in the second group – 0.31 diopter/year. However, the comparison of the data obtained with those of the third group revealed a statistically significant difference (р < 0.01). Myopia development in the group exempted from attending practical PE classes was 0.75 diopter/year. Positive dynamics in motor coordination was registered in 57.1% of the first group and 64.3% of the second group. The majority of people from these groups demonstrated an increase in the indicators of the muscular strength of the leading arm and chest excursion. Moreover, more significant changes were registered for the group with a fitness game (Just Dance). The indicators of the third group remained at the same level or even worsened. Conclusion. Different types of motor activity at PE classes reduce myopia development approximately in the same way. A negative dynamics reveled for certain indicators in the third group can be probably determined by the deficit of motor activity due to huge academic load.

Screening for idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: usefulness of actigraphy.

Study ObjectivesTo evaluate the utility of multimodal low-cost approaches including actigraphy, a wrist-worn device monitoring rest/activity cycles, in identifying patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD).MethodsSeventy patients diagnosed with sleep disorders causing different motor manifestations during sleep (iRBD, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome) and 20 subjects without any relevant motor manifestation during sleep, underwent video-polysomnography (vPSG) and 2 week actigraphy, completed six validated RBD screening questionnaires, and sleep apps use was assessed. Actigraphy was analyzed automatically, and visually by seven blinded sleep medicine experts who rated as “no,” “possible,” and “probable” RBD.ResultsQuantitative actigraphy analysis distinguished patients from controls, but not between patients with different types of motor activity during sleep. Visual actigraphy rating by blinded experts in sleep medicine using pattern recognition identified vPSG confirmed iRBD with 85%–95% sensitivity, 79%–91% specificity, 81%–91% accuracy, 57.7% ± 11.3% positive predictive value, 95.1% ± 3.3% negative predictive value, 6.8 ± 2.2 positive likelihood ratio, 0.14 ± 0.05 negative likelihood ratio and 0.874–0.933 area under the ROC curve (AUC). AUC of the best performing questionnaire was 0.868. Few patients used sleep apps; therefore, their potential utility in the evaluated patients’ groups is limited.ConclusionsVisual analysis of actigraphy using pattern recognition can identify subjects with iRBD, and is able to distinguish iRBD from other motor activities during sleep, even when patients are not aware of the disease in contrast to questionnaires. Therefore, actigraphy can be a reliable screening instrument for RBD potentially useful in the general population.

Gender differential effects of developmental exposure to methyl-mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls 126 or 153, or its combinations on motor activity and coordination

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and methylmercury (MeHg) are persistent organic pollutants accumulating in the food chain. Pre- and neonatal exposure to these neurotoxicants may affect brain development and lead to long-lasting alterations in cerebral function, which can result in motor alterations in youth and/or adulthood. Some neurotoxicants induce gender specific effects.The aims of the present work were to: (1) assess the effects of developmental exposure to MeHg, PCB 153 or PCB 126 on spontaneous locomotor and vertical activity and motor coordination when the rats are 2-month old; (2) assess whether perinatal exposure to combinations of MeHg with PCB153 or PCB126 alter the effects of the individual neurotoxicants; (3) follow the progression of motor alterations when the rats are 3-, 5- and 7-month old; (4) assess if the effects are similar or different in males and females.Pregnant rats were treated with MeHg (0.5mg/kgday); PCB126 (100ng/kgday) or PCB153 (1mg/kgday) or with combinations of MeHg with each PCB, administered in food from gestational day 7 until weaning at post-natal day 21.PCB 126 impaired motor coordination at 2 months in males but not in females. PCB 153 impaired coordination both in males and females. Combinations of MeHg with PCB153 or PCB126 did not affect motor coordination, indicating that MeHg counteracts the effects of the PBCs.The combination of MeHg and PCB153 induces hypolocomotion at 2 months but hyperactivity at 7 months while the individual compounds did not induce any effect. PCB126 induced gender selective effects, reducing locomotor activity at 2 months in females but not in males. The combination of MeHg and PCB126 behaves as PCB126 alone.All compounds and combinations tested induce gender-selective alterations in vertical activity. The effects on locomotor and vertical activity change with age in the same rats. At 2 months all compounds and combinations reduce vertical activity in females but not in males. At 7 months all treatments induced hyperactivity both in males and females, except MeHg+PCB126.In conclusion, the results show that: (a) many motor alterations induced by most compounds are different in males and females; (b) mixtures of MeHg with PCBs 153 or 126 induce different effects that the individual compounds; (c) different types of motor activity (spontaneous locomotion, vertical activity and motor coordination) are affected differently by the same neurotoxicant or mixture; and (d) the effects on locomotor and specially on vertical activity change with the age of the rat. Most compounds reduce activity at youth (2 months) and induce hyperactivity at adulthood (5–7 months). The change from hypo- to hyperactivity occurs earlier in males.

Changes in the Mu Rhythm in Different Types of Motor Activity and on Observation of Movements

A complex study of the characteristics of the mu rhythm with subjects in different states was performed: during observation of movements and during execution of their own movements. Stimuli for movement observation were presented on a monitor screen and consisted of a set of movements for which published data show that mirror neurons mount different responses. In particular, these are movements with or without an expressed goal and various tool manipulations. Studies of the effects of the subjects’ movements on the mu rhythm were performed using situations in which subjects executed their own movements and situations in which they imitated movements seen on a monitor screen. Different methods of processing EEG traces and analyzing evoked desynchronization (suppression) of the mu rhythm were used. These experiments showed that presentation of video recordings of different types of movements induced moderate suppression of the spectral power of the mu rhythm. There were no significant differences in the depression of the mu rhythm on observation of movements performed with or without a clear movement goal or movements for which the goal was reached with a tool. Thus, changes in the mu rhythm and suppression of the mirror neuron system on observation of an executed movement were significantly different. Analysis of the time development of mu rhythm depression showed that changes which were quite clearly apparent at the beginning of observation gradually weakened, generally decreasing to statistically insignificant values at the final stages. The “habituation” effect seen in changes in the mu rhythm indicates a possible role for the mechanisms of involuntary and voluntary attention in mu rhythm depression. The “habituation” effect was also characteristic of more marked changes in the mu rhythm seen on execution of movements by the subjects. Significant differences were seen between depression of the mu rhythm evoked by the subjects’ own movements and on imitation of movements. The habituation effect was more marked in the latter case. These differences in the nature of mu rhythm depression may be associated with differences in activation of those areas of the cortex responsible for movement preparation and programming and with changes associated with the rapid development of motor automation.

Chronic hyperammonemia alters the circadian rhythms of corticosteroid hormone levels and of motor activity in rats

Patients with liver cirrhosis may present hepatic encephalopathy with a wide range of neurological disturbances and alterations in sleep quality and in the sleep-wake circadian rhythm. Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to the neurological alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. We have assessed, in an animal model of chronic hyperammonemia without liver failure, the effects of hyperammonemia per se on the circadian rhythms of motor activity, temperature, and plasma levels of adrenal corticosteroid hormones. Chronic hyperammonemia alters the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and of cortisol and corticosterone levels in blood. Different types of motor activity are affected differentially. Hyperammonemia significantly alters the rhythm of spontaneous ambulatory activity, reducing strongly ambulatory counts and slightly average velocity during the night (the active phase) but not during the day, resulting in altered circadian rhythms. In contrast, hyperammonemia did not affect wheel running at all, indicating that it affects spontaneous but not voluntary activity. Vertical activity was affected only very slightly, indicating that hyperammonemia does not induce anxiety. Hyperammonemia abolished completely the circadian rhythm of corticosteroid hormones in plasma, completely eliminating the peaks of cortisol and corticosterone present in control rats at the start of the dark period. The data reported show that chronic hyperammonemia, similar to that present in patients with liver cirrhosis, alters the circadian rhythms of corticosteroid hormones and of motor activity. This suggests that hyperammonemia would be a relevant contributor to the alterations in corticosteroid hormones and in circadian rhythms in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Presynaptic inhibition of spinal α motoneurons in humans adapted to different types of motor activity

Changes in the presynaptic inhibition of spinal α motoneurons were studied in athletes during motor activities of different types. In the state where muscles were at relative rest, the presynaptic inhibition of spinal α motoneurons of the m. soleus was stronger in samboists (athletes specializing in the martial art of sambo) and sprinters than in long-distance runners. In samboists performing repeated static efforts, the presynaptic inhibition of spinal α motoneurons became stronger from one trial to the next. Both technique training and strength training enhanced the presynaptic inhibition of spinal α motoneurons, this enhancement being greater after strength training.

Trastornos del movimiento y actividad motora en sueño

To describe different types of motor activity and movement disorder which occur during sleep in relation to episodes of arousal and sleep disorder. During sleep, normal motor activity should be distinguished from paroxystic episodes: parasomnias; abnormal movements such as nocturnal paroxystic dystonia, which is very similar to epilepsy of frontal origin; nocturnal epileptic crises and especially periodic movements of the limbs and the restless legs syndrome, which is relates lo it. Physiological cyclical fluctuations of sleep are common to all these conditions and due to cortico-subcortical changes in excitability. We review diagnostic, clinical and neurophysiological criteria and aspects of physiopathology and treatment.

Arousal y actividad motora en sueño

To describe different types of motor activity which occur during sleep in relation to episodes of arousal and sleep disorder. During sleep, normal motor activity should be distinguished from paroxystic episodes: parasomnias; abnormal movements such as nocturnal paroxystic dystonia, which is very similar to epilepsy of frontal origin; nocturnal epileptic crises and especially periodic movements of the limbs and the restless legs syndrome, which is related to it. Physiological cyclical fluctuations of sleep are common to all these conditions and due to cortico-subcortical changes in excitability. We review diagnostic, clinical and neurophysiological criteria and aspects of physiopathology and treatment.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in motoneuron pools innervating different hind limb muscles in the rat

The content of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) in motoneurons was studied in four motor pools supplying muscles in the rat hind limb subserving different types of motor activity. The motor pools were identified by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase or fluorophore-conjugated dextran amines, which were injected into the soleus, tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, or abductor digiti minimi muscles. After processing for immunohistochemistry, a semiquantitative evaluation was carried out to estimate the proportion of strongly, intermediately, and weakly labeled motoneurons, as well as motoneurons totally lacking CGRP staining. This revealed a considerable diversity in the intensity of CGRP labeling even for motoneurons in the same motoneuron pool. Thus, strongly labeled cells, as well as cells devoid of CGRP label, were found in all four motoneuron pools. However, a difference was found in the distribution of motoneurons innervating muscles with a dominant composition of fast and slow motor units, respectively, in that a larger fraction of the latter type lacked CGRP-LI. Moreover, generally motoneurons in the small motor units of the abductor digiti minimi muscle displayed weaker staining, and a larger proportion of cells was totally devoid of CGRP-LI (16%) compared with larger motor units of the other three muscles (1-10%). Small-sized cells within the gamma-motoneuron size range were weakly stained or, more frequently, totally devoid of CGRP label (50%) as compared to larger cells, presumably representing alpha-motoneurons (1-16%). Five days after axotomy all four studied motoneuron pools displayed stronger CGRP labeling than corresponding unlesioned pools. However, a considerable variation in CGRP labeling persisted also among axotomized motoneurons. These results indicate that motoneurons normally display a great variation in CGRP-LI levels, but that motoneurons of small and slow-twitch motor units in general have lower levels than motoneurons of large and fast-twitch motor units, respectively. After axotomy, CGRP-LI increases in lesioned motoneuron pools compared with normal, but in a fraction of the axotomized motoneurons the increase seems to be discrete or even absent. The possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed.

The muscles of the abdominal wall: a new functional approach with anatomoclinical deductions.

The basic functional anatomy of muscle can be investigated by histochemical analysis of the muscle fibers and kinesiologic electromyography. The results of these techniques lead to anatomoclinical deductions based on the structure of muscle. Histochemical analysis of the striated fibers of a given muscle shows the existence of three functionally different populations of fibers. The relative abundance of each category of muscle fibers (expressed as a percentage) demonstrates the basic function of the muscle. The investigation of muscle function by kinesiologic electromyography shows that there are three categories of motor activity in the course of movement. These different types of motor activity are dependent upon the muscle fibers which display different physiological features, especially with respect to their contraction time. These two investigative techniques, the overall results of which are concordant, were applied to the study of the function of the muscles of the abdominal wall and led to the following anatomo-clinical deduction: tonico-postural motor activity is predominant in the rectus abdominis and flat abdominal muscles. Kinesiologic electromyography also allowed to demonstrate the functional development of these muscles according to the age, sex, corpulence and physical activity of the subjects studied.