Different Types Of Industrial Wastes Research Articles

Structural Formation and Properties of Eco-Friendly Foam Concrete Modified with Coal Dust

Foam concrete is a popular energy-efficient construction material with a fairly wide range of usage in buildings and structures. Increasing ecological efficiency and reducing construction costs by the application of different types of industrial waste in the manufacturing technology of this composite is a promising direction. The main goal of this study is to investigate the possibility of coal dust (CD) waste inclusion in the technology of energy-efficient cellular concrete produced by foam concrete technology. Test samples of foam concrete were made using coal dust by partially replacing cement in the range of 0–10% in increments of 2%. The following primary characteristics of foam concrete were studied: fluidity of mixtures; compressive strength; density; thermal conductivity of foam concrete. An X-ray diffraction analysis of foam concrete composites was performed, which showed changes in their phase composition when using coal dust as a modifier. Coal dust in rational quantities from 2% to 6% improves the physical and mechanical characteristics of foam concrete and increases the structure uniformity. The optimal values of the foam concrete characteristics were recorded at a dosage of coal dust of 6%. At the same time, the density decreased by 2.3%, the compressive strength increased by 15.6%, and the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased by 8.9% compared to the ordinary composition. The use of the resulting foam concrete is advisable in enclosing structures to create high energy efficiency of buildings and structures due to the improved structure and properties.

Physical and mechanical properties of pozzolanic materials blended cement mortars before and after the freeze-thaw cycles

Today, Portland cement (PC) production causes a significant release of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the atmosphere. The CO2 gases released into the atmosphere create environmental pollution worldwide and prevent current and future generations from living in a cleaner nature. One of the most effective ways of restricting PC use in concrete mixes is to use different types of industrial wastes by replacing them with PC. Using industrial wastes such as fly ash (FA), SF, and MP in concrete mixtures by replacing cement in specific proportions is vital in terms of sustainability. The primary purpose of this study is to examine comparatively the effects of fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and marble powder (MP) replaced with cement at the rate of 10%, 20%, and 30% on the flowability, mass loss, and residual compressive strength (RCS) of mortars before and after F-T cycles. According to the results, the effects of FA, SF, and MP on mortars' fresh and hardened properties vary considerably. However, using FA, SF, and MP instead of cement significantly improves the matrix's weak cement/aggregate interface transition zones (ITZ) by showing the filler effect. They contribute considerably to reducing mass losses and increasing the RCS capacities of mortars. Compared to room conditions, the reduction in RCS capacities of the control mortar was 21.32% after 200 F-T cycles, while the decrease in RCS capacities of FA-, SD-, and MP-added mortars was between 7.86 and 19.85%. While the mass loss of the control sample after the 200 F-T cycle is 1.23%, the mass loss of mortars with FA, SF, and MP additives is lower and varies between 0.44% and 1.02%.

Development of a dry mortar with nanosilica and different types of industrial waste for the application in borehole heat exchangers

A geothermal borehole is a heat exchanger between the soil and a heat transfer fluid. This fluid flows throw in the geothermal pipes, which has been inserted into borehole. Using a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems, the fluid provides heating and cooling buildings.The space between the geothermal pipes and the ground is filled with a geothermal backfill. This geothermal fill must be having high thermal conductivity for facilitate the heat flow. In this way this fill is an important element in a Borehole Heat Exchanger as its choice can result in significant economic and energy savings during the geothermal installation’s lifetime. However, in general it has not received enough attention.The geothermal backfill materials formed by a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, sand and/or additions are known as geothermal grouts. The aggregated additives and the other materials aggregated confers to the geothermal backfill high thermal conductivity. This property is rejected in the conventional grouts used in buildings.On the other hand, the use of industrial waste or by-products in geothermal grouts is considered more sustainable, for it reduces landfill volume and the need of exploiting new mineral resources.This paper describes the development of a geothermal grout, named MG 7. MG-7 has improved thermal properties compared with conventional grouts. In this case, mining and by-products from surrounding companies have been used, following the principles of the circular economy.To determinate the geothermal grout properties different techniques and conventional equipment has been used. However, to calculate the thermal conductivity a specific device developed by the authors. Finally, it has been obtained a pre-dosed geothermal grout with a thermal conductivity of 2.01 ± 0.08 W/m∙K (K = 2), in which 30 % of the aggregates come from industrial waste, such as mine tailings, ladle furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume. It also contains 2 % of silica nanoparticles.

Economical Application of Industrial Waste in Road Construction

In present scenario, safe disposal of industrial waste is a major issue. These waste materials pollute the environment, and many of them are nonbiodegradable. The industrial waste utilization in road construction has proved to be of great use in efficient handling of waste material generated by industries and has enhanced the properties of road. By properly utilizing the resources, it has also reduced pollution and disposal issues. In road building, a variety of industrial wastes are used as a whole or partial replacement. A study of different types of industrial waste has been discussed by many researchers and numerous experiments have been carried out to improve quality of road and have appropriate replacement in order to reduce pollution, cost of disposing waste and saving natural traditional road constructing material. This paper emphasizes on reduction of expenditure of traditional road material and have a suitable replacement of natural resources which would benefit environment and society.

Carbon-Fiber Enriched Cement-Based Composites for Better Sustainability.

Damage caused by global warming is rapidly increasing, and its adverse effects become more evident with each passing day. Although it is known that the use of alternative binder materials in concrete would decrease this negative effect, reluctance to use such new composites continues. Waste plays a vital role in sustainability studies. In this study, pure cement paste was prepared and enriched with carbon fiber. This study also investigated the wide range of volume fraction of carbon fiber in cement-based composites. Two different types of industrial waste, i.e., marble dust and bottom ash, were chosen and mixed with cement and four different (0.3%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 2.5%) carbon fiber volume fractions. Based on physical, mechanical, and durability tests at 7, 28, and 56 days of curing, the composites were resistant to sulfate and seawater attacks. The 0.75% carbon fiber addition seems to be an optimum volume percentage, beyond which both physical and mechanical properties were adversely affected. The composites with 0.75% carbon fiber reached 48.4 and 47.2 MPa at 56 days of curing for marble dust and bottom ash mixture groups, respectively.

Use of Industrial Waste for the Optimization of Ceramic Construction Materials

The massive growth of the ceramic industry and the consequent demand for construction materials worldwide has motivated the search for alternative solutions aimed at reducing the use of mineral / natural resources as the main source of raw materials. One of the strategies frequently adopted by the scientific community is the reuse of industrial waste. It is beneficial not only to reduce the overexploitation of mineral resources but also to reduce the environmental, economic and social impacts resulting from their incorrect disposal/treatment and consequent deposition on land unsuitable or that purpose. Duetoconsiderationssuchasphysico-mechanical characteristics and the high production rate, two different types of industrial waste were selected for this work, ashes resulting from the burning of coal in thermoelectric power plant, commonly known as bottom ash (B), and the Marble Powder (MP). It was intended to test the technological feasibility of the manufacture of ceramic materials produced from clay mixtures containing these two residues. For this purpose, the fine fraction(<63μm)obtained from the sieving of the marbleresidue(MR)and slag(Bf)was used,aswellasacoarsergrainslagfractionrangingfrom63-125μm(Bg). The resulting test samples were subjected to a firing of 950 °C under an oxidizing atmosphere, following a primary drying process. Faced with the standard values, the new ceramic materials obtained from MP have seen their mechanical and porous characteristics decrease and increase, respectively. Atthesametime,althoughtheadditionofBinno way influenced the mechanical characteristics,a significant improvement the porous characteristic was observed. The incorporation of these residues produced a color very close to the original sample material.
 Keywords: industrial waste, ceramic, construction materials, bottom ash, Marble Powder

Dry Dust Collector and Ceramic Silica Sand Waste as Clays Stabilizer

This study aims to find solutions related to civil construction problems such as road damage and foundation cracks, providing information on changes in physical and mechanical properties of clay due to physical and chemical changes by optimizing the utilization of industrial waste produced that is dry dust collector and silica ceramic sand waste. The advantage of the resulting product is in the innovation of combining two different types of industrial waste as soil clay stabilization material. It is done to answer the growing demands of Green Technology in civil engineering, the innovation the waste utilization is expected to increase the soil strength so the infrastructure built on can be supported better. The research designed is laboratory experiment with chemical stabilization method that is by performing a series of physical properties tests including specific gravity, water content, plasticity index, and mechanical properties test including Standard Compaction Proctor and California Bearing Ratio test using Japanese Standard on original soil and soil combined with dry dust collector waste and ceramic silica sand waste (stabilized soil). The results showed the increase of California Bearing Ratio value by 5.5% compare to original soil in the 0% Dry Dust Collector with 5% silica ceramic sand waste composition. The addition of Dry Dust Collector decreases the California Bearing Ratio value, so as with addition of both waste type.

A Brief Review on Biomass Converted Useful Materials

In this work we have discussed the different types of biomass converted materials like pyrolysis of biomass, biomass-waste, gasification of harmful gases, carbon-based supercapacitor, silica, macadamia shell waste, lithium-sulfur battery, and rice husk, etc. from the different industries and different types of conversion approaches. There are different types of conversion techniques are available for biomass conversion like CVD, hydrothermal process, thermolysis, pyrolysis, combustion, and chemical treatments. The aim of this study to identify the various types of biomass converted materials from different types of industrial waste and also find out the better way to convert into a useful material.

Industrial Wastes and Their Management Challenges in Ethiopia

Industrial wastes are useless wastes generated by industrial activities such as manufacturing, fabrication, construction, chemical plants and others. They are among harmful pollutants that affect the environment and water bodies through pollution. In Ethiopia, the rapid industrialization has led to generation of industrial wastes including hazardous ones. But, knowledge of these wastes and their impact on humans and the surrounding environment is very limited. In addition, to minimize the generation of wastes and develop pollution control measures this study has become imperative. Therefore, this review was conducted to examine the different types of industrial wastes, their impacts and their management challenges in Ethiopia. These issues were addressed through exploration of different studies conducted on industrial wastes in Ethiopia and by referring various journals. The study indicated industrial wastes and their impact on the environment were widely prevalent in Ethiopia especially, in Addis Ababa due to abundance of medium and large scale industries compared to other parts of the country. The sources for these wastes include textile and garment industries, tanning industries, beverage industries, industrial parks and others. The wastes from poorly managed industries are contributors to the pollution of both water bodies and different urban areas. Similarly, solid industrial waste management has become a serious challenge that affects the human welfare and the environment in different parts of the country. However, the management of these industrial wastes is inadequate due to absence of treatment plants for each industry, absence comprehensive, integrated and sustainable solid waste management plan, problem with rapid growth of population and insufficient resources to deal with industrial waste management issues. Keywords : Industrial Wastes, Management, Challenge, Ethiopia. DOI : 10.7176/CMR/11-8-01 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Non-conventional stabilisation/solidification treatment of industrial wastes with residual powdered paints.

Stabilisation/solidification technologies are widely used for rendering industrial wastes inert. In this study, residual powdered paints were applied to treat different types of industrial wastes by stabilisation/solidification: Fumes from steel-making process, sludge from coagulation/flocculation treatments and powders from brushing and polishing metallic objects. Stabilisation/solidification trials were performed both under static conditions and in motion. It was observed that the residual paints could polymerise well in 60 min at 120 °C. The addition of water during the treatment resulted in highly porous and friable materials and, therefore, is not recommended. The mixture between wastes and paint influenced polymerisation. Specific heating conditions needed to be tested for each waste, varying from 80 °C to 150 °C. Significant reduction on leachability after treatment could be reached in most cases. Reduction on chlorides release up to 92.0% were achieved. Contents of other elements on the leachates, such as copper, molybdenum, nickel, zinc and dissolved organic carbon, could also be reduced in percentages up to 96.9%, 97.6%, 98.8%, 95.7% and 96.9%, respectively. For some types of wastes, however, especially those containing high contents of copper and mineral oils, the treatment was ineffective. Polymerisation in motion apparently improved binding capacity, but tests with increased content of paints are recommended to reduce the release of dissolved organic carbon.

Development and Characterization of Glass-Ceramics from Combinations of Slag, Fly Ash, and Glass Cullet without Adding Nucleating Agents.

Developments in the field of materials science are contributing to providing solutions for the recycling of industrial residues to develop new materials. Such approaches generate new products and provide optimal alternatives to the final disposal of different types of industrial wastes. This research focused on identifying and characterizing slag, fly ash, and glass cullet from the Boyacá region in Colombia as raw materials for producing glass-ceramics, with the innovative aspect of the use of these three residues without the addition of nucleating agents to produce the glass-ceramics. To characterize the starting materials, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used. The results were used to evaluate the best conditions to produce mixtures of the three waste components and to determine the specific compositions of glass-ceramics to achieve products with attractive technical properties for potential industrial applications. The proposed mixtures were based on three compositions: Mixture 1, 2, and 3. The materials were obtained through thermal treatment at 1200 °C in a tubular furnace in accordance with the results of a comprehensive characterization using thermal analysis. The microstructure, thermal stability, and structural characteristics of the samples were examined through SEM, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and XRD analyses, which showed that the main crystalline phases were diopside and anorthite, with a small amount of enstatite and gehlenite. The obtained glass-ceramics showed properties of technical significance for structural applications.

Production of environmentally friendly aerated concrete with required construction and operational properties

The purpose of these studies is to justify the feasibility of recycling different types of industrial waste instead of conventional expensive raw materials in production of environmentally friendly aerated concrete with required construction and operational properties. The impact of wastes from various industries on the environmental condition of affected areas, as well as the results of their environmental assessment were analyzed to determine whether these wastes could be used in production of high-performance building materials. The assessment of industrial wastes in aerated concrete production suggests that industrial wastes of hazard class IV can be recycled to produce aerated concrete. An environmentally friendly method for large-scale waste recycling, including a two-step environmentally sustainable mechanism, was developed. The basic quality indicators of the modified aerated concrete proved that the environmental safety could be enhanced by strengthening the structure, increasing its uniformity and improving thermal insulation properties. The modified non-autoclaved aerated concrete products with improved physical and operational properties were developed. They have the following properties: density – D700; class of concrete – B3.5; thermal transmittance coefficient – 0.143 W/(m·°C); frost resistance – F75.

Production of environmentally friendly aerated concrete with required construction and operational properties

The purpose of these studies is to justify the feasibility of recycling different types of industrial waste instead of conventional expensive raw materials in production of environmentally friendly aerated concrete with required construction and operational properties. The impact of wastes from various industries on the environmental condition of affected areas, as well as the results of their environmental assessment were analyzed to determine whether these wastes could be used in production of high-performance building materials. The assessment of industrial wastes in aerated concrete production suggests that industrial wastes of hazard class IV can be recycled to produce aerated concrete. An environmentally friendly method for large-scale waste recycling, including a two-step environmentally sustainable mechanism, was developed. The basic quality indicators of the modified aerated concrete proved that the environmental safety could be enhanced by strengthening the structure, increasing its uniformity and improving thermal insulation properties. The modified non-autoclaved aerated concrete products with improved physical and operational properties were developed. They have the following properties: density – D700; class of concrete – B3.5; thermal transmittance coefficient – 0.143 W/(m·°C); frost resistance – F75.

Incorporation of industrial wastes as raw materials in brick's formulation

This article presents a case study conducted as an experiment with the incorporation of different types of industrial waste in brick manufacturing process in laboratory scale. The main objective of this work is to incorporate large amounts of different types of waste as raw material in brick's formulation. Three types of wastes were mixed with clay: automotive industry waste sludge containing heavy metal concentrations; glass waste, from a galvanic plant, mainly consisting of glass microspheres; and wood ash, from the ceramic burning furnace. The formulation's materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and electronic microscopy. The dried samples were milled separately and then dry mixed. Water was added to the mixture in order to contribute to the compaction process. The samples were dried and then burned at temperatures similar to those used for brick firing furnace. The obtained ceramics were analyzed for their retraction and then submitted to flexural strength testing. Samples obtained value above 4 MPa were approved. Among the samples tested, the formulation that showed higher flexural strength was chosen. It was prepared sufficient sample to perform the solubilization and leaching tests. For tests, the samples were reduced to dust. The results of such analyzes did not identify the presence of elements described in the initial samples' formulation. Morphological analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. Tested sample showed glassy characteristic of material that has been sintered during the firing process. This effect is also a proof that the waste identified in initial sample's formulation were inerted. Obtained results characterizes that the tested formulation can be considered as an alternative for bricks manufacturing with incorporation of industrial waste and an activity non-hazardous to the environment.

Application of a fuzzy service level constraint for solving a multi-objective location-routing problem for the industrial hazardous wastes

In this paper, a multi objective location-routing model is developed and solved for a real case related to Petrochemical Special Economic Zone (PETZONE) located in Khuzestan (Iran). Decision makers can decide on optimum locations of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal centers, and also the routes for transporting of different types of industrial wastes between these centers by the help of the model. There are considered three criteria in the mathematical model which minimizing total costs of transportation and establishment of the centers and total transportation and site risks related to the population exposure along transportation routes and around treatment and disposal centers. During the optimization process, waste collection system is improved by considering fuzzy customer satisfaction level. Finally, the model is computed and solved by Lingo software to find efficient solutions.

Development of sustainable waste management toward zero landfill waste for the petrochemical industry in Thailand using a comprehensive 3R methodology: A case study.

Sustainable waste management was introduced more than ten years ago, but it has not yet been applied to the Thai petrochemical industry. Therefore, under the philosophy of sustainable waste management, this research aims to apply the reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) concept at the petrochemical factory level to achieve a more sustainable industrial solid waste management system. Three olefin plants in Thailand were surveyed for the case study. The sources and types of waste and existing waste management options were identified. The results indicate that there are four sources of waste generation: (1) production, (2) maintenance, (3) waste treatment, and (4) waste packaging, which correspond to 45.18%, 36.71%, 9.73%, and 8.37% of the waste generated, respectively. From the survey, 59 different types of industrial wastes were generated from the different factory activities. The proposed 3R options could reduce the amount of landfill waste to 79.01% of the amount produced during the survey period; this reduction would occur over a period of 2 years and would result in reduced disposal costs and reduced consumption of natural resources. This study could be used as an example of an improved waste management system in the petrochemical industry.

Waste Minimization Benefits and Obstacles for Solid Industrial Wastes in Malaysia

Moving toward a sustainable industrial activity requires an effective waste management that is applicable and efficient for all different types of industrial wastes .Waste minimization as the most acceptable option in waste management hierarchy, has a significant contribution in minimizing the solid wastes generated by manufacturing industries. The absence of appropriate policy, lack of awareness and information ,inadequate guidelines , limited time , lack of cooperation and application of old technologies such as end of pipe approaches are the common obstructive factors towards practicing efficient waste minimization by industries. The study was conducted to review and analyze the practical waste minimization methodologies and its characteristics based on the industrial activities. In addition the obstacles which hold up industries from practicing waste minimization efficiently were determined. Thus this study suggest the effective practices for improving waste minimization which suitable for manufacturing industries in Malaysia.

Devolatilization and Combustion of Tire Rubber and Pine Wood in a Pilot Scale Rotary Kiln

Cement production is highly energy intensive and requires large quantities of fuels. For both economical and environmental reasons, there is an increasing tendency for utilization of alternative fuels in the cement industry, examples being tire derived fuels, waste wood, or different types of industrial waste. In this study, devolatilization and combustion of large particles of tire rubber and pine wood with equivalent diameters of 10 mm to 26 mm are investigated in a pilot scale rotary kiln able to simulate the process conditions present in the material inlet end of cement rotary kilns. Investigated temperatures varied from 700 to 1000 °C, and oxygen concentrations varied from 5% v/v O2 to 21% v/v O2. The devolatilization time of tire rubber and pine wood were found to mainly depend on temperature and particle size and were within 40 to 170 s. Rate limiting parameters for char oxidation of tire rubber and pine wood were found to be bulk oxygen concentration, mass transfer rate of oxygen, raw material fill degree, raw material characteristics, and temperature. Kiln rotational speed only had a minor effect on the char oxidation when the raw material bed was in a rolling motion. Initial fuel particle size also influenced the char conversion time for pine wood char but had no influence on tire char conversion time, because the tire rubber crackled into several smaller char fragments immediately after devolatilization. The char conversion times were from 40 to 480 s for tire char and from 30 to 1300 s for pine wood char, depending on the conditions. Models for devolatilization and char oxidation of tire rubber and pine wood are validated against experimental results.

Modelling industrial waste management at regional scale

A mathematical model is proposed for planning a regional programme for industrial waste management. The model is based on economic optimisation and allows preliminary decisions to be made at the operational planning phase. Moreover, it allows management of the treatment and disposal of different types of industrial waste once the treatment facilities and the disposal sites are defined. The model depicts the industrial waste management cycle using a network of nodes and lines. The model's application is simple and does not require extensive data. Results are easily assimilated, facilitating management choices. To demonstrate the model's potential and to evaluate the economic advantages pertaining to different treatment options, a case study is presented. The results demonstrate that it is possible to minimise the total cost of management through an accurate repartition of industrial waste flows among different types of treatment facilities and disposal sites.

Identification of chemical substances in industrial wastes and their pyrolytic decomposition products

In order to quantify the sources of chemical pollutants in the leachate from reclaimed wastes, chemical substances in 11 different types of industrial wastes were identified. Their elution behaviors were also investigated. Alkanes (5.3–890 ng g −1), benzenes (8.1–110 ng g −1), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (3.2–560 ng g −1), alcohols, steroids, phenol (7.1 ng g −1), ketones, furans (190–210 ng g −1), phthalates (8.9–560 ng g −1), benzoquinones, dibenzothiophene (190 ng g −1), benthiocarb (4.2 ng g −1), sulfur, nitrile compounds, amino compounds, amido compounds, pyridines, quinolines (1.8–15 ng g −1), isoquinolines, carbazoles, acridines, chlordenes (1.5–1.6 ng g −1) and nonachlors (1.1–1.6 ng g −1) were detected in 9 types of industrial wastes. The chemical substances detected in waste at the highest concentrations were alkanes, PAHs and phthalates. Water supply sludge, dust and brick garbage contained many kinds of chemical substances. The elution behaviors of specific chemical substances, COD and nutrients varied by characteristic and production process of each waste. Over 100 different compounds were detected in pyrolysis products including carbohydrate, carotynoid, amino acids, proteins, humic acids, lignin and combustion products.