Different Types Of Manure Research Articles

Evaluation of the potential horizontal gene transfer ability during chicken manure and pig manure composting

Resistance genes have been identified as emerging pollutants due to their ability to rapidly spread in the environment through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Microbial community serves as the pivotal factor influencing the frequency of HGT during manure composting. However, the characteristics of HGT in microbial community from different types of manure were unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential risk of HGT in bacterial community through the co-composting of chicken manure and pig manure in different proportions. The experimental results showed that the abundance of sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes and integrase genes was higher during pig manure composting than those during chicken manure composting. In addition, the addition of pig manure also increased resistance genes abundance during chicken manure composting. These results suggested that the potential HGT risk was greater during pig manure composting. Furthermore, microbial analysis of co-composting suggested that bacterial community of pig manure was more competitive and adaptable than that of chicken manure. Ultimately, statistical analysis indicated that compared to chicken manure composting, the potential ability of HGT was greater during pig manure composting. This study provided the vital theoretical support and scientific guidance for mitigating the HGT risk during manure composting.

Effect of crop pattern and types of manure on the growth of Sappan wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

Sappan wood plants are one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Considering the potential of Sappan wood plants in the health and industrial sectors, special cultivation techniques are required to ensure that Sappan wood plants can grow with a large stem diameter. A large stem diameter can be achieved by using the appropriate planting distance. The right planting distance requires land with sufficient organic content. This research aims to determine the optimum planting distance and the appropriate type of organic material to produce Sappan wood plants with a large diameter. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design, with planting distance (J) as the main plot and organic fertilizer (P) as the sub-plot. The planting distance factor levels were J1 = 1m x 1m, J2 = 2mx2m cm, J3 = 3m x3m. The organic fertilizer factor levels were P1 = Cow Manure Fertilizer, P2 = Chicken Manure Fertilizer, and P3 = Sheep Manure Fertilizer. The results showed an interaction between the planting distance treatment and the use of manure fertilizer on the parameters of stem diameter and soil pH of Sappan wood plants at 3 MAP (months after planting). The planting distance treatment independently influenced the results, with a 1m x 1m planting distance providing the best results for plant height and stem diameter. In general, the application of different types of manure did not significantly affect the growth of Sappan wood plants.

Animal manures increased maize yield by promoting microbial activities and inorganic phosphorus transformation in reclaimed soil aggregates

Animal manures positively affect soil microbial activity and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) accumulation. However, how different types of manures affect microbial-driven Pi transformation at the aggregate scale is largely unclear. Here, we conducted a field experiment focused on maize cultivation in a reclamation site. Five fertilization treatments included no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), chicken manure (CHM), pig manure (PM), and cow manure (CM). We examined microbial biomass, soil extracellular enzyme activities associated with carbon and phosphorus cycling, and Pi fractions (Labile-P, Moderately labile-P, and Stable-P) in three aggregate sizes (> 2 mm large macro-aggregates, 0.25–2 mm small macro-aggregates, and < 0.25 mm micro-aggregates), as well as grain yield. The results showed that manures addition significantly increased the proportion of large macro-aggregates and aggregate stability compared to chemical fertilizer. Stable-P constituted the largest proportion among the Pi fractions, accounting for 63 %–72 %. However, manures reduced Stable-P (5.4 %–10.7 %) and increased Labile-P (111 %–190 %) in Pi, especially in micro-aggregates. Both chemical fertilizer and manures increased microbial biomass and enzyme activities in aggregates, with manures causing a greater enhancement of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and C-cycling enzymes, especially under pig manure, and improving soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) and P-cycling enzymes, especially under chicken manure. Phytase, phosphatase and SMBP accounted for 81.4 %, 81.2 % and 87 % of the differences in large macro-aggregates, small macro-aggregates, and micro-aggregates, respectively. The structural equation model (SEM) demonstrated that manures facilitated the transformation of Stable-P to Labile-P by regulating aggregates and microbial activity, which consequently increased yield. In summary, manures addition, particularly chicken manure, can enhance inorganic phosphate (Pi) accumulation and transformation, thereby mitigating phosphorus (P) limitation in calcareous reclamation soils.

Animal manure in the context of renewable energy and value-added products: A review

Animal manure has a complex structure and can be considered a lignocellulosic material. Manure management generates greenhouse emissions, mainly N2O and CH4. Currently, efforts are being made for the sustainable use of animal manure to obtain bioenergy and value-added products. This work shows thermochemical and biochemical methods for manure valorization and proposes strategies to mitigate the inherent environmental problems, thus helping to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDGs 7, 9, 12, and 13. The physicochemical properties and high heating values (HHV) of different types of manure are presented and discussed. The HHV follows the order of cow≈horse>sheep>poultry>pigmanure. Thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion were studied. The operating conditions of anaerobic digestion were also studied. Physical, chemical, thermochemical, and biochemical (e.g., with microbial consortia and enzymes) pre-treatments were analyzed to improve the performance of the above processes. Limitations and obstacles in technological applications were identified, such as manure distribution, lack of government incentives, or the presence of antibiotics in manure. Animal manure has a clear potential to produce organic acids, biomaterials, biofuels, and bioenergy. So, bioprocesses or biorefineries using this biomass as a feedstock may be promising in the near future in the context of the bio-economy, helping to increase the production of renewable energy, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, fostering innovation that adds value to the main livestock activities that generate manure, and guaranteeing sustainable consumption and production modalities that allow mitigating the effects caused by the current treatment of manure.

Influence of Different Types of Manure and Clove Size on the Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium salivum L)

In order to determine the effects of various types of manure and clove size on the development and productivity of garlic, an experiment was carried out at the Horticulture farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, between November 2021 and April 2022. The experiment consisted of three sizes of garlic cloves (Viz. C1=small (50gm/100 cloves), C2=medium (70gm/100 cloves), C3=large (90gm/100 cloves)) and four levels of manure (Viz. M0= Control (No manure), M1= Cowdung (15t/ha), M2= Vermicompost (6t/ha), M3= Mushroom spent compost (6t/ha)). The two-factor experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 treatments. Growth and yield of garlic were influenced by the different clove sizes. The C3 treatment had the most leaves (12.77), the largest bulb diameter (4.11 cm), the most cloves per bulb (25.49), the largest clove diameter (1.35 cm), the largest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (13.5 g), and the highest bulb output per hectare (9.43 ton). The growth and yield of garlic were significantly impacted by different level of manure. The M3 treatment produced the highest number of leaves (12.45), maximum bulb diameter (3.73 cm), highest number of cloves per bulb (24.44), highest diameter of cloves per bulb (1.08 cm), highest weight of 10 cloves per bulb (11.83 g), and highest bulb output per hectare (9.92 ton). The highest bulb yield (11.42 ton/ha) was obtained from M3C3 treatment combination, while the lowest bulb yield (5.49 ton/ha) was obtained from M0C1 treatment combination. So, it can be revealed that the M3C3 treatment combination appeared to the best for achieving the higher yield of garlic.

Pig manure-derived fulvic acid more strongly drives the fate of arsenic and antibiotic resistance genes in paddy soil

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can threaten the clean production of rice owing to continuous selective pressure in heavy metal–antibiotic co-contaminated paddy soils. As an important soil carbon reservoir, the role of humic substances from different types of manure in the regulation of soil ARGs remains unclear. In this study, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were extracted from pig manure (PM), cow dung (CD), and chicken manure (CM). The influence of their characteristics and doses on the fate of ARGs was investigated in arsenic (As)–antibiotic co-contaminated paddy soils. The release of As and degradation of antibiotics were promoted in 1% PM-FA treatment, with increases of 4.8%–5.6% and 8.3%–8.8% compared with CM-FA and CD-FA treatments, respectively. The coexistence of FA/HA, Fe, As, and antibiotics in soil pore water affected the environmental behavior of ARGs, with FA showing a more positive effect. Species including Bacillus, Geobacter, Desulfitobacterium, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were considered potential hosts of ARGs, and their resistance to co-contamination increased after the addition of FA. Membrane transport is a potential strategy for host bacteria of ARGs to cope with As–antibiotic complex pressure. These results demonstrate the coupling mechanisms of As, antibiotics, and ARGs regulated by different humic substances in co-contaminated paddy soils, which could support the clean production of rice in agricultural practice.

Effects of soil solarization combined with manure-amended on soil ARGs and microbial communities during summer fallow

Soil solarization (SS) is a technique for managing pathogens and weeds, which involves covering with transparent plastic to increase soil temperature during summer fallow (SF). However, SS also alters the diversity of bacterial communities. Therefore, during SF, various organic modifiers are used in combination with SS to improve its efficacy. Organic amendments may contain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) soils are vital to ensure food security and ecological balance. However, comprehensive study on the effects of SS combined with different types of manure on ARGs in GVP soils during SF remains unclear. Therefore, this study employed high-throughput qPCR to explore the effects of different organic amendments combined with SS on the abundance changes of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in GVP soils during SF. The abundance and diversity of ARGs and MGEs in GVP soils with different manure fertilization and SS decreased during SF. Horizontal gene transfer via MGEs (especially integrases 45.80%) induced by changes in environmental factors (NO3−-N 14.7% and NH4+-N) was the main factor responsible for the changes in ARGs. Proteobacteria (14.3%) and Firmicutes were the main potential hosts of ARGs. Network analysis suggested that Ornithinimicrobium, Idiomarina and Corynebacterium had positive correlations with aminoglycosides, MLSB, and tetracycline resistance genes. These results provide new insights to understand the fate of ARGs in the GVP soils by manure-amended combined with SS during SF, which may help to reduce the spread of ARGs.

Mesostigmata diversity by manure type: a reference study and new datasets from southwestern Iran

Manure-inhabiting Mesostigmata mites are important biological control agents of pest flies. However, the biodiversity of this mite community is mainly known from Europe and America, and especially from cattle manure. This study examined the diversity and abundance of Mesostigmata mites associated with various types of manure in an (intensive) agricultural region of the Middle East, i.e., the city Ahvaz and its suburbs, in southwest Iran. Mite samples were extracted from manure of cattle, buffalo, sheep, horse, poultry and quail in 30 livestock and poultry farms. In total, 40 species belonging to 24 genera and 16 families were identified. The most diverse families were Laelapidae with eight species, Macrochelidae with seven and Parasitidae with six. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and Uroobovella marginata were the most widespread species, recorded in 28 and 27 out of 30 collection sites, respectively. Two species, M. sumbaensis and U. marginata, were found in all studied manures. Simpson’s diversity index recorded the highest diversity in buffalo and sheep manure. Real and theoretical species richness (rarefaction curves) were congruent in number of individuals. The presence of seven species of Macrochelidae in the manure confirms that these are important predators of the house fly for the region of Ahvaz and its suburbs. Members of the Parasitidae were highly prevalent, with one species known as a specialized predator of house fly eggs. This work aims to encourage further studies on the diversity of Mesostigmata in these agricultural settings, and further continue assessing the feasibility of these mites as effective biocontrol agents of filth flies in different types of manure and from different corners of the world.

Animal manures promoted soil phosphorus transformation via affecting soil microbial community in paddy soil

Animal manures are reported as good substitutes for chemical fertilizers to mobilize soil phosphorus (P). However, the mechanisms on how different types of manures regulate microbial biomass involved in P mobilization remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate variations in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and P (MBP) and P fractions after 30% animal manures substitution (pig manure (PM), chicken manure (CM), and dairy manure (DM)) in paddy soil. Furthermore, a 30-day incubation experiment was used to explore the mechanisms of soil P transformation induced by 100% manures addition. Two-year field experiment results showed that, compared to the chemical NPK fertilizer, 30% manure substitution didn't influence rice and wheat yields significantly but decreased soil total P loss from runoff by 3.2%. However, 30% manure substitution significantly enhanced MBC and MBP by 11.3–18.4% and 57.1–81.2%, respectively, which also promoted the transformation of moderately labile P (M-P) to labile P (L-P). Moreover, the incubation experiment also convinced that all manures caused higher MBC than chemical P fertilizer. Meanwhile, compared to the no P fertilizer, manures increased L-P and organic P by 2.7%–14.7% and 6.4%–20.0%, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil MBC/MBP ratio was the main factor to soil L-P and M-P, indicating that animal manures can improve soil microbial abundance and thus promote M-P to L-P in soil. Among three animal manures, PM could improve the mobilization potential of P mostly, due to the highest C source activity by 13C NMR analysis. Our study indicated that animal manures especially PM can be considered as a good candidate for agricultural P management in paddy soils because of their capacity to promote soil P transformation.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI MENTIMUN (Cucumis sativus L.) AKIBAT PEMBERIAN MACAM DAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG

Cucumber is one of the important vegetable commodities that have high nutritional value and is alternative medicine. To increase the productivity of both plants and the land where plants are grown, organic fertilization is needed. Manure is an organic fertilizer to increase soil fertility so that plant growth increases. Giving different types of manure with different doses will result in different plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the interaction between the type and dose of manure treatment on the growth and production of cucumbers. This study is a factorial experiment with two factors, which were arranged according to a completely randomized design (CRD) and repeated 3 (three) times. The first factor is the type of manure consisting of 3 levels, namely: chicken manure (K1), cow manure (K2), and goat manure (K3). The second factor is the dose of manure which consists of 3 levels, namely: 10 tons/ha (D1), 15 tons/ha (D2), and 20 tons/ha (D3). Observational data were analyzed by analysis of variance to determine the effect of the treatment on the observed parameters. After knowing the effect of treatment on the observed parameters, it is continued with the Least Significant Difference (BNT) test at the 5% level if it is significantly different. The combination of types and doses of manure significantly affected plant height, number, and leaf area at the age of observation 21 and 28 DAP, number of fruits, and fruit production per plant. The combination of the type of manure and the dose of manures did not significantly affect the number of leaves at 14 days of age, fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit weight. The combination of goat manure at a dose of 20 tons/ha resulted in the best growth and production of cucumbers.

Effects of different types of manure on the culture of marine plankton as a potential source of food for mariculture hatcheries

The study examined different types of organic manure on the culture of marine plankton as a potential source of food for rabbitfish, Siganus stellatus, larvae. Cow dung showed significantly higher species abundance and diversity of cultured marine plankton followed by chicken and finally mixed media manure (p&lt;0.05). A total of 36 genera of phytoplankton (21) and zooplankton (15) were identified in all culture media. Class Bacillariophyta was the most abundant and diverse group which accounted for 41.3 % of the total phytoplankton. Calanoida was the dominant group of the identified zooplankton, accounting for 51.7 %. It was observed that the organic manure used favoured the growth of commercially important species of phytoplankton such as Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema sp., Chlorella sp., Isochrysis sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp., and zooplankton such as Eurytemora sp., Calanus sp., Oithona sp., Branchionus sp., Moina sp. and ostracods. The growth performance and survival rate of early stage rabbitfish larvae fed with live marine zooplankton performed better compared to those fed with Artemia spp. and commercial dry feed. This indicates that zooplankton have the potential to enhance growth performance and survival rate, hence increasing productivity and the development of mariculture.

Mineralization of Farm Manures and Slurries under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions for Subsequent Release of Phosphorus and Sulphur in Soil

A good understanding of nutrient release from manure or compost after application through mineralization is important to assure meeting the nutrient demand of crops, to secure timely fertilizer application and to enhance nutrient use efficiency. The current study was done to evaluate phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) release patterns from different types of manures viz. cow dung, cow dung slurry, tricho-compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, poultry manure slurry and mungbean residues. The mineralization study was performed under aerobic (field capacity) and anaerobic (waterlogging) conditions for 180 days at 25 ± 1 °C in the laboratory. The release of P and S showed the highest values within 75–180 and 75–150 days, respectively, and was always higher in aerobic conditions than in anaerobic conditions. The first-order kinetic cumulative model was a good fit for mineralization, which was significantly influenced by manure type, soil moisture level and incubation period. Poultry manure slurry exerted the highest P and S release under both moisture conditions. Both slurries showed higher potential mineralization, with a lower rate constant for these elements compared to that in their manure states. Hence, appropriate manures should be chosen and applied in the proper quantity to provide exact amounts of nutrients, to increase crops nutrient use efficiency and to formulate correct fertilizer recommendations.

The process of biotransformation can produce insect protein and promote the effective inactivation of heavy metals

An experiment was performed to study the inactivation effect of aerobic composting on heavy metals in maggot, pig and chicken manures. After composting, Cu mainly occurred in the oxidizable (OXI) fraction with a percentage distribution above 54%. Zn and Cd mainly existed in the bioavailable factor (BF), which has strong activity, with percentage distributions greater than 88.3% and 82.7%, respectively. Cr and Pb mainly existed in the stable residual (RES) fraction with a percentage distribution of approximately 50%. The aerobic composting process had a clear inactivation effect on heavy metals. For maggot manure compost in particular, the inactivation effects of Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, and Pb were very good throughout the composting process, and the inactivation effect of Pb reached 54.42%. In addition, the process of biotransformation by housefly maggots promoted the conversion of fulvic acid (FA) to humic acid (HA) in pig manure, and the final increase in HA/FA after maggot manure composting was the largest among the different types of manure and beneficial to the inactivation of heavy metals. Compounds containing -CH3 and -CH2 groups were reduced, and aromatic structures were enhanced. Moreover, a maggot yield equivalent to 13.2% of the fresh pig manure was achieved during the process of biotransformation. The correlation analysis results showed that moisture content was an important factor affecting the inactivation rates of heavy metals in the three manure composts. Our results highlight that the process of biotransformation by housefly maggots can promote composting maturity and the inactivation of heavy metals, and produce a large amount of insect protein, yielding beneficial ecological and economic benefits.

Study on pollutant characteristics of different types of manure sludge drying condensate

In order to further study the characteristics of condensate contaminants generated during the drying of livestock manure and biogas residues, the three biogas residues were dried at different temperatures and at different time. The condensate produced in the experiment was collected and its pH, ammonia nitrogen and COD were measured. Exploring the effects of different temperatures and different times on the characteristics of condensate contaminants during the drying of manure sludge. And further comparing the characteristics of different types of biogas residue dry condensate. The results show that: the three biogas residue condensates are weakly alkaline; the three biogas residue condensates COD rises with the increase of drying temperature, the use of low temperature drying can reduce the organic content of the dry condensate; low temperature drying can significantly reduce Exhaust gas treatment load to prevent the loss of organic fertilizer efficiency; with the extension of the drying time, the NH3-N content of the dry condensate of pig manure and chicken manure biogas residues decreased, and the NH3-N content of the dry manure biogas residue dry condensate increased; comprehensive consideration of drying efficiency and drying for the characteristics of condensate. It is recommended that all three kinds of biogas residues be dried at 60°C at low temperature.

Kinetic model of biogas production from co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with rice husk and different type of manure with ash supplement

In recent decades up to now, researches on alternative energies have been intensified particularly those on biomethane and biohydrogen from agriculture wastes and municipal wastes. The objective of this research was to study the biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with rice husk and different types of animal manure (chicken manure, cow manure, and quail manure), with and without ash supplement. There were 27 experiments conducted in batch digesters at room temperature (28-30 °C) and each experiment was triplicated. Each digester contained 10 g of animal manure, 10 g of rice husk, and 200 ml total working volumes of Thai rice noodle wastewater. Five different amounts of ashes (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g) were supplemented. The results showed that the co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with chicken manure, rice husk, and 6 g of ash supplement gave the highest methane percentage, cumulative methane production and bio-methane potential (BMP): average value of 71.5%, 1,846 mL and 311.2 mLCH4/gVSremoved respectively. This co-digestion gave the initial pH of 7.0 and it was sustained in an optimal range (pH 6.8-7.5) until the digestion stopped (45 days). Slow release of nutrients from slowly digestible substrates helped to balance the digestion steps, sustaining pH to around 7. In contrary, other sub-optimal ratios produced the final pH was lower than its initial pH, and the AD process could fail or produced less methane. In the kinetic study, it was also found that traditional Gompertz and Monod-type models for single substrate digestion could not describe the biogas evolution curve satisfactory. Two-substrate models were used instead and able to describe the experimental data very well.

Manure fertilization increase antibiotic resistance in soils from typical greenhouse vegetable production bases, China

A large quantity of manure is applied in greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) soils, while manure fertilization often leads to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils. However, comprehensive study on the effects of different types of manure on ARGs in GVP soils remains unknown, and the baseline level of ARGs in GVP soil is poorly quantified. This study conducted a comprehensive survey of ARGs in GVP soils using high-throughput quantitative PCR. We found elevated ARG diversity and absolute abundance in fertilized soil, whereas no significant difference in soil ARGs amended with different types of manure. Redundancy analysis indicated that the change of bacterial community compositions and environmental factors contributed partially to the shift in ARG profiles. Bipartite network analysis indicated that one ARG was detected in non-manured soils, while 50 ARGs and 4 mobile gene elements were exclusively detected in fertilized soils, suggesting introduction of ARGs from manure into soils largely explained the increased ARG diversity in fertilized soil. By comparison of ARG absolute abundance between manured and non-manured soil, we estimated the typical level of ARG absolute abundance in non-manured soil, which provided the first rough baseline level of ARGs to assess ARG contamination in GVP soils.

Research on low temperature drying characteristics of different types of manure and biogas residue

For the biogas project which does not have the ability to return to the field nearby, the outlet of biogas residue is one of the important bottlenecks restricting the development of biogas engineering. Deep dehydration and drying is a reliable basis for commercial utilization of biogas residue, especially combined with waste heat utilization of cogeneration of biogas. Therefore, three kinds of biogas residue raw materials were dried at low temperature by hot drying method in this paper. The drying temperature, the thickness of biogas residue and the backmixing amount of dry biogas residue were selected as three influencing factors. The drying time, drying rate and residual water ratio were taken as dependent variables. The drying characteristic curve of biogas residue was obtained, and the influence of each factor on the drying process of biogas residue was analyzed and compared. The results showed that the drying time of three kinds of biogas residue decreased with the increase of drying temperature. At the same temperature, the drying time decreases with the decrease of thickness. The dry biogas residue backmixing can’t optimize the drying characteristics and even increase the drying energy consumption.

Effects of vertical staking and different types of manures on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Effects of vertical staking and different types of manures on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Untargeted Metabolite Profiling for Screening Bioactive Compounds in Digestate of Manure under Anaerobic Digestion

Untargeted metabolite profiling was performed on chicken manure (CHM), swine manure (SM), cattle manure (CM), and their respective digestate by XCMS coupled with MetaboAnalyst programs. Through global chemical profiling, the chemical characteristics of different digestates and types of manure were displayed during the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. As the feed for AD, CM had less easily-degradable organics, SM contained the least O-alkyls and anomerics of carbohydrates, and CHM exhibited relatively lower bio-stability. The derived metabolite pathways of different manure during the AD process were identified by MetaboAnalyst. Twelve, 8, and 5 metabolic pathways were affected by the AD process in CHM, SM, and CM, respectively. Furthermore, bioactive compounds of digestate were detected, such as amino acids (L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-cysteine, and L-aspartate), hormones (L-adrenaline, 19-hydroxy androstenedione, and estrone), alkaloids (tryptamine and N-methyltyramine), and vitamin B5, in different types of manure and their digestates. The combination of XCMS and MetaboAnalyst programs can be an effective strategy for metabolite profiling of manure and its anaerobic digestate under different situations.

The Effect of Using Some Kind of Manure on the Content of Dry Matter, Organic Matter and Crude Protein of Elephant Grass Cv. Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum) on the First Harvest

This research aimed to determine the effect of different types of manure on dry matter content, organic matter and crude protein of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan on the first harvest. This study used a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The treatment were P1 = 100% acid soil (without manure/control), P2 = 80% acid soil + 20% cow manure, P3 = 80% acid soil + 20% goat manure, P4 = 80% acid soil + 20% of poultry manure. The best results on this researched obtained the highest dry matter content of elephant grass was P2 (16.07), organic matter on P2 (86.36), and the highest crude protein was P3 (14.12). It can be concluded that the using of different manure on the elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan has a highly significant effect (P <0.01) on dry matter content, and has a significant effect (P <0.05) on the content of organic matter and crude protein of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan at the first harvest.