Different Types Of Discourse Research Articles

Analyzing science teachers’ support of dialogic argumentation using teacher roles of questioning and communicative approaches

The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers use different types of discourse to support dialogic argumentation. Dialogic argumentation is a collaborative process in which students construct arguments together and examine arguments presented by their peers. Science teachers can use argumentation as a vehicle to help students gain a working understanding of science content and the nature of science and its practices. Whole-class closing discussions from video-recorded lessons are analyzed to study the discourse used to support argumentation by two physics teachers in lower secondary schools. Analysis of discourse includes coding of communicative approach at the episode level and coding of teacher roles of questioning at the level of speaking turns. Student argumentation is also assessed on the basis of dialogicity and complexity of arguments. Findings characterize different ways of orchestrating argumentative discussions. Authoritative episodes were characterized by the presence of the dispenser role, with teachers retaining ownership over ideas and classroom activities to emphasize the correctness of a justification. Dialogic episodes of classroom interaction showed openness to student perspectives, but teachers’ use of questioning roles revealed different ways of orchestrating argumentative discussions. The moderator role granted ownership of ideas to students to either pursue a single student’s argument in more depth or to directly contrast opposing justifications. Less commonly used were the roles of coach and participant, which teachers used to elicit student justifications in more depth or support students in examining the arguments of their peers. Examination of discourse using multiple frameworks revealed differences in teachers’ values and the impact of the use of teacher questioning roles on student contributions to argumentative discussions.

Мягкий и жесткий варианты институциональности сервисной коммуникации

The paper suggests the existence of soft and hard variants of service communication and proposes an evaluation model for analysing institutionality. The aim of the research is to classify the texts of service communication according to their belonging to the soft or hard variant of institutional discourse on the basis of the identified parameters for measuring the institutionality. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the following: 1) in conducting a systematic study of service communication within the framework of institutional discourse; 2) in considering the issue of institutionality in service communication in a dialectical manner by dividing the category in question into soft and hard variants according to the degree of institutionality; 3) in clarifying the general parameters for evaluating institutionality of different types of discourse. The following results have been obtained in the process of conducing a comprehensive study of service communication from the perspective of the pragmalinguistic approach. Firstly, based on the analysis of the textual materials of service communication, the hypothesis of the existence of soft and hard varieties in institutional discourse, proposed by V. I. Karasik, has been confirmed. Secondly, the institutionality of discourse is not rigid, but flexible, and it must be evaluated in accordance with specific variable conditions, including cliché usage, formality, compulsion, degree of familiarity of communicants, flexibility of rules etc.

Digital Tools in Teaching the Mass Media Language

The functioning of language in modern media is a complex set of different types of discourses. It involves using mental and cultural codes, concepts and archetypes, taking into account the specifics of Internet content and methods of its promotion, along with traditional newspaper journalism, knowledge of the basics of cognitive, communicative and information-theoretical theories and methods, etc. The purpose of the academic paper is to clarify the features and modern tendencies of teaching the mass media language with the help of digital tools, as well as to establish particular practical aspects of using such educational means in the process of teaching the mass media language. In the course of the research, the analytical-bibliographic method was used to study the scientific literature on teaching the mass media language with the help of digital tools. Along with this, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis of information, system-structural, comparative, logical-linguistic methods, abstraction, and idealization were applied for studying and processing data. At the same time, the questionnaire survey was conducted in online mode by the research authors to practically clarify certain aspects of using digital educational tools in teaching the mass media language. Based on the research results, the primary and most significant theoretical aspects of the process of teaching the mass media language using digital educational tools were highlighted. Moreover, the standpoints of education seekers and teachers of higher educational institutions regarding the key aspects of this issue were clarified.

Ritual agency and moral panics: toward the anthropology of blasphemy and sacrilege

The introduction to the journal issue's special theme on “The Icon and the Axe: Discourses on Blasphemy and Sacrilege in the Russian Culture” deals with some theoretical aspects of anthropological research focusing on blasphemy, sacrilege, and desecration. The history of religious, secular, and post-secular cultures from the Middle Ages to the present day involve different types of discourses on blasphemy and sacrilege. Local cults of sacred sites, miraculous images and objects employ the concept of desecration to articulate the rules and norms of communication between humans and supernatural agents. Organized forms of sacrilege, like Reformation iconoclasm or Soviet anti-religious campaigns, aim at transformation of habitual ritual activities along with formation of new types of human and non-human agency. Present day “blasphemy panics” produce new identities and ideas of the moral order. The Russian history and culture of the recent centuries provides examples of coexistence and evolution of all these types.

Использование психологических терминов в различных типах дискурсов (на примере новостного корпуса)

В работе рассматривается употребление психологических терминов в непрофессиональных дискурсах с позиции типа интеракции, задействованных лингвистических механизмов и передаваемой оценки. Актуальность исследования обусловлена активным проникновением терминов психологии в различные типы дискурса: лексика, которая употреблялась изначально исключительно профессионалами при общении на профильные темы, прочно укрепилась в лексиконе людей, которые не связаны с психологией. Результаты исследования психологических терминов и механизмов их переносов в непрофессиональные дискурсы, проведенного на примере корпуса новостных статей, выявили, что: во-первых, самыми частотными являются термины с отрицательной оценкой, во-вторых, наблюдается отчетливая тенденция к переносу терминов в непрофессиональные дискурсы на основе метафоры с сохранением оценки. The work deals with the psychological terms in non-professional discourses with regard to the type of interaction, linguistic devices engaged and evaluation expressed. The relevance of the research is caused by the active penetration of psychological terminology in different types of discourses. The vocabulary initially used exclusively by professionals while communicating on fieldspecific topics has firmly entered the lexicon of individuals not engaged in psychology. The findings from the research of the psychological terms and mechanisms for transferring them to nonprofessional discourses performed by the material of a news article corpus revealed that: firstly, the most frequent are terms with the negative evaluation; secondly, there is a clear tendency for metaphor-based transfer of the terms into non-professional discourses keeping evaluative components.

Choosing Discourse Types That Align With Person-Centered Goals in Aphasia Rehabilitation: A Clinical Tutorial

Purpose: People with aphasia and their families want rehabilitation services that improve real-world communication. Thus, clinicians and researchers have increased focus on discourse-level interventions and outcome measures, most often using monologue tasks to assess discourse production and guide treatment planning. However, communication in everyday life usually involves participating in conversational discourse. This mismatch raises concern because the literature indicates that different types of discourse possess different linguistic and interactional characteristics and that the communication skills of people with aphasia vary across different types of discourse. In order to provide appropriate, client-centered services, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) need resources that outline the linguistic and interactional characteristics of each type of discourse. Few user-friendly materials of this sort exist. This tutorial aims to equip clinicians with essential foundational knowledge regarding features of narrative, procedural, and expository monologue, as well as conversation, to aid in the design of discourse-level interventions specific to each individual's discourse needs. Method: This tutorial provides an overview of the research regarding the structure and function of commonly assessed and treated forms of discourse, along with findings regarding the varied and unpredictable communicative performance of people with aphasia across the different types of discourse. We then provide practical applied clinical examples to illustrate the literature findings. Conclusion: Given the differences between types of discourse, when SLPs include discourse in a client's treatment program, the types of discourse activities the client wants to address should align very closely with the types of discourse assessed and treated in the clinic room.

Языковое манипулятивное воздействие: теоретический обзор

The aim set in this paper involves the systematisation of approaches in the field of linguistics devoted to analysing the peculiarities of linguistic manipulative influence, which determines the subject of subsequent consideration in this analytical review. The paper is the first to update the latest data in the field of the theory of linguistic manipulation, which accounts for its scientific novelty. As a result, the discussion of these approaches leads to an understanding of the direction of the evolutionary development of scientific thought in the research related to this issue, based on academic works written over the past 50 years. The paper describes various approaches, including contradictory ones, of Russian and foreign authors to the description of the prerequisites, conditions and ways of implementing linguistic manipulation, summarises the views of scholars in different fields on the interdisciplinary nature of manipulative influence. The author of the paper also notes a change in the assessment of the phenomenon of manipulation and its consequences, which is explained by the increased interest of language theorists in this problem. Special attention is paid to a large number of works of recent years in the context of studies of linguistic manipulation in different types of discourse and a forecast regarding a further vector of progress for research thought in the field under consideration is given.

Pragmatic Analysis of Ambiguity as Part of Forensic Linguistic Examination of Texts on Cases Related to Countering Extremism

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological grounds for establishing the “intentional” nature of ambiguity when conducting a linguistic analysis on cases related to countering extremism. The author addresses the concept of “intentional” ambiguity from the point of view of pragmatic functions implemented by ambiguity in different types of discourse. In particular, the paper shows that ambiguity in the “extremist” discourse performs not only the rhetorical function of influencing the addressee, but also contributes to the implementation of the author’s communicative strategies such as leveling the negative (“extremist”) meaning, absolving the author of responsibility. This justifies the need for a pragmatic analysis of ambiguity. Establishing of “intentional” ambiguity in the texts as part of forensic linguistic analysis involves a comprehensive study of the text’s genre specifics, as well as the author’s intentions and the recipient’s expectations implied. Accounting for these characteristics ensures the validity of the expert’s conclusions about the “intentional” nature of ambiguity, as well as the probability of “extremist” meaning in the analyzed context.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERM SEMANTIC STRUCTURE: PHENOMENA OF VARIABILITY AND SEMANTIC INVARIANT

The purpose of the proposed research is to investigate the influence of the semantic invariant core on the formation and development of a polysemic word-term structure, on the phenomena of variability within both individual term systems and the commonly used vocabulary. The object of research is language subsystems, in particular, terminological subsystems, their interconnections, which are studied from the standpoint of deep semantic processes analysis. The subject of research is the word-term, as an element of the terminological system, as a polysemic structure, and the interrelation of its components with the invariant semantic core. A complex of general and specific scientific methods, techniques and approaches is involved in tasks solving (approaches of lexical semantics, cognitive linguistics, methods of differential and component analysis, analysis of lexicographic definitions, contextual analysis). Research results: while investigating, we have revealed how the semantic invariant core is both a source and a participant in complex semantic processes and linguistic phenomena. Practical value: the results of the research can be used for the analysis and practical use of the principles of term formation, the formation of clusters within terminological systems, as well as for the study of terms functioning in different types of discourse. Conclusion. The functioning of the semantic invariant phenomenon provides opportunities for the emergence and development of the lexeme branched semantic structure, and is one of the global foundations of terminological processes. Analysis of the semantic core potential makes it possible to explain the phenomena of changes in categorical semantic features and categorical blurring.

Дискурсные маркеры как когнитивные доминанты речевого взаимодействия в разносистемных языках

The article contains the results of studying the discourse markers as a universal cognitive and functional phenomenon of discourse from the point of view of the theory of cognitive dominants of speech. The attempt is made to analyze discourse markers as a component of the conceptual structure of discourse from the point of view of thematic, subject, sociocultural, instrumental, and intentional principles. The role of discourse markers as cognitive dominants in speech is justified and verified on the basis of the modern corpora of Russian, English, French and Japanese text and speech material which represents different language systems and types of discourse. The topicality of the research is determined by the practical necessity and importance of further development of cognitive studies of discourse markers in directions, which open up the possibility of effective automated identification of discourse markers in different languages through the use of heuristic methods and artificial intelligence technologies. In this regard, the formalization of cognitive potential of discourse markers belonging to different language systems based on the theory of cognitive dominants is believed to provide a significant theoretical and linguistic basis and new data for the further development of the principle of heuristic analysis of discourse markers in speech belonging to different types of discourse. The scientific significance of the research is determined by the fact that the obtained results provide a qualitatively new approach to the issue of providing a formal description of discourse marker functions as cognitive dominants of speech for the purpose of developing the algorithms of text and discourse processing, and, in particular, the heuristic identification of discourse markers in electronic text corpora in different languages.

Soft, hard and smart powers differentiating in the media discourse: An experimental research

The powers of discourse in the modern media Internet space are presented and differentiated on the examples of social, political, religious types of discourse. The methods used are interpretation, inference and linguistic experiment. The purpose of the study is to analyze the media addressee’s understanding of the smart, soft and hard powers of discourse. An online questionnaire was presented and tested in the Google-form to identify the degree of understanding of the terms and their practical application by a diverse addressee. In the course of the research, the hypothesis of the ability of a non-highly specialized addressee to differentiate the influencing powers of discourse was confirmed. The differentiation of the discourse powers is confirmed by ⅔ of the respondents who correctly identified the powers given as written examples. The strength of each example is justified by the proposed parameters. The research justifies the need for the discourse powers separation in connection with the strengthening of the intellectual potential of the media discourse to influence “smartly” on the addressee by purposefully constructing the discourse according to the given parameters. Response discourse, feedback with a potential addressee allows us to clarify the set of parameters necessary for a more accurate and unambiguous differentiation of discourse powers that can exert an effect in modern media space. Scientific novelty consists in conducting a linguistic sociological experiment, which allows you to understand better the effect of the discourse powers and their interpretation by the addressee. For the first time, a differentiating characteristic of the powers of discourse for communication control is given. For the first time, examples of powers from the social, political, religious types of discourse are analyzed and compared. A promising area of research on the potential of media discourse is to attract different types of discourse on the material of different languages.

Стереотипное представление о неконфликтном человеке в русской деловой коммуникации

Adjectives that characterize personality traits form an important part of the world picture of the national language. The purpose of this study is to identify the stereotypical representation behind the adjective non-conflict in Russian business communication, and more broadly - in different types of discourse. The analysis uses a cognitive-discursive approach to the language based on the texts of resumes, character references, job advertisements, lexicographic sources, the National Corpus of the Russian Language, reflexive statements of Internet users and the results of a survey of native speakers. The study concludes that non-conflict is more viewed as a business quality of a person, and it refers to working in a team. This personality trait in most cases is used in relation to men. When it comes to women, then combinations with nouns denoting the social status of a woman are often used, making the use of an adjective in the masculine form possible. The results obtained can be used to present the adjective non-conflict to the foreign audience, compile a learner's dictionary of personality traits, contribute to more successful intercultural and business communication.

СОДЕРЖАТЕЛЬНО-СТИЛЕВЫЕ МАРКЕРЫ ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКОГО ДИСКУРСА В СБОРНИКЕ С. ДОВЛАТОВА «МАРШ ОДИНОКИХ»

The present article deals with a discourse analysis of the book “March of the Lonely” by S. Dovlatov. Compositionally consisting of 66 text parts – “editor's columns”, is carried out in order to identify the discursive heterogeneity, or interdiscursivity, of the artistic text field, realized through the “dialogue” of artistic and journalistic discourses. The research interest is focused on the identification and systematization of content and style markers perceived as author's “hints” that contribute to a more accurate “identification” different types of discourse (journalistic and artistic) in a single artistic whole by the addressee. In the course of the study, the following markers of journalistic discourse were found: the nature of the addressee, citation and autocitation, ideological interpretation of the events presented, explicitly expressed S. Dovlatov’s position. The author's originality in the book under study is ensured by the free switching of the narrative from the institutionality of journalism, that is, the realization of the writer's intention aimed at the ideological interpretation of the event, to fiction and imagery, explicating irony, comic effect. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that S. Dovlatov’s artistic method can be qualified as a discursive heterogeneity, which allows whimsically switching the ways of narration with the help of content and stylistic markers of journalistic and artistic discourses.

Aphorism in the Circle of Small Text Forms in Oral, Written and Electronic Discourses

Aphorism, despite its antiquity and universality as a speech genre, still does not have a generally accepted understanding of its properties as a small text form and characteristics of its place among other types of miniature texts. The object of the study is to determine the nature of the relationship between aphorism and small text forms that function in existing types of discourse (oral, written, electronic). Research methods - heuristic, descriptive, linguistic text analysis, structural-semantic modeling and discourse analysis. The material for the study covers both aphoristic units as separate texts and as structural elements of nonaphoristic texts - a total of about 100,000 aphorisms from more than 300 reference, literary and other sources. As a result of the study, it was found that aphorism is not a specific type of text, since it can be equally successfully generated and function as different text forms in different types of discourse (oral, written, electronic). Aphorisms can be literary sayings (classical and modern varieties), and literary works-miniatures (including their national varieties), and one-phrase texts (in most of their discursive and genre forms), and paremiological units (proverbs, folk signs, jokes, etc.). In relation to all existing varieties of small text forms, it is advisable to consider the concept of aphorism either as a categorical one (if we are talking about miniature texts that have a differential sign of aphorism - a generalized universal content), or as a classificatory one (if we are talking about the entire corpus of miniature texts in the sense of their differentiation into two categories of units - “aphorisms” and “non-aphorisms”). Aphorisms cannot be involvedr into paradigmatic relations with those small text forms (apophegms, chryas, wellerisms, etc.) that have a superphrasal structure and are capable of including aphorisms as compositional elements.

DE M. BAKHTINE À J.-P. BRONCKART: ÉTUDE DE LA TYPOLOGIE DU DISCOURS

Problems of discourse typology increasingly attract the attention of linguists of various directions. This phenomenon is connected with the fact of society's transition to the digital presentation of information, which requires the creation of criteria for the classification of texts stored in various databases, access to them and their processing. The proposed study is based on the theory of speech genres of M. Bakhtin, who was one of the first to pose the question of classification of different types of discourse, basing his theory on the idea of utterance as a unit of speech. In general, M. Bakhtin's idea of speech genres can be represented by the formula: typical statements in typical circumstances. The article analyzes theories that have similar approaches to the creation of criteria for the typology of discourse, consider discourse as an interactive process associated with various types of human activity, which has an interactive and social character. In particular, the theory of discursive formations of M. Foucault is presented, which is based on the idea of the existence of ritualized forms of discourse that function in certain circumstances. The typology of verbal interactions by C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni is also analyzed, which claims that the meaning of an utterance is a product of "collaboration", that it is constructed jointly by the various speakers present. At the same time, interaction can be defined as a place of collective activity for the generation of meaning and, thus, a special role belongs to the context of communication. The theory of J.-P. Bronckart is also presented, in which the researcher focuses on the typology of texts and the analysis of linguistic units characteristic of each type of text (pronouns, argumentative and temporal determinants) and studies the general mechanisms of the production of texts/discourses and their structural properties, as well as analyzes the regularities of internal functioning of these texts/discourses.

ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ МАЛОФОРМАТНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The article focuses on the study of modern English small-format texts, namely it aims to determine a set of their typological features. The interest in the topic stems from the fact that in present-day English there is a distinct tendency towards minimization of textual volume; as a result, various types of short texts circulate in great quantities in all the spheres of communication, including science, media, education, business, literature, personal interaction, etc. The sheer quantity of such texts yields an assumption about the emergence of a qualitatively new phenomenon, a special type of texts – small-format texts. They possess a specific set of common mechanisms by means of which they successfully perform their pragmatic function with the help of a limited number of language means; these mechanisms need to be elicited and analyzed. This aim is addressed in the article through the analysis of a significant scope of the scattered linguistic data from the current researches on the relevant topic; also an empirical base of approximately 5000 textual samples belonging to different types of discourse is analyzed. As a result, a set of typological features of small-format texts is determined. One of the key features is the visual integrity of small-format texts, which plays a consolidating role in the process of forming the overall semantics of the texts. Apart from that, the typological parameters include the minimization of the exponential plane; a specific type of the surface structure compression consisting in its multi-layer organization; asymmetry of the exterior and interior (semantic) planes; hierarchization of the functional paradigm; rigidity in the choice of structural and/or content elements within one concrete genre; polycode character, as well as lability of the language norm.

Исследование вариативности фразеологизмов библейского происхождения (на материале англо- и немецкоязычных корпусных данных)

The article studies the biblical phraseology of the English and German languages in terms of its variability; in particular, the structural and semantic features of English and German biblical phraseological units are revealed taking into account the use of the search corpus method and on the basis of corpus data; the usual and occasional types of the variants of phraseological units of biblical origin are identified; the examples from text corpora illustrating the general use of the studied phraseological units in different types of discourse and text genres are analysed. The aim of the study is to identify the most frequent and commonly used variants of biblical phraseological units by native speakers with attention to the types of va¬riants based on the use of the search corpus method in the field of phraseology and the use of corpus data. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification and description of the variants of biblical phraseological units that function in fiction and media discourse, as well as their prevalence in different text genres on the basis of using the search corpus method and corpus data, which greatly facilitate and optimize research processes, as well as increase objectivity and reliability of the results obtained in a short time.As a result, based on the corpus data, the most frequent biblical phraseological units in English and German have been identified, the variants of biblical phraseological units have been distributed according to their prevalence including by the types of discourse, and the frequency structural types of biblical phra-seological units as well as their modified variants have been identified.

К столетию А. Д. Сахарова: дискурс А. Д. Сахарова как научная публицистика (обозначение говорящего как маркер жанра)

A linguist’s interest toward Sakharov’s discourse is to a greater extent motivated by the question of what the characteristics of the text whose title (Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom) itself refers to cogitative practices of philosophical discourses are; the text that not only is polemical in relation to official discursive practices, but due to the personality of the author and the scientist, unites both scientific information and the political standpoint of the subject. For the analysis the author of the article chooses only one systemic text element, i.e. the manifestation of the speaker. Such a choice of the subject of the research is accounted for by the fact that, according to the author of the article, the representation of the author in nonfiction discourse is predetermined by the genre. The author’s analysis of Sakharov’s “Self” through its incorporation into communicative practices and relations with the “Other” stems from the “Self-concept”. As it is demonstrated in the article, the identification of the subject of the text in “Progress…” is relatable to the means of identifying the speaker in different types of discourse in terms of a genre; it correlates with the corresponding identification of the “Other”, which may be viewed as a marker of science publicistics. The author thinks that the analysis of ego markers of text may be effective when defining its genre.

Интертекстуальный потенциал библейских фразеологизмов

This article discusses the realization of the intertextual potential of phraseological units of biblical origin. It clarifies the status of the biblical text as a constant intertext, which, on the one hand, accumulates numerous texts of different genres and time periods and, on the other hand, is a source of intertextual elements in the form of allusions, winged words and quotations, abundant in new texts. In this paper, a biblical phraseological unit is understood as a stable, reproducible linguistic unit which structurally can be presented in the form of a phrase or a sentence with a partially or completely reinterpreted meaning and is etymologically related to the Holy Scripture. Studying biblical phraseological units within the framework of the theory of intertextuality is most important to understand the special role of the biblical text acting as a global pretext and producing various kinds of intertextual elements that can be reproduced in new texts, preserving, in most cases, their semantic link to the original text. Phraseological units of biblical origin, in their turn, being used in donor texts, carry a powerful expressive charge, enlivening and enriching our speech, transforming and developing. The following research methods were applied here: analysis and synthesis, generalization, hypothetico-inductive method, contextual method, phraseological identification, and phraseological analysis. As an illustration of the theoretical aspects of this study, the most frequently used biblical phraseological units are analysed, examples of the use of biblical phraseological units in English texts of different types of discourse are provided. As a result, a conclusion is made that biblical phraseological units have high intertextual potential due to their ability to reflect the phenomena of reality and the speaker’s attitude toward them in a concise, felicitous, figurative and expressive form.

NON-LINGUISTIC STUDENTS LEARNING AND STRATEGIC COMPETENCE IN PROFESSIONAL ORAL ENGLISH COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT

The article defines the peculiarities of developing learning and strategic competence in professional oral English communication of non-linguistic students. In particular, learning strategies necessary for the development of students’ professional oral communication skills in English (strategies for mastering a foreign language and strategies for organizing learning) have been specified. At the current stage, there is no unified classification of communicative strategies, which is due to the peculiarity of different types of discourses and the variety of strategies depending on the speakers’ communicative intentions. Based on the analysis of modern researches, the conclusion was made about the expediency of distinguishing the following communicative strategies: informative, evaluative-influential, emotional-influential, regulatory-motivational and conventional, which, in turn, contain a number of strategies and corresponding tactics. To form non-linguistic majors’ professional oral communication skills in English, it is necessary to outline typical situations, specify the most relevant communicative strategies and tactics by analyzing professional discourse, studying the results of surveys conducted among specialists working in the relevant field. The formation of learning and strategic competence should involve systematic and purposeful mastering of learning and communicative strategies, be carried out explicitly, implicitly and in an integrated way depending on the characteristics of the strategies, situation, learning objectives, students’ individual learning styles, level of their English communicative competence, motivation for learning English, learning and communication experience.