Different Types Of Manure Research Articles

Enzymatic assays confirm the toxicity reduction after manure treatment of heavy metals contaminated soil

Soil contamination with heavy metals is a growing issue that results in adverse effects on plant production. In this study, the influence of manures on heavy metals toxicity reduction in Sinapis alba L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. was tested in order to plan phytoremediation process The primary objective was to assess the effects of manure fertilization on plants grown on highly degraded soil contaminated by a range of heavy metals. The measurement endpoints used were seed germination, plants biomass, roots length, guaiacol peroxidase activity (GPX) and protein concentration. The study showed that among other stress markers, GPX activity showed statistically significant changes (α < 0.05) between different types of manures and between the 5% different in applied doses. Therefore performed tests could be used as efficient protocols to assess the required doses of organic amendments in planning of phytoremediation process.

Diversity of Functional Soil Microbes in Manures and Its Effect on Organic Mustard Green (Brassica juncea) Production

The application of organic fertilizer, especially manures, for crop production has long-term effects for soil nutrients availability and improvement of soil structure. The improvement of soil properties involves interactions of various types of microorganism in the soil. The research aimed to study the effects of different types of manures on the diversity of functional soil microbes and its effects on organic green mustard production. The experiment was conducted at IPB organic research field, Cikarawang, Darmaga,&#x0D; Bogor, from April to June 2015. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors; the first factor was types of manure, i.e. chicken, cow, and goat manures; the second factor was manure rates, i.e. 0 and 10 ton.ha-1, so there were six treatments in total, replicated three times.&#x0D; The results showed that chicken manure application resulted in a higher mustard green yield and soil-P content than application of goat manure. The addition 10 ton.ha-1 of manures increased C-organic,&#x0D; N, K, and C/N ratio in soil significantly, but mustard green production was not affected. The diversity of microbe population of the soil treated with all types of manures was high. The addition 10 ton.ha-1 of manures decreased the total number of microbes, but increased the number of cellulose-degrading microbes. The population of cellulose-degrading and phosphate-solubilizing microbes in the soil applied with cow manure was higher than those applied with the other manures.

Residual effects of different manures and fertilizers applied to preceding potato crop on succeeding Mung bean (vigna radiate l.) crop in potato-mung bean-rice cropping pattern

The present study was done at Bangladesh Agricultural University farm to evaluate the field performances of different types of manures viz. cowdung (CD), cowdung slurry (CD slurry), trichocompost (TC), vermicompost (VC), poultry manure (PM) and poultry manure slurry (PM slurry) with chemical fertilizers in the potato-mungbean-T. aman rice cropping pattern during 2011-12 and 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with three replications and eight treatments including T1 (Control), T2 [HYG based 100% chemical fertilizer (CF)], T3 [CD + CF (IPNS basis)], T4 [CD slurry + CF (IPNS basis)], T5 [PM + CF (IPNS basis)], T6 [PM slurry + CF (IPNS basis)], T7 [TC + CF (IPNS basis)] and T8 [VC + CF (IPNS basis)]. Trichocompost + CF and vermicompost + CF containing treatments produced higher crop yield followed by poultry manure slurry and cowdung slurry. Integrated use of manures and fertilizers gave on an average 6.7-33.7%, 8.3-33.8% and 2.9-18.3% yield increase in potato, mungbean and T. aman rice, respectively over sole application of chemical fertilizers (data not shown). Use of IPNS improved nutrient content and uptake of mungbean. The present study thus indicates that use of manure, especially trichocompost, vermicompost, PM slurry and CD slurry integrated with chemical fertilizers would help increase crop yield and improve soil fertility. However, Trichocompost + CF was the best option in this regard.&#x0D; SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 167-179 (2018)

Phosphorus Pools and Plant Uptake in Manure-Amended Soil

To determine the effect of different types of manure without or with inorganic P fertiliser on soil P pools and P uptake by plants, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, sheep or cow manure (P concentration sheep > cow manure) were added at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.5 g kg−1, additional treatments were unamended control and soil with inorganic N and P equivalent to 3.5 g kg−1 cow manure. After 4 weeks compared to the unamended control, P pools were similar with cow manure P pools. But with sheep manure, citric acid P, HCl P and resin P with sheep manure were higher and increased with addition rates. Shoot P uptake with 3.5 g kg−1 manure was higher than the unamended control but lower than with inorganic fertiliser. In experiment 2, the amount of P and N added was as in 3.5 g kg−1cow manure applied either as manure (C) and inorganic P (F) alone and combinations (75C25F, 50C50F, 25C75F). After 4 weeks of wheat growth, citric acid P and resin P increased with the proportion of inorganic P. Shoot P uptake in manure/fertiliser treatments was higher than in manure alone and unamended control but lower than with inorganic fertilisers alone.

FONTES DE ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA E NÍVEIS SALINOS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE MARACUJAZEIRO

The passion fruit is one of thefruit that has been gaining more prominence in the fruit sector because it is widely used in food, pharmacology and ornamentation. Its cultivation in the northeastern region of Brazil presents some limitations due to the organic matter content of the soiland / or the use of water of high salinity in some properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of manure and the interaction with different saline levels of irrigation water.The statistical design adopted was a randomized complete block design with 3 x 5 factorial design, with three types of manure (bovine, goat and poultry) and five saline levels (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3 ; 4.3 dS m-1) with four replicates and one plant per replicate. The data were analyzed using the statistical program Sisvar 5.3.It was concluded that there was no interaction between manure types and saline levels, however, goat manure favored the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings. On the other hand, the increase in saline levels up to 4.3 dS m-1impaired the growth of all variables up to 60 DAS.

Field performance of Solid Manures and their Slurries on Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato in Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soils Abstract:

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers declines crop yield and deteriorates soil fertility. For sustenance of crop productivity and soil fertility integration of chemical fertilizers with manures is a timely approach. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the field performances of different types of manure including cowdung (CD), cowdung slurry (CD slurry), trichocompost (TC), vermicompost (VC), poultry manure (PM) and poultry manure slurry (PM slurry) with integrated use of chemical fertilizers during 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Bangladesh Agricultural University farm. The field trials comprised eight treatments which included T1: Control (no manure or fertilizer), T2: High yield goal (HYG) based 100% chemical fertilizers (CF), T3: CD + CF (IPNS basis), T4: CD slurry + CF (IPNS basis), T5: PM + CF (IPNS basis), T6: PM slurry + CF (IPNS basis), T7: TC + CF (IPNS basis) and T8: VC + CF (IPNS basis). Cowdung, CD slurry, TC and VC were added to soil at 5 t ha-1 while PM and PM slurry were applied at 3 t ha-1. The results revealed that TC and VC containing treatments produced higher crop yield and next to them PM slurry and CD slurry performed better in respect of potato yield. Integrated use of manure and fertilizers gave on an average 6.7-33.7% yield increase in potato over sole chemical fertilizers treatment. The lowest yield was observed in control. These results show that Trichocompost and vermicompost in combination with chemical fertilizers are suitable for quality potato production.

Optimal integrated facility for waste processing

A mixed-integer nonlinear programming strategy is proposed to design integrated facilities to simultaneously recover power and nutrients from organic waste. The facilities consider anaerobic digestion of different types of manure (cattle, pig, poultry, and sheep). The products from this step are biogas and a nutrient-rich effluent. The biogas produced is cleaned and used in a gas turbine to produce power while the hot flue gas obtained from combustion produces steam that is fed to a steam turbine to produce additional power. The nutrient-rich effluent is processed to recover the nutrients using different technologies that include filtration, coagulation, centrifugation, and struvite precipitation in stirred and fluidized bed reactors. This processing step provides a mechanism to prevent phosphorus or nitrogen release to the environment and to avoid the development of eutrophication processes. It is found that struvite production in fluidized beds is the technology of choice to recover nutrients from all manure sources. Furthermore, power production depends strongly on manure composition and exhibits high cost variability (from 4,000€/kW in the case of poultry manure to 25,000€/kW in the case of cattle and pig manure).

Enhancement in productivity and income sustainability through Integrated farming system approaches for small and marginal farmers of Eastern India

Integration of different components viz. livestock, fishery, horticulture, mushroom etc. along with field crops not only enhanced productivity but by-products (waste) of one component act as input for another component through resource recycling within the system. Six integrated farming systems models with suitable combinations of Crop, vegetables, fruit trees, fish, livestock, mushroom etc. were made and evaluated at the experimental farm of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna during 2012-16 for harness maximum income, nutrient recycling and employment. Among six combinations, crop + fish + duck + goat resulted as most profitable combination in terms of productivity (RGEY- 22.2t), net income (Rs. 2,15,900/ha), additional employment (170 days/year) with income sustainability index (ISI) by 90.2. Upon nutrient recycling prepared from different wastes from the system Crop + fish + duck + goat combination added N (56.5 kg), P (39.6 kg) and K (42.7 kg) into the soil and reduced the cost of cultivation by 24 percent and was followed by crop + fish + goat combination. Crops grown under IFS mode with different types of manures produced 31 percent higher yield over conventional rice- wheat system. The contribution of crops towards the system productivity ranged from 36.4 to 56.2 %, while fish ranged from 22.0-33.5 %; for goat 25.4-32.9 %; for poultry 38.7 %; for duck 22.0-29.0 %; for cattle 32.2% and for mushroom 10.3 %.

Mechanical pretreatment at harvesting increases the bioenergy output from marginal land grasses

Meadow grass has recently gained increased attention as a substrate for full-scale biogas reactors. However, to increase its biodegradability, pretreatment is needed. In the present work, different harvesting machines were compared in order to assess their effect on biogas production. Specifically, a Disc-mower, an Excoriator and a Chopper were used to define the most appropriate machinery in order to improve the energy output per hectare for full-scale biogas plants. Among the harvesters, Excoriator, a novel simultaneous harvest and mechanical treatment, was found to significantly increase the methane yield of meadow grass by 20% compared to a classical Disc-mower. The positive effect was also validated by three kinetic model equations. The modified Gompertz model was the most capable of determining the kinetics of anaerobic digestion process, pointing out also the superiority of Excoriator. The usage of the novel harvester was associated with increased energy output, either for electrical/thermal energy generation or for transport fuel production, compared to the alternative machineries. Moreover, it was shown that the co-digestion of harvested biomass with different types of manure can enhance the bioenergy output of a full-scale biogas plant in a range of 12%–23%.

Effect of biochar on the fate and transport of manure-borne progesterone in soil

The sorption affinity and desorption resistance of two types of biochars as soil amendments was evaluated in laboratory. The softwood and hardwood-biochars demonstrated a high sorption affinity for progesterone. The effective distribution coefficient (Kdeff) of soil-soft wood-derived biochar (SBS450) was significantly higher (H0: P<0.05) than soil-hardwood-derived biochar (SBH750), indicating its stronger sorption affinity for progesterone. Accordingly, a field-lysimeter study was conducted to elucidate the fate and transport of manure-borne progesterone in soil matrix and aquatic media in the presence of 1% softwood-biochar (BS450) in upper 0.1m layer of soil. The spatial–temporal stratification of progesterone was monitored at four depths over a 46-day period where two different types of manures (swine and poultry) were applied to the topsoil of lysimeters under two treatments, soil (S) and SBS450. The progesterone concentrations in SBS450 were significantly higher (H0: P<0.05) and persisted for a longer period in the surface soil than in the control (S); however, the concentration was significantly lower in the deeper profile and in leachates. The results clearly showed that the application of biochar as a soil amendment can be used in alleviating the threat of pollution from manure borne progesterone.

Studies Regarding the Effect of Organic Fertilizers on a Permanent Grassland in Petrova, Maramureş

Grasslands have a great importance for humans around the world being the beginning of many of our food products. Since there is a direct connection between soil, plant and climate, scientist became concerned of this interaction and studies were conducted to describe this connection and to improve output in grasslands with best measures possible. The experiment established in Petrova, Maramureș in the autumn of 2012 is used to obtain information on how different types of manure influence the vegetation and the output on permanent grasslands. Since there are other studies in this field, in different areas of Romania and in other countries, results can be compared so that a greater picture can be made on how organic fertilizers influence the quality and quantity of forage.

Effect of dairy manure type and supplemental synthetic fertilizer on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a grassland in Nasu, Japan

We investigated the effects of different types of manure on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from grassland for 2 years using a closed chamber method to measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from plots that received no nitrogen (“−N” plots), dairy cattle slurry plus synthetic N fertilizers (“slurry” plots) and farmyard manure plus synthetic N fertilizers (“FYM” plots). The application rates of slurry (65.8 to 66.4 Mg ha−1 y−1) or FYM (36.5 to 39.2 Mg ha−1 y−1) were determined so that the annual potassium supply from slurry or FYM roughly covered the annual potassium requirement for forage grass production. Supplemental ammonium sulfate and superphosphate were applied to cover the annual N and phosphorus (P) requirements. Sharp peaks of CH4 flux were observed shortly after slurry applications, whereas CH4 fluxes only slightly increased following FYM applications. The annual CH4 emissions from −N, slurry, and FYM plots ranged from −1.17 to −1.16, 0.21 to 1.84 and −1.67 to −0.27 kg CH4-C ha−1 y−1, respectively. The CH4 emissions from slurry plots tended to be greater than those from −N (P = 0.066) and FYM plots (P = 0.097). No significant difference was observed between −N and FYM plots (P = 0.973). The annual N2O emissions from −N, slurry, and FYM plots ranged from 0.35 to 0.81, 1.77 to 7.58 and 2.24 to 7.59 kg N2O-N ha−1 y−1, respectively. The N2O emissions in the first year were greater than those in the second year (P = 0.012). The N2O emissions in slurry and farmyard manure (FYM) plots tended to be greater than those in −N plots (P = 0.076, P = 0.059). No significant difference was observed between slurry and FYM plots (P = 0.989). Both the cumulative precipitation following fertilization and soil moisture content at time of fertilization substantially affected the interannual differences in N2O emissions. In terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq), the N2O emissions (0.83 to 3.55 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 y−1) were substantial in comparison to the CH4 emissions (−0.06 to 0.06 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 y−1). These results collectively suggest that the types of manure, from different storage conditions, had little impact on annual GHG emissions under optimized fertility management. Environmental factors had much greater impact.

Spectroscopic quantification of soil phosphorus forms by 31p-nmr after nine years of organic or mineral fertilization

Long-standing applications of mineral fertilizers or types of organic wastes such as manure can cause phosphorus (P) accumulation and changes in the accumulated P forms in the soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the forms of P accumulated in soils treated with mineral fertilizer or different types of manure in a long-term experiment. Soil was sampled from the 0-5 cm layer of plots fertilized with five different nutrient sources for nine years: 1) control without fertilizer; 2) mineral fertilizer at recommended rates for local conditions; 3) 5 t ha-1 year-1 of moist poultry litter; 4) 60 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid cattle manure and 5) 40 m³ ha-1 year-1 of liquid swine manure. The 31P-NMR spectra of soil extracts detected the following P compounds: orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, inositol phosphate, glycerophosphate, and DNA. The use of organic or mineral fertilizer over nine years did not change the soil P forms but influenced their concentration. Fertilization with mineral or organic fertilizers stimulated P accumulation in inorganic forms. Highest inositol phosphate levels were observed after fertilization with any kind of manure and highest organic P concentration in glycerophosphate form in after mineral or no fertilization.

A survey of Culicoides developmental sites on a farm in northern Spain, with a brief review of immature habitats of European species

Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) belonging to the Obsoletus and Pulicaris groups are considered to be the main vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) in non Mediterranean Europe. Selected terrestrial microhabitats (n=17) on a farm in northern Spain were sampled repeatedly over a year-long period and characterized for use by Culicoides species for immature development. Concurrent use of CDC light traps showed the presence of 37 species and 66,575 specimens of adult Culicoides. A total of 28 species and 11,396 individuals emerged from laboratory-maintained soil samples. Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides scoticus (pooled as Obsoletus complex) were particularly abundant (comprising 58.6% and 74.5% of the total collections in light traps and emergence traps respectively). Potential key vectors of animal viruses (such as BTV) were found in two main terrestrial types of microhabitats. In the case of C. obsoletus, different types of manure (old and composted manure, manure mixed with organic matter, and fresh manure) produced most of the specimens. In contrast, larvae of C. scoticus and Culicoides lupicaris were associated with soil substantially comprised of rotting leaf litter that included the parasitic plant Lathraea clandestina. Several species, Culicoides festivipennis, Culicoides punctatus and Culicoides brunnicans, were very common in mud at pond margins. Indeed, pond microhabitats and runoff below barn rooflines supported the greatest species richness. In the pond habitat, 49.4% of Culicoides specimens emerged from mud at the water edge, as opposed to 50cm above (32.4%) and 1 meter above waterline (18%). Similar species richness, but statistically significant differences in abundance, were observed among the four pond microhabitats. Overall, the majority of the specimens were found in the upper layer (0–3cm), except in manure, where they preferred deeper layers (>6cm). Maximum peaks of abundance occurred in both light traps and soil samples in summer months, whereas increased captures in autumn were noticed only in light traps. Both trapping systems failed to collect adult Culicoides midges in the coldest months of December, January and February. The literature on immature habitats of species suspected in BTV transmission in Europe, the Pulicaris group and particularly the Obsoletus group, is briefly reviewed.

Production and nutrient accumulation in Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) fertilized with swine manure in clayey soil

The aim of this study was to determine the production and nutrient content of Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) fertilized with doses of swine manure and biofertilizer. The soil used in this study was a Rhodic Eutrudox. The treatments consisted of two forms of manure (in natura and biofertilizer), with four doses and four replications. Mean production of the grass in the first cutting based on fresh matter (FM) was 6,572 kg ha-1 and for dry matter (DM) 3,511 kg ha-1. The different types of manure had an effect on the Mg contents, and the doses had an effect on the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Fe. In the second cutting, the mean production for FM was 7,590 kg ha-1 and for DM 3,632 kg ha-1; the sources had an effect on the P and Cu contents and the doses had an effect on the contents of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. By the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that the application of natural manure led to greater production of Tifton 85 when compared to the biofertilizer, and, furthermore, the leaf content of the nutrients N, P and K and of the micronutrients Fe, Cu and Zn increased according to the doses applied and sources used.

Epigeic Earthworms Exert a Bottleneck Effect on Microbial Communities through Gut Associated Processes

BackgroundEarthworms play a critical role in organic matter decomposition because of the interactions they establish with microorganisms. The ingestion, digestion, assimilation of organic material in the gut and then casting is the first step in earthworm-microorganism interactions. The current knowledge of these direct effects is still limited for epigeic earthworm species, mainly those living in man-made environments. Here we tested whether and to what extent the earthworm Eisenia andrei is capable of altering the microbiological properties of fresh organic matter through gut associated processes; and if these direct effects are related to the earthworm diet.MethodologyTo address these questions we determined the microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid profiles) and microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) in the earthworm casts derived from three types of animal manure (cow, horse and pig manure), which differed in microbial composition.Principal FindingsThe passage of the organic material through the gut of E. andrei reduced the total microbial biomass irrespective of the type of manure, and resulted in a decrease in bacterial biomass in all the manures; whilst leaving the fungi unaffected in the egested materials. However, unlike the microbial biomass, no such reduction was detected in the total microbial activity of cast samples derived from the pig manure. Moreover, no differences were found between cast samples derived from the different types of manure with regards to microbial community structure, which provides strong evidence for a bottleneck effect of worm digestion on microbial populations of the original material consumed.Conclusions/SignificanceOur data reveal that earthworm gut is a major shaper of microbial communities, thereby favouring the existence of a reduced but more active microbial population in the egested materials, which is of great importance to understand how biotic interactions within the decomposer food web influence on nutrient cycling.

Analysis of some parameters related to the hydraulic infiltration of a silty-loam soil subjected to organic and mineral fertilizer systems in Southern Italy

This experiment was carried out to detect the most linear process to calculate the hydraulic conductivity, with the aim to classify the soil of experimental station of the Unit for Research in Cultivations Alternative to Tobacco (CAT), locate in South Italy (Scafati, Province of Salerno), subject to different types of manure: compost and mineral fertilizer. The field tests were made by a system measuring infiltration by double, inner and outer ring, inserted into the ground. Each ring was supplied with a constant level of water from external bottle (3 cm), and hydraulic conductivity is determined when the water flow rate in the inner ring is constant. Four areas, two fertilized by mineral fertilizer (areas I and III) and two amended with compost (areas II and IV) at two depths, 5 and 10 cm (H1-H2), were analysed. The parameters were recorded at the following dates: on 18th and 19th September 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth (H1-H2) in area I; on 7th and 8th October 2009 in area II; on 13th and 14th October 2009 in area III; on 16th and 17th October 2009 in area IV. The effect of compost, used one time only, is present in all parameters, even if with a low statistical significance (P&lt;0.01-0.05). This biomass stores a better water reserve [g (100 g)–1)-Δθ] and causes a lower avidity for water (bibacity) and a better speed of percolation (Ks) of exceeding water. The organic matter decreased the variability of soil along field. The studied soil showed to be almost permeable and not having any serious problem concerning rain intensity.

Categorizing Raw Organic Material Biodegradability Via Respiration Activity Measurement: A Review

A massive characterization in terms of respiration activity for the most common types of organic solid wastes is presented in this compilation. Respiration activity for a solid waste is a crucial parameter to understand the behaviour of the waste in the environment and for waste management aspects such as the definition of a suitable biological treatment and the determination of the potential rate of microbial self-heating if organic wastes are to be used as solid recovered fuels. The respiration data compiled in this work are the result of five years of research focused on the determination of the biological activity of organic wastes. A compilation of respiration data found in the literature is also presented. The main groups of organic wastes analyzed are: municipal solid wastes (including mixed wastes and source-selected organic fraction), wastewater sludge (including digested and nondigested sludge from primary and secondary operations in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants), different types of manure (of different origin), other particular wastes (animal by-products, hair waste, fats, etc.) and some mixtures of different wastes. Results suggest that respiration activity can be used to classify the biodegradability of organic wastes into three main categories: i) highly biodegradable wastes (respiration activity higher than 5 mg O2 g Organic Matter−1 h−1), which includes source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste, nondigested municipal wastewater sludge and animal by-products; ii) moderately biodegradable wastes (respiration activity within 2 to 5 mg O2 g Organic Matter−1 h−1), including mixed municipal solid waste, digested municipal wastewater sludge and several types of manure; iii) wastes of low biodegradability (respiration activity lower than 2 mg O2 g Organic Matter−1 h−1), which includes few organic wastes such as some particular wastes from the food industry.

Survival of Murine Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Different Types of Manure and Biosolids

Noroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are common causes of foodborne disease. They are usually shed in feces and have been found in sewage water, biosolids, and animal manures. With the wide application of manure and biosolids on agricultural lands, there is an increasing interest in investigating virus survival in manure and biosolids. In this study, Murine norovirus-1 (MNV) and HAV were inoculated into different types of animal manure and three types of differently treated biosolids at 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C for up to 60 days. Both HAV and MNV viral genomes degraded immediately in high pH biosolids type 2 and 3 at time zero. For other types of manure and biosolids, HAV RNA was significantly reduced in biosolids type 1 and in liquid dairy manure (DM) after 60 days stored at 20 degrees C, but was stable in all types of manure and biosolids type 1 at 4 degrees C. MNV RNA was unstable in pelletized poultry litter and biosolids type 1 at 20 degrees C, and less stable in liquid DM at both temperatures. For MNV infectivity, there was no significant difference among pelletized poultry litter, alum-treated poultry litter, raw poultry litter, and swine manure at either 20 degrees C or 4 degrees C after 60 days of storage. However, HAV stored in swine manure and raw poultry litter had significantly higher infectivity levels than HAV stored in alum-treated poultry litter at both 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C. Overall, both viruses were inactivated rapidly in alkaline pH biosolids and unstable in liquid DM, but alum added in poultry litter had different effects on the two viruses: alum inactivated some HAV at both temperatures but had no effect on MNV.

Survival of Human Adenovirus 41 in Land-Applied Manure and Biosolids

Human Adenovirus 41 (Ad41) is an important human enteric pathogen and widely prevalent in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the survival of Ad41 based on genome stability and infectivity in different types of manure and three types of biosolids. For viral survival studies, Ad41 was added to pelletized poultry litter (PL), alum-treated poultry litter (AL), raw poultry litter (RPL), liquid dairy manure (DM), swine manure (SM), and three types of biosolids 1, 2, 3. All samples were stored at 20 or 4°C and analyzed every 10 days for up to 60 days. Quantification PCR (qPCR) standard curves were generated for PL, AL, biosolids 1, and DM to measure the number of viral genomic copies remaining in the samples. To study the infectivity, all contaminated manure/biosolids samples were added to mammalian cell culture and viral mRNA was detected using one-step RT–PCR. Overall, Ad41 viral genomes were stable at both 20 and 4°C and there was no significant loss of viral DNA after 60 days in PL, AL, biosolids type 1, and DM. However, infectivity was lost almost immediately in high pH biosolids type 2 and 3, and infectivity decreased quickly in DM, with estimated T90 of 4.3 and 8.7 days at 20 and 4°C, respectively. Ad41 had ~1.9 log loss of infectivity after added in SM and biosolids type 1 at day 0, and estimated T90 was 12.5 and 28.6 days for biosolids type 1, and 19.1 and 51.0 days for SM at 20 and 4°C, respectively. Ad41 maintained infectivity in all three poultry litter, and after 60 days incubation, there were significantly more infectious virus in PL, AL, and RPL than biosolids 1, SM, and DM at 20°C.