Different Types Of Cuttings Research Articles

Effect of Different Types of cuttings and Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on Rooting of Damas Plant (Conocarpus lancifolius L.)

An experiment consists of two types of cuttings viz. tip cutting (C1) and semi hardwood cuttings (C2) with different IBA concentrations i.e. 300 (I1), 400 (I2), 500 (I3) and 600 (I4) ppm each along with control (I5) were treated. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with Factorial Concept comprise three replications. The cuttings were planted in sand bed. Among different types of cuttings, maximum number of roots (11.03), root length (6.99 cm), fresh weight (255.60 mg/plant) of root and dry weight (27.59 mg/plant) of root along with highest rooting percent (67.14) of cuttings were recorded in tip cutting after 60 days of planting. While in case of IBA, highest number of roots (13.23), longest root (7.66 cm), maximum fresh weight (294.33 mg/plant) of root, dry weight (27.59 mg/plant) of root and maximum rooting percentage (67.14) of cuttings were recorded under treatment of 500 ppm IBA at 60 days of planting. Interaction effect of tip cuttings along with 500 ppm IBA (C1I3) was also found significant for all the characters.

The follower competitive facility location problem under the nested logit choice rule

Recently, more realistic customer choice rules based on the Multinomial Logit have been proposed for the follower competitive facility location problem, together with efficient exact solution methods based on cut generation approaches. We address this problem in the case in which a new chain, the entrant, decides to locate some stores in a market where there are already incumbent chains offering substitute products, which differ from the entrant's product in secondary features. The entrant's stores are very similar to each other, and this is also the case for the incumbent chains. In this case, for a given customer, purchases made at the stores of one of the chains are correlated, given the similitude between these stores. The Multinomial Logit rule does not capture this correlation. We propose using a Nested Logit rule which does capture this correlation and, in addition, represents a sequential decision process by the customer, who first chooses the chain and then the store. We prove the concavity of the objective function in the problem and find exact solutions using Branch and Cut over a generalized linear reformulation of the problem and four different types of cuts: submodular and an improvement of these, outer-approximation, and a set of new cuts. Our results show locations that fit better the intuition and practice. Furthermore, our computational times improve in many cases upon the known results for similar problems.

Produção de minitubérculos de inhame para propagação vegetativa alternativa: tipo de estacas, substratos e anatomia

ABSTRACT: Yam is a tuber vegetable crop with vegetative propagation. The crop is low yielding due to the difficulty of obtaining quality material for propagation and the high cost of acquisition. The cutting technique is a new alternative for vegetative propagation of yam. The present studyevaluated the production of minitubers of yam through cuttings, and follow the formational growth of the minitubers. Different types of cuttings, obtained from three positions on the shoots, and three substrates were tested. The types of cuttings and substrates did not significantly affect the number of minitubers per cutting, this number ranging from 1.18 to 1.75. The best results were obtained using Tropstrato Florestal® and median-position cuttings for the following variables: minituber length (17.47 mm), minituber diameter (12.63 mm), minituber fresh weight (2.12 g), and percentage of cuttings with two minitubers (75%). Anatomical analysis showed cell divisions and starch accumulation in the nodal region at seven days after planting the cutting. Emergence of the minituber could be observed at 21 days. The production of yam minitubers through stem cuttings is enhanced using cuttings obtained from the median position of the shoot and using the commercial substrate Tropstrato Florestal®.

Cayley Picture Fuzzy Graphs and Interconnected Networks

Theory of the Cayley graphs is directly linked with the group theory. However, if there are uncertainties on the vertices or edges or both then fuzzy graphs have an extraordinary importance. In this perspective, numbers of generalizations of fuzzy graphs have been explored in the literature. Among the others, picture fuzzy graph (PFG) has its own importance. A picture fuzzy graph (PFG) is a pair defined on a = , where = is a picture fuzzy set on and = is a picture fuzzy set over the set such that for any edge with , and In this manuscript, we introduce the notion of the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs on groups which is the generalization of the picture fuzzy graphs. Firstly, we discuss few important characteristics of the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs. We show that Cayley picture fuzzy graphs are vertex transitive and hence regular. Then, we investigate different types of Cayley graphs induced by the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs by using different types of cuts. We extensively discuss the term connectivity of the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs. Vertex connectivity and edge connectivity of the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs are also addressed. We also investigate the linkage between these two. Throughout, we provide the extensions of some characteristics of both the PFGs and Cayley fuzzy graphs in the setting of Cayley picture fuzzy graphs. Finally, we provide the model of interconnected networks based on the Cayley picture fuzzy graphs.

Pre-heated blades for harvesting baby-leaves reduce the risk of Escherichia coli internalization in leaves.

Pathogenic enterobacteria can travel through the plant vascular bundles by penetrating from cuts and persisting into ready-to-eat leafy greens. Because the cutting site is the main point of entrance and uptake, we tested how different cutting strategies can reduce bacterial internalization in leaves. Horizontal cuts at the base of the leaves were performed with two different types of tools: the first with a scalpel (by pulling the blade) and the second with a scissor-action that has blades that cuts by gliding against a thicker blade. Scissor-action generally makes closer border cuts. Blades of both types of tools have worked at 25 °C and 200 °C. The present study aimed to determine how these different types of cuts and temperatures affected bacterial uptake in leaves. Experiments were repeated on different plant genotypes and at different wilting stages. Our findings showed that cutting baby-leaves with a scissor action at 200 °C significantly reduced the bacterial uptake compared to the not heated (which simulates a mechanized lettuce harvester). The most effective cutting treatments for reducing bacterial uptake were in the order: scissor 200 °C > scissor 25 °C > scalpel 200 °C > scalpel 25 °C. The scissor heated at 200 °C also prevented bacterial uptake on wilted baby-leaves. The findings of the present study could provide a further contribution in terms of safety during harvest and suggest that a pre-heated blade supports safety during harvest of leafy greens. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assessing the product quality of mango slices treated with osmotic and microwave drying by means of image, microstructural, and multivariate analyses

Osmotic dehydration (OD) and microwave drying (MD) have been applied to fruits to preserve their functional and quality attributes. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between different parameters (shrinkage, color, image texture, microstructure) on the quality of three different types of cuts (oval, longitudinal, transversal) of mango slices when sequentially dried by OD, MD, and microwave oven-processing (MOP). After each processing, the samples showed different changes in geometrical parameters, shrinkage, color, image texture, and microstructure from inside the cell structure to the macroscopic level. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to select the most suitable cut type with the least separation distance between fresh and processed samples. The most suitable cut after the processing was the longitudinal cut which was associated with higher quality mango slices. This contribution provides an insight into how the cut types affect the drying, shrinkage, color parameters, and microstructure when studying the quality of dried fruits by means of multivariate analysis.

Mechanical Pruning of ‘Clemenules’ Mandarins in Spain: Yield Effects and Economic Analysis

Pruning is one of the most expensive tasks in citrus production, and its mechanization could increase the productivity and competitiveness of citrus farms. The effect of mechanical pruning on yield depends on the variety, crop condition, and location; among other factors. The ‘Clemenules’ mandarin variety is one of the most important ones; therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effects of twelve pruning strategies on ‘Clemenules’ yield over four years, and to conduct an economic analysis. These strategies included fully manual pruning, annual alternation of mechanical/manual pruning, mechanical pruning with manual follow-up, and fully mechanical pruning with different types of cuttings. The results showed that pruning strategies affected the yield and fruit size in some years of the study but not when the four years overall are considered. Strategies that annually alternated mechanical pruning with manual pruning had higher yields than the fully mechanical approaches, and similar yields to the manual and control (no pruning) strategies. Furthermore, although the mechanical pruning costs per hectare were as minimum two times less than those with manual pruning, higher net value was achieved with the manual pruning approach followed by alternate annual mechanical/manual pruning. In conclusion, after four years of study, the pruning strategy with the best global results for ‘Clemenules’ mandarin was that which involved annually alternating mechanical (topping and one-sided hedging) and manual pruning. This strategy allows maintaining regular tree dimensions without dry branches inside.

EFFICIENCY OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CAJÁ-DE-JABUTI UNDER CONCENTRATIONS OF INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID AND GRAFTING METHODS

ABSTRACT The objectives of the tests were to evaluate concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) combined with different types of cuttings and grafting methods on the vegetative propagation of cajazeira-dejabuti (S. testudinis). The experiment with stem cuttings was conducted in a greenhouse with an intermittent misting system. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 6 factorial arrangement consisting of five cutting types: apical, medial, basal, stratified, and tanchan, and six IBA concentrations: 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1, with four replications of ten cuttings. The experiment with the root cuttings followed a randomized block design composed of six IBA concentrations (0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1) with four replications, evaluating after 120 days the percentages of live, sprouted, rooted, and calloused cuttings, and the number and dry mass of roots and sprouts. Five grafting methods (chip budding, shield budding, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and splice grafting) were tested by evaluating the graft success and sprouting percentages at 30 and 60 days after grafting, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The IBA concentrations of 0, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1 increased the number of sprouts in tanchan cuttings. The tanchan cuttings showed the highest survival and percentage of sprouts regardless of the IBA concentration. The IBA concentration of 2,200 mg kg-1 promotes higher rooting rates in root cuttings. Splice grafting provides higher graft success and sprouting rates.

Propagação vegetativa de amoreira-preta das cultivares Tupy e BRS Cainguá

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de enraizamento e brotação de estacas caulinares lenhosas e de raiz das cultivares Tupy e BRS Cainguá de amoreira-preta. Para a realização desse experimento foram coletadas estacas caulinares e radiculares das plantas matrizes de amoreira-preta. Posteriormente, essas estacas foram levadas para a casa de vegetação e colocadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido (72 células) contendo mistura do substrato comercial Turfa fértil® e vermiculita expandida na proporção 2:1 (v:v). Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes tipos de estacas (caulinar e radicular) e duas cultivares (‘Tupy’ e ‘Cainguá’). O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizados, sendo um bifatorial (cultivares X tipo de estaca) com quatro repetições, contendo 10 estacas cada. Após 97 dias da instalação do experimento foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas (%), porcentagem de sobrevivência (%), número de folhas, área foliar (cm²), comprimento de parte aérea e da maior raiz (cm), massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e do sistema radicular (g). A propagação da amoreira-preta da cultivar BRS Cainguá pode ser realizada de forma eficaz tanto por estaca caulinar como radicular. No caso da cultivar Tupy teve menor potencial de enraizamento, quando comparada com a Cainguá. As estacas radiculares apresentaram maiores resultados no enraizamento de amoreira-preta.

Cutting Propagation of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) Tree Using Shoot Types and Application of Auxin

The shea is a medium-sized fruit tree indigenous of Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa with great economic potential and ecological components. Planting by seed takes a long time to fruit because of its slow growth. Factors affecting its development among other things are physiological and biochemical. The 2 × 2 factorial experiment set up in the rainy season was arranged in a randomized complete block with three (3) replications. The selected period was characterized by moderate cloud cover and temperature with the following factors; type of cuttings (apical and rejuvenated) and hormone concentration (0 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L). The different types of cuttings dipped in different hormone concentration showed significant (p < 0.05) rooting performance. Rejuvenated cuttings dipped in 10,000 mg/L of IBA (auxin) rooted best and produced more and long roots. The presence of high (p < 0.05) levels of endogenous indole acetic acid, sugars and proteins contributed to the good rooting in the rejuvenated cuttings. Plant nutrients like endogenous zinc and nitrogen in the cuttings also enhanced rooting for the rejuvenated cuttings.

Propagação por estaquia de erva-baleeira (Cordia verbenacea DC.)

A erva-baleeira (Cordia verbenacea DC.) é uma planta medicinal, cujas folhas servem para extração do óleo essencial que compõe um medicamento fitoterápico, de uso externo, com ação analgésica e anti-inflamatória. A obtenção de mudas desta planta através de sementes é um processo lento que produz variabilidade genética, o que dificulta o plantio comercial. Assim, a propagação vegetativa por estaquia é a alternativa mais viável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes tipos de estaca na propagação desta planta. Foram utilizadas estacas semilenhosas (basais) sem folhas, herbáceas (da porção média dos ramos) e de ponteiro (apicais) com duas meias-folhas. As estacas foram plantadas em substrato composto por mistura de areia e vermiculita expandida, na proporção de 1:1 e mantidas com irrigação por microaspersão. Após 75 dias, foram avaliadas as variáveis mortalidade, número de folhas, número de ramos, número de raízes e comprimento das raízes. As estacas semilenhosas foram as que apresentaram maior mortalidade (30%), enquanto as herbáceas foram as que apresentaram a menor taxa (0,3%). As estacas herbáceas apresentaram maior número médio de folhas e também maior comprimento médio de raízes. Por outro lado, as estacas de ponteiro apresentaram maior quantidade de raízes, em média 9 raízes, e uma porcentagem de enraizamento de 87%. Estacas herbáceas e de ponteiro são as mais recomendadas para a propagação de erva-baleeira.

Vegetative Propagation of Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson by Stem Cuttings

The vegetative propagation by cuttings can be an advantageous alternative to the production of Himatanthus sucuuba seedlings because it allows the obtention of a large number of plants genetically identical to the matrix plant in a shorter time and space. However, such a technique is simultaneously influenced by different factors that can compromise its success. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration, on the survival and rooting of cuttings of H. sucuuba. The experimental design used was in randomized complete blocks, with a factorial arrangement: 2 types of cuttings (with and without leaves) and 3 concentrations of IBA (0, 1000 and 3000 mg L–1). After 100 days, were evaluated the following variables: survival (%), rooting (%), number of roots per cutting, length of the largest root (cm), number of leaves and dry biomass. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means compared by Tukey’s test at p < 0.05. The survival and rooting percentages were higher than 70% in all treatments. There was no significance for the interaction of the factors analyzed, neither for the effect of AIB, analyzed in isolation. The type of stake exerted the greatest influence, with emphasis on the cuttings with leaves, which stood out in most of the factors analyzed. The propagation of H. sucuuba to cuttings was considered viable, and the maintenance of the leaves, associated with juvenility of the propagules, was determining factors in the conditions in which this study was developed.

Propagation of pariparoba (Piperaceae) by different types of stem cuttings and substrates

Piper cernuum Vell., a native species known as pariparoba, presents essential oil with potential properties and significant growth in clearings, being indicated for the recovery of degraded areas. Prospecting studies for new botanical matrices need the development of specific essays of plant propagation for future domestication of the species. This work aimed to evaluate the rooting of different types of cuttings using different substrates to develop a seedling production protocol. Stem cuttings with one or two nodes were installed on three types of substrates (medium sifted sand, vermiculite of medium granulometry and commercial substrate [Tropstrato HP®]) and maintained in greenhouse for 60 days to evaluation of the percentages of survival, mortality, sprouts, rooting, average number and average length of the roots. The results showed interaction between cutting types and substrates for rooting percentage and sprouting cuttings. The largest rooting percentages were observed in apical cuttings planted in sand and vermiculite (57.0 and 55.25%, respectively). Cuttings with two nodes presented higher performance than those with one node when compared for the analyzed variables.

Propagation of pariparoba (Piperaceae) by different types of stem cuttings and substrates

Piper cernuum Vell., a native species known as pariparoba, presents essential oil with potential properties and significant growth in clearings, being indicated for the recovery of degraded areas. Prospecting studies for new botanical matrices need the development of specific essays of plant propagation for future domestication of the species. This work aimed to evaluate the rooting of different types of cuttings using different substrates to develop a seedling production protocol. Stem cuttings with one or two nodes were installed on three types of substrates (medium sifted sand, vermiculite of medium granulometry and commercial substrate [Tropstrato HP®]) and maintained in greenhouse for 60 days to evaluation of the percentages of survival, mortality, sprouts, rooting, average number and average length of the roots. The results showed interaction between cutting types and substrates for rooting percentage and sprouting cuttings. The largest rooting percentages were observed in apical cuttings planted in sand and vermiculite (57.0 and 55.25%, respectively). Cuttings with two nodes presented higher performance than those with one node when compared for the analyzed variables.

Aromatic and medicinal plants vegetative propagation using reduced-cost nursery facilities

Stem cuttings rooting depends greatly on favourable conditions of temperature and humidity of the substrate and the air. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the rooting and growth of stem cuttings of several medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAP) at the shelter located in the green spaces of ESAE with an expeditious watering system, using 3 daily watering periods; conditions that can be commonly found on MAP farms in the beginning of activity. The trials took place between April and July 2015. Three different types of cuttings (each with four repetitions of 10 cuttings) for each species were prepared. The results of average cutting rooting were greater than 90% for the species Rosmarinus officinalis L. (99%), Lavandula dentata L. (98%) and Mentha cervina L. (95%); being greater than 65% for Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. (77%) and Salvia officinalis L. (65%). The results were significantly lower (p≤0.05) for Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton (12%) and Thymus vulgaris ‘Variegata’ (4%), mainly due to unfavourable wind conditions during the rooting period of the cuttings. For L. × intermedia rooting results were significantly higher for tip softwood cuttings (98.8%) compared with basal hardwood cuttings (32.5%); for Aloysia triphylla, the rooting results (%) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) for semi-ripe cuttings; for T. vulgaris the best results were obtained with hardwood cuttings with heel. For R. officinalis and L. dentata no significant differences in rooting rates were found for the 3 types of tested cuttings. The results indicate that it is possible to produce different MAP species, with high satisfactory rooting, from stem cuttings with low cost infrastructures in spring in the Alto Alentejo region.

Clonal propagation technique for mass multiplication of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) seedlings

A study was under taken to standardize the type of cutting, concentration of growth hormone and suitable rooting media to produce elite seedlings in Morinda citrifolia at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Investigation was carried out to standardize the treatments to induce root and shoot growth in different types of cuttings of Morinda citrifolia L. using two growth regulators (IAA, IBA) used in different concentrations (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm) in two kinds growth medium (Sand and Coir) for different type of cuttings, 2500 ppm IBA treatment recorded its superiority in terms of maximum sprouting (85%), rooting (79%) and survival (70%) percentage, number of roots (15.83), root length (8.51 cm), number of shoots (4.00) and shoot length (9.43 cm) in leafy shoot cuttings, irrespective of rooting media used. From this current study it is concluded that, for macro clonal propagation of noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.), either leafy shoot cuttings or hard wood cuttings could be treated with 2500 ppm IBA or semi hard wood cuttings could be treated with 1500 ppm IAA and could be planted in coir pith medium for the production of elite planting materials.

Different propagules and auxin concentration on rooting of passionflower sandbank

ABSTRACT Passiflora mucronata Lam. is resistant to Fusarim oxysporum f. passifloraceae and therefore can be used as rootstock for the species Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa. The rootstocks in this case can be vegetatively propagated through cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the adventitious rooting of P. mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 16 cuttings each. In Experiment 1, the treatments consisted of the different types of cuttings from mother plants grown in protected environment: shoot tips; two leaves and two nodes; one leaf and one node; leafless with two nodes; leafless with one node. In Experiment 2, the cuttings were taken from field plants and treated with the following IBA concentrations: 0; 1000 mg kg-1 (0.0036456 mol L-1); 1500 mg kg-1 (0.0054684 mol L-1) and 2000 mg kg-1 (0.0072912 mol L-1). The characteristics evaluated in the experiments 1 and 2 were: survival (1 and 2); budding (1 and 2); shoot number (2), shoot length (2), number of shoot leaves (2);shoot dry mass (2); callusing (1); rooting (1 and 2); root number (1 and 2), largest root length (1 and 2), root volume (1 and 2), and root dry mass (1 and 2). We found that, instead the shoot tips, the cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes are the best for P. mucronata rooting. Neither the cuttings from greenhouse plants nor the cuttings from field plants require growth regulators for rooting of P. mucronata cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes.

Effect of indolebutyric acid and cutting type on vegetative propagation of three Lippia species

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on the vegetative propagation of Lippia insignis , L. lasiocalycina , and L. thymoides . The experiment was conducted in a 2×5 factorial table, by using 2 types of cuttings (apical and medial) and 5 IBA concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000mg·L-1) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 4 replications and 10 cuttings per plot. For the propagation of L. insignis , apical cuttings are the most suitable, whereas for L. thymoides and L. lasiocalycina species, both apical and medial cuttings may be used. The application of IBA is not necessary for propagation by cutting of the three species of Lippia.

ARAUCARIA CLONAL FORESTRY: TYPES OF CUTTINGS AND MOTHER TREE SEX IN FIELD SURVIVAL AND GROWTH

ABSTRACT Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze (Paraná pine or Araucaria) is a potential forestry native species for Brazilian silviculture. However, a number of challenges and technical restraints persist, hindering its silvicultural expansion, among which are the lack of cloning technologies of superior genetic materials and their assessment under field conditions. Thus, we evaluated the potential use of araucaria plants derived from cuttings and seeds for timber production, by assessing field survival, growth and strobilus production using cuttings from male and female plants, collected from different positions, compared with those produced by sexual reproduction. Clones of male and female trees from different types of cuttings and seedlings were planted in 3 x 3 m spacing. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of one tree plot with three treatments. Female clones and apical cuttings showed higher growth in diameter at breast height (6.4 cm) and total height (3.6 m) 74 months after planting, followed by seedlings and other clones, with similar results. We conclude that cuttings technique is potential for araucaria propagation for wood production purposes, and it is favored by the use of apical cuttings from female mother trees.

Tipo de estaca e substrato na propagação vegetativa de Lippia gracilis Schauer

RESUMO: Lippia gracilis é uma planta nativa da Caatinga, rica em óleo essencial com atividade antimicrobiana. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de estacas e substratos na propagação vegetativa de L. gracilis . O experimento foi montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo 3 tipos de estacas (apical, mediana e basal) e 3 tipos de substratos (areia + húmus, argila + húmus e areia + argila + húmus), com 5 repetições cada. Aos 40 dias foram avaliadas: porcentagem de estacas brotadas e enraizadas, número médio de brotos, comprimento da maior raiz e biomassa seca dos brotos e raízes. Em todas as variáveis as estacas medianas e basais apresentaram melhores resultados do que as apicais. O substrato influenciou apenas na biomassa seca dos brotos, sendo o composto de argila + húmus superior ao areia + argila + húmus e igual, em significância, ao areia+ húmus.