Different Types Of Dyslipidemia Research Articles

#248 : Maternal Hypercholesterolemia Would Increase the Incidence of Embryo Aneuploidy in Couples with Recurrent Implantation Failure

Background and Aims: The association of dyslipidemia with reproductive outcomes is largely unknown, especially in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) patients. This study aimed to explore the impact of abnormal blood lipid levels on embryo genetic status and pregnancy outcomes in unexplained RIF (uRIF) patients after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). Method: In this retrospective study, they were divided into 4 groups according to the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride: non-hyperlipidemia group (NonH group), simple hypercholesterolemia group (SHC group), simple hypertriglyceridemia group (SHC group) and mixed hyperlipidemia group (MixH group). Additionally, patients were divided into 2 groups according to their HDL-C level. Embryos’ genetic status and pregnancy outcomes after transfer of euploid embryos were analyzed. Binary logistic regression and/or generalized estimating equation model were conducted to investigate the association of different types of dyslipidemia with aneuploid embryo rate and cumulative live-birth rate. Results: A total of 474 women were divided into four groups: NonH group (N=349), SHC group (N=55), SHT group (N=52) and MixH group (N=18). Compared with the NonH group, SHC group had a significantly increased aneuploid embryo rate [48.3% vs. 36.7%, P=0.006; adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.52(1.04-2.22)], as well as a reduced number of good-quality blastocysts [3.00±2.29 vs. 3.74±2.77, P=0.033]. The SHC group showed a lower cumulative live-birth rate (47.0% vs. 40.0%), good birth outcome (37.2% vs. 34.5%) and a higher risk of clinical pregnancy loss (11.1% vs. 17.9%) but did not reach statistical significance. The incidences of obstetric or neonatal complications and other adverse events were similar in the four groups. Conclusion: We found that uRIF women with hypercholesterolemia had an increased proportion of aneuploid embryos and a reduced number of high-quality embryos, while different types of hyperlipidemias had no correlation with cumulative live birth rate as well as pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

Maternal hypercholesterolemia would increase the incidence of embryo aneuploidy in couples with recurrent implantation failure

BackgroundThe association of dyslipidemia with embryo development and pregnancy outcomes is largely unknown, especially in unexplained recurrent implantation failure (uRIF) patients. Here, this study aimed to explore the impact of abnormal blood lipid levels on embryo genetic status and pregnancy outcomes after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) from a clinical perspective.MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed 502 patients diagnosed as uRIF. They were divided into four groups according to the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride: nonhyperlipidemia group (NonH group), simple hypercholesterolemia group (SHC group), simple hypertriglyceridemia group (SHC group) and mixed hyperlipidemia group (MixH group). At the same time, patients were divided into non-low HDL-C group and low HDL-C group according to their HDL-C level. The outcomes of embryos genetic testing and pregnancy outcomes after PGT-A was analyzed between groups. Binary logistic regression and/or generalized estimating equation (GEE) model were conducted to investigate the association of different types of dyslipidemia with embryonic aneuploidy rate and cumulative live-birth rate.Results474 women who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups: NonH group (N = 349), SHC group (N = 55), SHT group (N = 52) and MixH group (N = 18). Compared with the NonH group, SHC group had a significantly increased rate of embryo aneuploidy [48.3% vs. 36.7%, P = 0.006; adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) = 1.52(1.04–2.22), P = 0.029], as well as a reduced number of good-quality embryos on day 5 or 6 [3.00 ± 2.29 vs. 3.74 ± 2.77, P = 0.033]. The SHC group showed a tendency of a lower cumulative live birth rate (47.0% vs. 40.0%), a lower incidence of good birth outcome (37.2% vs. 34.5%) and a higher risk of clinical pregnancy loss (11.1% vs. 17.9%), but did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). The incidences of obstetric or neonatal complications and other adverse events were similar in the four groups. Whether patients have low HDL-C did not differ in pregnancy outcomes.ConclusionsWe found that uRIF women with hypercholesterolemia had an increased proportion of aneuploid embryos and a reduced proportion of high-quality embryos, while different types of hyperlipidemia had no correlation with cumulative live birth rate as well as pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

Exploring the burden of mixed dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in Kashmir, India.

Diabetes-related dyslipidemia is a multifaceted, complicated disorder characterized by an abnormal lipid profile in individuals with diabetes. The incidence of different types of dyslipidemia, however, was not a focus of prior investigations. The patients were characterized into three categories of dyslipidemia. Different patterns of dyslipidemia were combined into single dyslipidemia (7 patterns), mixed dyslipidemia (16 patterns), and triple dyslipidemia (4 patterns). In this cross-sectional study, 586 people suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included. We assessed the serum lipid profile and used log (TG/HDL-C) to determine the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Dyslipidemia was examined as a categorical variable, and the findings were presented as percentages and numbers. To compare categorical variables, we either utilized Fisher exact tests or Chi square tests. The study comprised of 586 T2DM patients, with 310 (52.9%) women and 276 (47.1%) men. Women have significantly higher hypertension (33.6%) as compared to men (23.2%). 18.94% (111) of patients were having coronary artery disease (CAD) history consisting of 12.28% (72) females and 6.66% (39) males, a difference which is statistically significant. 98.12% of total individuals had as a minimum of one lipid abnormality. 4.61% (27) of study subjects were having isolated dyslipidemia and 93.51% (548) had dual or triple pattern of dyslipidemia (mixed dyslipidemia). High AIP >0.24 (94.8%) was the most predominant trend of dyslipidemia. The dual combination of AIP (>0.24) and HDL (<50 mg/dL in Females and <40 mg/dL in Males) was found to be the most common pattern of mixed dyslipidemia (68.08%). The most prevalent trend of isolated dyslipidemia was found to be high AIP (>0.24), In patients with CAD history. Among the mixed dyslipidemia, the common pattern of dyslipidemia (71.17%) was the dual combination of high AIP (>0.24) and low HDL (<50 mg/dL women and <40 mg/dL males). The triple combination of TG (≥200 mg/dL) and HDL (<40 and <50 mg/dL) and LDL (≥100 mg/dL) was only found in females. In conclusion, dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in T2DM patients, with mixed dyslipidemia being the most common type observed in the community of Kashmir valley, India. High AIP was the most prevalent pattern in the current investigation.

Causal Associations between Gut Microbiota and Different Types of Dyslipidemia: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

The determination of a causal association between gut microbiota and a range of dyslipidemia remains uncertain. To clarify these associations, we employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis utilizing the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. This comprehensive analysis investigated the genetic variants that exhibited a significant association (p < 5 × 10-8) with 129 distinct gut microbiota genera and their potential link to different types of dyslipidemia. The results indicated a potential causal association between 22 gut microbiota genera and dyslipidemia in humans. Furthermore, these findings suggested that the impact of gut microbiota on dyslipidemia regulation is dependent on the specific phylum, family, and genus. Bacillota phylum demonstrated the greatest diversity, with 15 distinct genera distributed among eight families. Notably, gut microbiota-derived from the Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae families exhibit statistically significant associations with lipid levels that contribute to overall health (p < 0.05). The sensitivity analysis indicated that our findings possess robustness (p > 0.05). The findings of our investigation provide compelling evidence that substantiates a causal association between the gut microbiota and dyslipidemia in the human body. It is noteworthy to highlight the significant influence of the Bacillota phylum as a crucial regulator of lipid levels, and the families Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae should be recognized as probiotics that significantly contribute to this metabolic process.

A machine learning approach to personalized predictors of dyslipidemia: a cohort study.

Mexico ranks second in the global prevalence of obesity in the adult population, which increases the probability of developing dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in the country. Therefore, developing tools that facilitate the prediction of dyslipidemias is essential for prevention and early treatment. In this study, we utilized a dataset from a Mexico City cohort consisting of 2,621 participants, men and women aged between 20 and 50 years, with and without some type of dyslipidemia. Our primary objective was to identify potential factors associated with different types of dyslipidemia in both men and women. Machine learning algorithms were employed to achieve this goal. To facilitate feature selection, we applied the Variable Importance Measures (VIM) of Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). Additionally, to address class imbalance, we employed Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) for dataset resampling. The dataset encompassed anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, dietary intake, family health history, and other health parameters, including smoking habits, alcohol consumption, quality of sleep, and physical activity. Our results revealed that the VIM algorithm of RF yielded the most optimal subset of attributes, closely followed by GBM, achieving a balanced accuracy of up to 80%. The selection of the best subset of attributes was based on the comparative performance of classifiers, evaluated through balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity metrics. The top five features contributing to an increased risk of various types of dyslipidemia were identified through the machine learning technique. These features include body mass index, elevated uric acid levels, age, sleep disorders, and anxiety. The findings of this study shed light on significant factors that play a role in dyslipidemia development, aiding in the early identification, prevention, and treatment of this condition.

Association between Different Types of Plant-Based Diets and Dyslipidemia in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Participants

Plant-based dietary patterns may reduce the risk of dyslipidemia. However, not all plant-based foods are beneficial, and limited data exist for the Chinese population. We investigated the association between different plant-based dietary indices and the risk of dyslipidemia in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. The study participants (n = 4096) consisted of adults between 35 and 74 years of age from Xinjiang, China. Dietary consumption of the study participants was evaluated using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three different plant-based dietary indices were calculated using data from dietary surveys, including overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI). Based on these indices, we created an adjusted plant-based diet index (aPDI) based on the Xinjiang population actual dietary behavior and health effects of food. We measured the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, and HDL-C in the blood of the study participants. We used multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline to analyze the relationship between plant-based diets and dyslipidemia. The findings showed that 36.6% of the participants had dyslipidemia. Higher PDI adherence was related to lower odds of dyslipidemia (Q3 vs. Q1, OR: 0.780, 95% CI: 0.641-0.949; Q4 vs. Q1, OR: 0.799, 95% CI: 0.659-0.970). High aPDI was related to lower odds of dyslipidemia (Q4 vs. Q1, OR: 0.770, 95% CI: 0.628-0.945; Q5 vs. Q1, OR: 0.748, 95% CI: 0.607-0.921). High scores for PDI, hPDI, and aPDI were all related to a reduced risk of low HDL-C (OR: 0.638, 95% CI: 0.491-0.823; OR: 0.661, 95% CI: 0.502-0.870; OR: 0.580, 95% CI: 0.443-0.758). Conversely, a high uPDI score was associated with an increased risk of low HDL-C (OR: 1.349, 95% CI: 1.046-1.740). There was no non-linear relationship between PDI, hPDI, uPDI, and aPDI and the risk of different types of dyslipidemia. Plant-based dietary indices are related to specific types of dyslipidemia risk. Appropriately increasing the consumption of plant-based foods while improving the quality of plant-based dietary patterns is critical for the prevention of dyslipidemia, especially low HDL-C, in the population.

Clinicopathological Characteristics and Outcomes of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy with Different Types of Dyslipidemia: A Retrospective Single-Center Study

Introduction: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common glomerulonephritic diseases in the world. Several lines of evidence have suggested that dyslipidemia is related to the disease progression and prognosis of IgAN. However, the study is scarce on the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of IgAN with dyslipidemia. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 234 patients with biopsy-proven idiopathic IgAN at the Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, between January 2015 and June 2021. The participants were divided into dyslipidemia (n = 119) and non-dyslipidemia (n = 115), and the dyslipidemia group was also divided into the following 4 groups: hypertriglyceridemia group, hypercholesterolemia group, mixed hyperlipidemia group, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol group. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in IgAN patients in our center was 50.9% (119/234). The patients with dyslipidemia presented with higher systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, serum creatinine, uric acid, hemoglobin, proteinuria, and eGFR (p < 0.05). Proportions of males, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease stage 2∼5 were also higher in the dyslipidemia group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the pathological characteristics performed were worse in the dyslipidemia group. Most dyslipidemia patients had a higher percentage of mesangial hypercellularity (M1) and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T1∼2) in the Oxford Classification’s scoring system (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.397, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.051–5.469, p = 0.038) and proteinuria (OR = 1.000, 95% CI: 1.000–1.001, p = 0.035) were possible risk factors for dyslipidemia. A total of 13 patients (13.8%) in the dyslipidemia group had an endpoint event, of which 6 patients (6.4%) had a ≥50% decrease in eGFR from baseline and 7 patients (7.4%) reached the end-stage renal disease stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that patients in the dyslipidemia group had a worse outcome than those in the non-dyslipidemia group (log-rank test, p = 0.048). Conclusions: IgAN patients with dyslipidemia presented more severe clinicopathological characteristics. Male gender and proteinuria are significantly associated with the occurrence of dyslipidemia in IgAN patients. Patients in the dyslipidemia group had a worse prognosis than those in the non-dyslipidemia group, which may be essential for the disease management of IgAN and help identify the high-risk patients.

The relationship between dyslipidemia and inflammation among adults in east coast China: A cross-sectional study.

ObjectiveDyslipidemia is one of the major public health problems in China. It is characterized by multisystem dysregulation and inflammation, and oxidant/antioxidant balance has been suggested as an important factor for its initiation and progression. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between prevalence of dyslipidemia and measured changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, and MCP-1), thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances (TBARS), and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum samples.Study designA cross-sectional survey with a purposive sampling of 2,631 enrolled participants (age 18–85 years) was performed using the adult population of long-term residents of the municipality of east coast China in Fujian province between the years 2017 and 2019. Information on general health status, dyslipidemia prevalence, and selected mediators of inflammation was collected through a two-stage probability sampling design according to socioeconomic level, sex, and age.MethodsThe lipid profile was conducted by measuring the levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) with an autoanalyzer. Dyslipidemia was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III diagnostic criteria, and patients with it were identified by means of a computerized database. Serum parameters including IL-6/TNF-a/MCP-1, TBARS, and TAC were measured in three consecutive years. Familial history, education level, risk factors, etc. were determined. The association between dyslipidemia and serum parameters was explored using multivariable logistic regression models. Sociodemographic, age, and risk factors were also investigated among all participants.ResultsThe mean prevalence of various dyslipidemia in the population at baseline (2017) was as follows: dyslipidemias, 28.50%; hypercholesterolemia, 26.33%; high LDL-C, 26.10%; low HDL-C, 24.44%; and hypertriglyceridemia, 27.77%. A significant effect of aging was found among all male and female participants. The mean levels of serum Il-6/TNF-a/MCP-1 were significantly higher in all the types of dyslipidemia among male participants. Female participants with all types of dyslipidemia but low HDL-C showed an elevation of IL-6 and MCP-1 levels, and those with dyslipidemias and hypercholesterolemia presented higher levels of TNF-a compared to the normal participants. The oxidative stress marker TBARS increased among all types of dyslipidemia except hypertriglyceridemia. All participants with different types of dyslipidemia had a lower total antioxidant capacity. Correlation analysis showed that cytokines and TBARS were positively associated with age, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, but not sex, sedentary leisure lifestyle, hypertension, and CVD/CHD history. The activity of TAC was negatively associated with the above parameters.ConclusionsThe correlation between the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the modification of inflammation status was statistically significant. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity in serum may reflect the severity of the lipid abnormalities. These promising results further warrant a thorough medical screening in enhanced anti-inflammatory and reduced oxidative stress to better diagnose and comprehensively treat dyslipidemia at an early stage.

Dyslipidemia may be a risk factor for progression in children with IgA nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is often chronically progressive and commonly accompanied by dyslipidemia. However, the intrinsic relationship between dyslipidemia and IgAN remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different types of dyslipidemia on clinical and pathological characteristics in children with IgAN. In our retrospective cohort study from January 2006 to January 2021, 276 children with IgAN were ultimately included in the baseline analysis, and 169 were included in the follow-up analysis. The clinical and pathological features of different types of dyslipidemia and their effect on kidney prognosis were analyzed. Children in the dyslipidemia group had more severe clinical characteristics (higher blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and 24-h proteinuria; higher proportion of hypertension; and lower serum albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate) and pathological changes (higher proportion of Lee grades IV-V and E1, S1, and C2 in MEST-C). Furthermore, the clinical and pathological characteristics were worse in the mixed hyperlipidemia group. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that hypertension, steroid treatment, lower serum albumin, severe proteinuria, and segmental glomerulosclerosis were independent risk factors for dyslipidemia in children with IgAN. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the probability of kidney survival in children with dyslipidemia was lower than that in those without dyslipidemia, with a median follow-up of 5.9years. Children with IgAN and dyslipidemia, especially mixed hyperlipidemia, are prone to more severe clinical and pathological changes. Our study provides further insight into dyslipidemia as a potential risk factor in children with IgAN. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Different types of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes and the associated factors

Aim: Diabetes and dyslipidemia are common diseases that can be seen together. In this study, we aimed to investigate factors affecting the type of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients.Methods: The cross-sectional study included a total of 596 patients with type 2 diabetes who visited the outpatient diabetes clinic of the Istanbul Medeniyet University between January 2017 and December 2019. Patient laboratory, clinical, and sociodemographic data were retrieved from medical records. Results: Of all patients, 52% were diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL) and 56.4% had a history of hypertriglyceridemia. Four hundred and forty-four (74%) patients had abnormal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (≥100 mg/dL). Eighty percent of the female patients and 67.4% of the male patients had abnormal LDLC levels, and the difference between the two sexes was statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.001). Triglyceride levels were higher in the patients with a hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) level ≥7% (p&amp;lt;0.001). Smokers had significantly higher levels of LDL-C (p=0.03) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.038) than non-smokers. The mean body mass index was higher for the group of non-smokers than for the smokers (p&amp;lt;0.001). The rates of hypertriglyceridemia and obesity were significantly higher in patients with hypertension than in those without (p=0.036 and p=0.013, respectively).Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is common in diabetic patients, especially women. A complete examination of the patient should include the consideration of conditions associated with dyslipidemia.

Роль кишкової мікробіоти в розвитку порушень ліпідного та вуглеводного обміну при стеатозі печінки у дітей

У 34 дітей із різним ступенем стеатозу печінки був досліджений за допомогою водневого дихального тесту стан мікробіоти тонкого кишечника. Виявлений у третини дітей із стеатозом печінки (переважно третього ступеня) синдром надмірного бактеріального росту сприяв розвитку інсулінорезистентності, дисліпідемії, зокрема, ІІа типу (у 34,0 % дітей), ІІb типу (34,0 %), IV типу (17,0 %) та ізольованого зниження рівня холестерину ліпопротеїнів високої щільності (17,0 %).

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Dyslipidemia in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Parakou (Benin)

Objective: Determine the prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia in adult subjects with sickle cell disease in Parakou in 2017. Methods: This research work was a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional and observational study carried out from January 6 to June 6, 2017. It involved 100 adult subjects with sickle cell disease (mean age: 28.77 ± 8.73 years) in the city of Parakou (Benin). Serum lipid parameters were measured through enzymatic colorimetric methods on Mindray ® BS-120 automaton (Guangdong, China). The different types of dyslipidemia were classified according to criteria defined in the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Results: The overall prevalence of the different types of dyslipidemia was estimated at 82% (95% CI [75.27; 88.34]). The different types of dyslipidemia were distributed as followed: HDL hypocholesterolemia (79%; 95%IC [69.71; 86.51]), LDL hypercholesterolemia (13.0%; 95%CI [7.11; 21.20]), total hypercholesterolemia (7.0%; 95%CI [02.86; 13.89]), hypertriglyceridemia (4.0%; 95%CI [1.10; 9.93]) and mixed hyperlipidemia (1.0%; 95%CI [0.03; 5.45]). Atherogenic dyslipidemia was not found out. HDL hypocholesterolemia was significantly associated with personal history of hypertension (P = 0.029), emaciation (P = 0.023) and age above or equal to 50 years (P = 0,016). Tobacco consumption (P = 0.01) and age below 50 years (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of the different types of dyslipidemia is high among adults with sickle cell disease in Parakou.

Familial combined hyperlipidemia: An overview of the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Among different types of dyslipidemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most common genetic disorder, which is characterized by at least two different forms of lipid abnormalities: hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. FCHL is an important cause of cardiovascular diseases. FCHL is a heterogeneous condition linked with some metabolic defects that are closely associated with FCHL. These metabolic features include dysfunctional adipose tissue, delayed clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, overproduction of very low-density lipoprotein and hepatic lipids, and defect in the clearance of low-density lipoprotein particles. There are also some genes associated with FCHL such as those affecting the metabolism and clearance of plasma lipoprotein particles. Due to the high prevalence of FCHL especially in cardiovascular patients, targeted treatment is ideal but this necessitates identification of the genetic background of patients. This review describes the metabolic pathways and associated genes that are implicated in FCHL pathogenesis. We also review existing and novel treatment options for FCHL. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1221-1229, 2019.

A9290 A survey on blood lipid levels and among Han, Tibetan and Yi population living at high altitude in Sichuan province

Objectives: To investigate blood lipid levels and prevalence of dyslipidemia among Han, Tibetan and Yi population living at high altitude in Sichuan province. Methods: In 2017, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 861 individuals composed of 311 Han, 411 Tibetan and 139 Yi cases respectively in Gaer town located in Jiulong county, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Data was collected by a standard questionnaire and physical examinations. Fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated with the enzyme method. The dyslipidemia was performed the clinical typing according to the Guide on Prevention and Treatment of Chinese Adult Dyslipidemia in 2016. Results: The TC values in Tibetan were significantly higher than that in Han cases (5.79 ± 1.03 vs. 5.48 ± 1.18, p < 0.01). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Tibetan and Yi cases was significantly higher than that in Han cases (71.5% and 64.0% vs. 58.2%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the values of LDL-C and TG as well as in the prevalence of high LDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia among these three ethnicities. The HDL-C values of Tibetan were significantly higher than that of Han and Yi cases (1.56 (1.31, 1.81) vs. 1.39 (1.18, 1.68) and 1.41 (1.04, 1.92) mmol/L, p < 0.01). And the prevalence of low HDL-C of Tibetan was lower than that of Han and Yi cases (5.8% vs. 10.6% and 12.9%, p < 0.05). The values of TG and HDL-C of female were significantly lower than that of male in Yi cases and that of male in both Yi and Tibetan cases respectively. Conclusion: Han, Tibetan and Yi population had different levels of blood lipid and different types of dyslipidemia living at high altitude in Sichuan province.

Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia, High LDL, and Low HDL in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chronic and abnormal increase of different types of dyslipidemia leads to some important diseases, such as constriction and abstraction of vessels in various parts of the body, especially in the heart. High lipid profile, such as increased total cholesterol and LDL as well as decreased HDL are recognized as cardiovascular disease risk factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran by a meta-analysis method. A literature search for studies published during 1998-2015 was carried out using both Persian and English databases (SID, Magiran, IranMedex, MedLib, PubMed, and Scopus). Keywords such as lipid, dyslipidemia, CVD, cardiovascular risk factors, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and prevalence were used in the search. Random-effects model was used for the analysis using STATA (version 11.2). In total, 163 articles were identified of which 49 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) of eligible articles for high cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl and ≥240 mg/dl was 42% (95% CI: 38-45) and 17% (95% CI: 14-20), respectively. Moreover, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) for high LDL-C ≥130 mg/dl and ≥160 mg/dl was 40% (95% CI: 32-48) and 19% (95% CI: 16-23), respectively. The pooled prevalence estimate for low HDL-C (<40 among males, <50 among females) was 43% (95% CI: 33-53) in both sexes of the Iranian people. All types of lipid component abnormalities (hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C) were more prevalent in women. The results indicate that the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran is substantial. Given the risk of complications (e.g. cardiovascular disease and control of different types of dyslipidemia) in Iranian people, it is important to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Genetic variants influencing lipid levels and risk of dyslipidemia in Chinese population.

Recently, several human genetic and genomewide association studies (GWAS) have discovered many genetic loci that are associated with the concentration of the blood lipids. To confirm the reported loci in Chinese population, we conducted a crosssection study to analyse the association of 25 reported SNPs, genotyped by the ABI SNaPshot method, with the blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) in 1900 individuals by multivariate analysis. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association of the genetic loci with the risk of different types of dyslipidemia. Our study has convincingly identified that 12 of 25 studied SNPs were strongly associated with one or more blood lipid parameters (TC, LDL, HDL and TG). Among the 12 associated SNPs, 10 significantly influence the risk of one or more types of dyslipidemia.We firstly found four SNPs (rs12654264 in HMGCR; rs2479409 in PCSK9; rs16996148 in CILP2, PBX4; rs4420638 in APOE-C1-C4-C2) robustly and independently associate with four types of dyslipidemia (MHL, mixed hyperlipidemia; IHTC, isolated hypercholesterolemia; ILH, isolated low HDL-C; IHTG, isolated hypertriglyceridemia). Our results suggest that genetic susceptibility is different on the same candidate locus for the different populations. Meanwhile, most of the reported genetic variants strongly influence one or more plasma lipid levels and the risk of dyslipidemia in Chinese population.

Comparison of laboratory features between low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol group and both low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high triglycerides group

Aim: Aim of the study was to compare laboratory features between groups with different types of dyslipidemia among middle-aged Lithuanian adults participating in Lithuanian High Cardiovascular Risk (LitHiR) primary prevention program from 2009 to 2015.

Non-cholesterol Sterols in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias: A Review.

Non-cholesterol sterols have been used as markers of cholesterol intestinal absorption and hepatic synthesis, leading to a better understanding of cholesterol homeostasis in humans. This review discusses the main noncholesterol sterols that are clinically useful, different methods to quantify the factors associated with blood concentration, and the potential role of non-cholesterol sterols in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of dyslipidemia. The main indication is the use of non-cholesterol sterols for the diagnosis of rare diseases associated with defects in cholesterol synthesis or anomalies in the absorption and/or elimination of phytosterols. However, other potential uses, including the diagnosis of certain hypercholesterolemias and the individualization of lipid-lowering therapies, are promising as they could help treat a wider population.

Dyslipidemia in the Greater Tunis Population: Prevalence and Determinants

Economic development and socio-demographic changes have led to increased frequency of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases in Tunisia. To assess the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia and to examine their association with sociodemographic characteristics in the Greater Tunis population. The study included 2712 subjects (1228 men and 1484 women) aged 35-70 years, recruited during the years 2004 and 2005 from the Greater Tunis population. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol was 40.8% (34.9% in males and 45.8% in females; p < 0.001), 29.2% (31.1% in males and 27.6% in females; p < 0.05), and 21.2% (32.5% in males and 11.5% in females; p < 0.001), respectively. The prevalence was higher in urban than rural regions. Hypercholesterolemia was more frequent in illiterate women and in men with high education level. Dyslipidemias are common in Tunisians, mainly in urban areas, in illiterate women as well as in men with high levels of education. Profound changes of life style and dietary habits of Tunisians are needed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia in HIV‐infected patients on combined antiretroviral treatment in Spain: a qualitative analysis

PurposeAmong traditional cardiovascular risk factors, dyslipidemia could be particularly prevalent since virus, treatment and host factors may be involved in its development. Our analysis aimed to describe the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in a population of HIV‐infected, treatment‐experienced patients in Spain.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis within 10 HIV units across Spain. We collected data on demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid profile as well as information on current use of lipid‐lowering drugs. This analysis describes subjects under first‐line ART as compared with others in more advanced lines of treatment.ResultsWe included 860 patients (76.3% male) with no history of CVD, with median age 45.6 years. Median time since HIV diagnosis was 3 and 14 years (p=0.000) and median time on ART was 22 and 136 months (p=0.000) respectively. Lipid profile is described in the table. n (%) First line regimens, n=219 Subsequent regimens, n=641 p‐value Dyslipidemia Total cholesterol &gt;240 mg/dL 17 (7.9) 70 (11.1) 0.180 LDL‐cholesterol &gt;160 mg/dL 19 (9.0) 49 (7.9) 0.636 HDL‐cholesterol &lt;40 mg/dL 85 (39.9) 188 (30.0) 0.008 Total cholesterol/HDL ratio&gt;5 60 (28.2) 160 (25.5) 0.447 Triglycerides≥200 mg/dL 43 (20.0) 136 (21.6) 0.616 Lipid‐lowering drugs Statin use 10 (4.6) 101 (15.8) 0.000 Statin use AND Tcol/HDL&gt;5 3 (33.3) 36 (36.0) 1.000 Fibrate use 7 (3.2) 12 (1.9) 0.286 Fibrate use AND TG≥200 mg/dL 3 (42.9) 9 (75.0) 0.326 ConclusionsDyslipidemia, especially low HDL and high TG, is highly prevalent in this population regardless being in their first or more advanced lines of treatment. The use of lipid‐lowering drugs in our population is low and furthermore the control of dyslipidemia is not always achieved. Additional research is needed to understand how to achieve lipid goals in this population.