Different Types Of Cues Research Articles

Vocal cues to deception: a comparative channel approach.

The study investigated the leakage potential of different voice and speech cues using a cue isolation and masking design. Speech samples taken from an earlier experiment were used in which 15 female students of nursing dissimulated negative affect produced by an unpleasant movie or told the truth about positive affect following a pleasant movie. Several groups of judges rated these speech samples in five conditions: (1) forward or clear, (2) electronic filtering, (3) random splicing, (4) backwards, (5) pitch inversion, (6) tone-silence sequences. The results show that vocal cues do indeed carry leakage information and that, as reflected in the differences among the conditions masking different types of cues respectively, voice quality cues may be centrally implicated. In addition, gender differences in decoding ability are discussed.

Tests of the dual-mechanism theory of recall

Predictions are developed from the dual-mechanism theory of recall concerning both qualitative and quantitative aspects of recall and of its relation to recognition. Two experiments are reported which allow these predictions to be tested. In both experiments recall is assessed using nominally identical cues conveying what are hypothesized to be functionally different types of information. The theory is also applied to the results of some previous experiments investigating recall with different types of cue. It is shown that most but not all of the theory's predictions are borne out satisfactorily by experimental results, and the possibility of revision of the model is discussed.

The False-Recognition Effect for Homophones of Items Subjects Are Cued to Forget

In two experiments, homophones of low orthographic distinctiveness from study items subjects were explicitly cued to forget yielded a lower false-recognition effect than did homophones of low orthographic distinctiveness from study items subjects were explicitly cued to remember. This variation in the magnitude of the effect is seen as reflecting a variation in the depth of featural processing accompanying the two different types of cue. By contrast, homophones of high orthographic distinctiveness yielded a reversal of the false-recognition effect (i.e., yielded fewer false positives than the control items), regardless of the type of cue on the study items. In recognition learning, new test items may be either related or unrelated to prior study items. The greater rate of false positives for the related than unrelated items defines the false-recognition effect (Underwood, 1965). A feature-tagging theory of recognition learning (see Kausler, 1974, pp. 481-487) accounts for this effect in terms of overlapping features between the representations of old and new items in permanent memory. Briefly, the processing of the study items yields 'occurrence' tags for their sensory and semantic features stored in memory. A decision whether a test item is old or new is presumed to be mediated by a search of that item's features for the presence or absence of such tags. Since related new items have a greater probability of revealing tagged features than unrelated items, they also have a greater probability of being misidentified as old.

Judgement of emotion: attention versus accuracy.

An attempt was made to account for reported failures to find sex and related personality correlates of ability to judge emotions accurately, in terms of attention to emotional cues. It was hypothesized that attention to emotional cues is (a) independent of accuracy, (b) consistent across different types of cues, and also (c) characterizes women, and people who are (d) socially orientated, and (e) field dependent. It was predicted that accuracy is related to (f) field independence and (g) intelligence. One hundred subjects were tested and support found for hypotheses a, b, c, f and g. A canonical analysis revealed a cognitive style‐intellectual factor relating accuracy to field independence and intelligence.