Different Types Of Charges Research Articles

A nonvolatile bidirectional reconfigurable FET based on S/D self programmable floating gates.

A nanoscale nonvolatile bidirectional reconfigurable field effect transistor (NBRFET) based on source /drain (S/D) self programmable floating gates is proposed. Comparing to the conventional reconfigurable field effect transistor (RFET) which requires two independently powered gates, the proposed NBRFET requires only one control gate. Beside, S/D floating gates are introduced. Reconfigurable function is realized by programming different types of charges into the S/D floating gates through biasing the gate at a positive or negative high voltage. The effective voltages of the S/D floating gates are determined jointly by the quantity of the charge stored in the S/D floating gates and the gate voltage. In addition, the charge stored in the floating gate has an effect of reducing the energy band bending near the source/drain regions when the gate is reversely biased, thereafter, the band to band tunneling (BTBT) leakage current can be largely decreased. The scale of the proposed NBRFET can be reduced to nanometer level. The device performances such as the transfer and output characteristics are verified by device simulation, which proves that the proposed NBRFET has very good performance in the nanometer scale.

A Comprehensive Review of the Bidirectional Converter Topologies for the Vehicle-to-Grid System

Over the past decade, there has been a great interest in the changeover from cars powered by gasoline to electric vehicles, both within the automotive industry and among customers. The electric vehicle–grid (V2G) technology is a noteworthy innovation that enables the battery of an electric vehicle during idling conditions or parked can function as an energy source that can store or release energy whenever required. This results in energy exchange between the grid and EV batteries. This article reviews various bidirectional converter topologies used in the V2G system. Additionally, it can reduce the cost of charging for electric utilities, thus increasing profits for EV owners. Normally electric grid and the battery of an electric vehicle can be connected through power electronic converters, especially a bidirectional converter, which allows power to flow in both directions. The majority of research work is carried out over the converters for V2G applications and concerns utilizing two conversion stages, such as the AC-DC conversion stage used for correcting the power factor and the DC-DC conversion stage for matching the terminal voltage. Furthermore, a bidirectional conversion can be made for an active power transfer between grid–vehicle (G2V) and V2G effectively. This review explores and examines several topologies of bidirectional converters which make it possible for active power flow between the grid and the vehicle and vice versa. Moreover, different types of charging and discharging systems, such as integrated/non-integrated and on/off board, etc., which have been used for electric vehicle applications, are also discussed. A comparison study is carried out based on several other factors that have been suggested. The utilization of semiconductors in power converters and non-conventional resources in charging and discharging applications are the two improving technologies for electric vehicles.

Mechanism of skyrmion condensation and pairing for twisted bilayer graphene

When quantum flavor Hall insulator phases of itinerant fermions are disordered by strong quantum fluctuations, the condensation of skyrmion textures of order parameter fields can lead to superconductivity. In this work, we address the mechanism of skyrmion condensation by considering the scattering between (2+1)-dimensional, Weyl fermions and hedgehog type tunneling configurations of order parameters that violate the skyrmion-number conservation law. We show the quantized, flavor Hall conductivity ($\sigma^f_{xy}$) controls the degeneracy of topologically protected, fermion zero-modes, localized on hedgehogs, and the overlap between zero-mode eigenfunctions or 't Hooft vertex determines the nature of pairing. We demonstrate the quantum-disordered, flavor Hall insulators with $\sigma^f_{xy}= 2 N$ lead to different types of charge $2 N e^-$ superconductivity. Some implications for the competition among flavor Hall insulators, the charge $2e^-$ paired states in BCS and pair-density-wave channels, and the composite, charge $4e^-$ superconductors for twisted bilayer graphene are outlined.

Electric vehicle charging infrastructure planning for integrated transportation and power distribution networks: A review

Environmental concerns and urban air pollution are major drivers for the transition from combustion engines to electric vehicles. To support a large-scale adoption of electric vehicles an efficient charging infrastructure roll-out is required. However, the optimal planning of charging stations is a non-trivial task, as it requires coordination between planning activities in the transportation and the power distribution network. Historically, the modeling of these two networks has been approached from different research areas and with the use of different methodologies. As a result, few papers embrace the combined problem to its full extent and the literature is highly scattered and represents different model perspectives and the targeting of many different objectives. In the paper, we present a systematic review of the literature that considers the combined investigation of transportation and distribution networks, with a focus on objectives, methodology and scope. It allows us to describe the current state of the art, to highlight research gaps and to propose directions for future work of the research community. The identified research gaps include, but are not limited to: 1) a general lack of integrated modeling approaches, 2) the need for increasingly detailed modeling of charging demand that accounts for randomness and variability in space and time rather than averages to support power grid planning, 3) the need to consider a mix of different types of charging options rather than only fast charging and 4) the need to shift from standard test networks and theoretical based planning approaches to large-scale and real-world case studies. • A systematic literature review on optimal planning of public charging infrastructure •Charging infrastructure planning for joint transportation and distribution networks •Identification of research gaps with regard to modeling approaches and applications •The necessity for more detailed modeling of charging demand in space and time •The need for real-world case studies and consideration of different types of charging

Time‐Resolved Electroluminescence Study for the Effect of Charge Traps on the Luminescence Properties of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

The electroluminescence characteristics of pristine and degraded organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices are studied using the time‐resolved electroluminescence (TREL) technique. It is found that materials degradation results in notable changes in the temporal profile of TREL curve, which involves a shorter onset time, a longer rise time, and a longer decay time of electroluminescence. It is found that these temporal characteristics are affected by trapped charges formed during the OLED operation. More detailed analysis reveals that there are two types of charge traps. The longer decay time is found to be due to the excitons produced by weakly bound charges trapped in the organic layer that are released by thermal energy even without applying the voltage pulse. In contrast, the shorter onset time of electroluminescence is due to the excitons from strongly bound charges that can be released only when a voltage pulse is applied. It is demonstrated that TREL can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OLED degradation. The presence of different types of charge traps found in this study may prove useful for more elaborate design of OLED devices toward enhanced durability against degradation and higher duty cycle of device operation.

Research on damage of typical water-containing composite structure under different types of charge

The damage of the water-containing composite structure subjected to underwater explosion is caused by multiple damage elements, such as charge structures, water-containing composite structure, experimental mode and so on. The underwater explosion experiments and the numerical calculations have been performed to study the damage of water-containing composite structure under the different kinds of charge underwater explosion and under different experimental mode, The result shows that the damage of structure under the action of shaped charge is more serious than that of blasting charge in the case of the same charge equivalent. The combined action of shaped penetrator and shock wave can cause perforation and plastic deformation of the rear plate and target of the water-containing composite structure e. The tearing hole on the front board is 2∼3 times of the shaped charge diameter. The damage of the rear plate is the penetration of the penetrator which is about 1/3 times of the shaped charge diameter. When shaped charge explodes in air or underwater, the plastic deformation of the rear plate is very different.

Electrostatic charge generation on material surfaces from the evaporation of liquids

Electrostatic charging is a ubiquitous but poorly understood phenomenon. One of the difficulties with studying electrostatics is separating the different types of charging (triboelectric, inductive, or gas phase ion adsorption). We constructed an experiment to test how liquid film evaporation affects the charge on an insulator surface. Our results showed that when a liquid evaporates in an electric field, it leaves a charge on the substrate surface. It was also determined that the magnitude and polarity of the charge depends on the local electrostatic potential of the substrate and sufficient charge buildup leads to a dielectric breakdown of air, a potential source of hazardous sparks. We reveal through careful experiments that the charge is transferred via induction from electrical ground through the liquid film and onto the substrate's surface. Ambient fields were shown to be able to cause this type of charging, suggesting that failing to account for this phenomenon may explain the lack of reproducibility in previous electrostatic charging studies.

Study on Capacity Distribution of Optimal Configuration Ratio of Urban Replenishment Station of Electric Vehicles

Background: This paper deeply studies the influence of the capacity distribution of urban charging and replacing power stations on the distribution network and gives the optimal solution. Objective: The optimal configuration scheme of the charging and replacing station has been given to reduce the impact of the charging and replacing station on the distribution network. Methods: First, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used to extract the influencing factors. The probability load models of the battery replacement station, the slow charging station and the fast charging station are established respectively. The capacity distribution is represented by three different types of charging and switching station configuration ratios. Furthermore, the impact of the charging and replacing power station on the economics and safety of the distribution network is analyzed. Different from other literature, the “peak-filling” model with “minimum peak load”, “maximum valley load” and “minimum peak-to-valley difference” is established, and then PSO is adopted. Results: Finally, the actual configuration is used to compare and analyze the four configuration schemes to prove the superiority of the optimization scheme. Conclusion: Three models have different key influencing factors, so that the electric vehicle load forecasting is more targeted and accurate. The results show that more battery replacement stations can reduce the impact of EV charging on the distribution network, and the construction of the supply replenishment should be based on the construction of the power station.

Effect of the principle of proportionality in deciding whether to dismiss from position of judge

The article deals with violations, which are often grounds for bringing disciplinary liability of judges, as well as the enforcement of them in the form of a petition for the dismissal from position of judge. A special place in the system of legal responsibility of a judge is taken by the institute of disciplinary responsibility, the essence of which lies in the possibility of applying by a specially authorized body to an individual bearer of judicial power - judges of legal sanctions, directly provided by law, for violations in the sphere of professional activity. The institute of disciplinary responsibility is considered, the purpose of which is to solve social problems in the interests of implementing and maintaining the necessary level of efficiency of the system of judicial protection as a necessary guarantee of the protection of rights, interests and freedoms of people. The analysis of grounds for disciplinary liability of a judge and types of disciplinary punishment has been carried out. The obligatory signs of disciplinary violations that are the cause of prosecution are analyzed. It is considered about the application of the principle of proportionality to disciplinary authorities in determining the type of collection. The practice of applying the principle of proportionality of disciplinary organs in case of imposition of penalties and violation of the question of ambiguity of such practice is analyzed. The article states that with qualitatively similar offenses committed by different judges, the disciplinary bodies chose one type of collection, but in different proportions. The method of determining the principle of proportionality in differentiating the choice of terms in this type of collection for actually such mistakes seems unclear. Moreover, the use of the same principle in choosing different types of charges for virtually identical disciplinary offenses is unclear, in particular, when the repeat offense is a feature. Key words: disciplinary responsibility of a judge, principle of proportionality, disciplinary offenses, penalties, dismissal from position of judge.

Research and diagnostics of electric car BMW I3 electric systems

The problem. The article considers the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of electric vehicles. This is done by studying and diagnosing electrical equipment of the BMW i3 electric car. Goal. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the use of electric vehicles by studying and diagnosing electrical equipment of BMW i3 electric vehicle. Methodology. Systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to an electric car. The methodology is based on the integrated approach to studying the BMW i3. The research of the main components of the electrical equipment of the electric vehicle was carried out, its technical characteristics and the principle of operation of the power system were analyzed, issues of charging a ighvoltage battery were considered. System power control functions were investigated. The diagnostics of BMW i3 power system in the conditions of the service station was performed. Results. It is established that the purpose of the power control program is to provide sufficient level of the battery charge in different conditions of car operation. It is determined that for the BMW i3 you can use 4 different types of charging. It has been discovered that an emergency situation caused by a discharged battery or problems in the on-board power grid may have various causes, which in most cases do not relate to a high-voltage rechargeable battery. Originality. In the article a comprehensive study of the BMW i3 electric vehicle was conducted. Practical value. New original knowledge has been gained that will improve the performance of BMW i3 electric vehicle.

CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES PRE-SERVICE PRIMARY TEACHERS HAVE WITH STATIC ELECTRICITY

Static electricity is the introductory chapter to electricity in all high school and university Physics textbooks. The interpretations of static electricity phenomena are not obvious, even in higher education. This research was conducted to identify the major difficulties which pre-service primary teachers encounter in explaining static electricity. They conducted electrostatic experiments focused on different types of electricity, in the context of an Introductory Physics Laboratory Course. The data were collected through the reports they wrote at the end of the course. The qualitative content analysis method was used in order to analyze the data. The sample, which was a convenient one, consisted of 200 pre-service primary teachers, 170 females and 30 males. The analysis showed that pre-service primary teachers have considerable difficulty conceptualizing the microscopic processes – more specifically, charging by induction – that explain these phenomena. The different roles electrons play in conductors and insulators seemed to pose difficulties for pre-service primary teachers. The findings implied an emphasis on microscopic models during macroscopic experimental processes. This could help pre-service primary teachers to understand the role of electrons in conductors and insulators and the different mechanisms involved in different types of charging. Keywords: conceptual difficulties, content analysis, static electricity.

Cost of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Ecotaxes: Evidence from Municipalities in Southern Europe

The principle of cost recovery established by the Water Framework Directive underlines the need for tax rates, which can raise enough revenue to finance the cost of treatments applied to wastewater. The objective of this research is to gain an understanding the different types of charges related to urban wastewater treatment that can be levied by the authorities responsible for this service. This paper also aims to determine whether these taxes contribute to guaranteeing the economic feasibility of the wastewater treatment plants. The proposed methodological approach is applied to 18 municipalities of a province in southern Europe in 2017. The results confirm that in most of these cases, the taxes levied do not guarantee adequate tax revenues to cover the running, maintenance and investment costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants. This situation leads to a lack of financial self-sufficiency in the wastewater management service, meaning that the imbalance between income and expenditure has to be covered by government subsidies. The results of this study will help guide authorities around the world that are in charge of managing urban wastewater treatment services.

Transportation and Potential Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms of Nanogels in Sandstone

The transportation and potential enhanced oil recovery mechanisms of nanosized cross-linked polymeric particles (nanogels) with different charges are described herein. Three nanogels with different types of charges have been synthesized by suspension polymerization using acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (AETAC) monomers. The charged nanogels showed spherical morphology, porous structures, and narrow size distribution. The charged nanogels were able to adsorb onto the rock surface and modify the wettability, a critical parameter of the nanogel to recover residual oil. In addition, the static and dynamic adsorption of charged nanogels in sandstone has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the charged nanogels could reduce the permeability of water much more than the permeability of oil and emulsify residual oil as demonstrated by core flooding experiments. The nanogels with appropriate charges could offer the candidate through disproporti...

Technical approach for the inclusion of superconducting magnetic energy storage in a smart city

Smart grids are a concept which is evolving quickly with the implementation of renewable energies and concepts such as Distributed Generation (DG) and micro-grids. Energy storage systems play a very important role in smart grids. The characteristics of smart cities enhance the use of high power density storage systems, such as SMES systems. Because of this, we studied the possibility of adapting these systems in this kind of electrical topology by simulating the effects of an energy storage system with high power density (as SMES). An electrical and control adaptation circuit for storing energy was designed. The circuit consisted of three blocks. The first one was a passive filter LCL. The second was a converter system that allows rectifying of the signal when the system runs in charge mode but acts as an inverter when it changes to discharge mode. Finally, there is a chopper that allows the current levels to be modified. Throughout simulations, we have seen the possibility of controlling the energy supply so as the storage. This permits to adapt to different contingencies which may induce the wiring of the charge in the net, as well as different types of charges. Despite the technical contribution of this kind of systems in the Spanish electrical network, there are big obstacles that would prevent its inclusion in the network, such as the high cost of manufacturing and maintenance compared with other cheaper systems such as superconductors or the low energy density, which limits their use.

Economical staging plan for implementing electric vehicle charging stations

Abstract This paper proposes an economical staging planning method that optimally matches Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging demand with the installation of Fast Charging Stations (FCSs) in the distribution system. The proposed plan consists of two stages. The first stage evaluates the capability of distribution systems to supply PEV charging demands with the existence infrastructure. To investigate the influence of using different types of charging (i.e. Level 2, Level 3), PEV demand is distributed between residential and public charging facilities with different shares considering the travel patterns when modeling PEV loads. Optimal Power Flow (OPF) analysis is utilized to obtain the maximum penetration level of PEVs that the existing distribution system can adapt without any technical violations. In the second stage, the growth of public PEV demand is optimally matched by the installed FCS capacity using the economical staging plan model. By including the waiting and the service times of charging service, the proposed planning model considers not only the economic assessment of the FCS plan but also the quality of FCS service. A comprehensive case study for coupled transportation and electrical networks is examined. The results show that no major distribution system upgrades are required to serve public PEV demand, up to a 30% penetration level, during the early stage of adoption. The influence of using FCS to allocate and manage the PEV demand is illustrated, and the current work provides to FCS investors a means to evaluate the profitability of such a business.

Ambivalent Effect of Thermal Reduction in Mass Rejection through Graphene Oxide Membrane.

We report ambivalent rejection behavior of a graphene oxide membrane (GOM) having a reduced interlayer spacing. Ultrathin GOMs having a thickness of 50 nm were fabricated using a vacuum filtration method followed by subjecting the samples to thermal reduction at 162 °C. The interlayer spacing of GOMs was reduced by 1 Å on thermal reduction as compared with that of the natural GOMs. The rejection rate with dye molecules was tested using dyes having three different types of charges in a dead-end filtration instrument. Rejection rate of the reduced GOM with the dyes having an opposite charge was improved up to 99.7%, indicating the dominant effect of the physical sieving diameter. In contrast, in the case of ion permeation of natural GOM, a higher rejection rate for several metal ions was observed as compared with that of GOMs having 1 Å smaller interlayer spacing, indicating the dominant effect of surface charges on the GOM samples.

Topological Insulators from Electronic Superstructures

The possibility of realizing topological insulators by spontaneous formation of electronic superstructure is theoretically investigated in a minimal two-orbital model including both the spin-orbit coupling and electron correlations on a triangular lattice. Using the mean-field approximation, we show that the model exhibits several different types of charge ordered insulators, where the charge disproportionation forms a honeycomb or kagome superstructure. We find that the charge ordered insulators in the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling can be topological insulators showing quantized spin Hall conductivity. Their band gap is dependent on electron correlations as well as the spin-orbit coupling, and even vanishes with showing the massless Dirac dispersion at the transition to a trivial charge ordered insulator. Our results suggest a new route to realize and control topological states of quantum matter by the interplay between the spin-orbit coupling and electron correlations.

Model-Based SEI Layer Growth in EV and Phev Batteries for Standard Drive Cycles

Capacity fade in electric vehicle batteries is caused through a number of mechanisms. Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer growth caused by side reactions at the battery anode is one of these mechanisms that results in loss of battery power and energy capacity. Reducing the growth of this layer can help increase battery life and overall utility of electric vehicles, especially near the end of their service life. We use a model based approach to study how the SEI layer grows during different types of charging, specifically looking at how the regenerative braking portion of driving will contribute to SEI layer growth. Eight different drive cycles were used to analyze how different driving patterns contribute to SEI layer growth. The battery model used for the study was a porous electrode pseudo two dimensional model.1 A mathematical reformulation of the model was used to increase computational efficiency and speed without greatly reducing model accuracy.2 Three different SEI layer growth equations from literature were studied for EV charging.3-5 SEI growth was studied for both charging and regenerative braking, during which the battery is being charged for short periods of time during driving cycles that are predominantly discharge. Results show rates of SEI growth for driving duration (by time) and length (by distance traveled) and analyze similarities in the driving cycle characteristics that may lead similar SEI layer growth rates. Additionally, results look at the effects of different depth of discharge during cycling on the battery and how DOD affects the overall SEI layer growth.6 As EV batteries continue to go through cycles, the effects of SEI growth caused from different types of driving will become more pronounced. The results shown will help reveal how that SEI growth can be reduced through driving patterns.

Room-temperature ferromagnetism in thin films of LaMnO3 deposited by a chemical method over large areas.

Hole-doping into the Mott insulator LaMnO3 results in a very rich magneto-electric phase diagram, including colossal magnetoresistance and different types of charge and orbital ordering. On the other hand, LaMnO3 presents an important catalytic activity for oxygen reduction, which is fundamental for increasing the efficiency of solid-oxide fuel cells and other energy-conversion devices. In this work, we report the chemical solution (water-based) synthesis of high-quality epitaxial thin films of LaMnO3, free of defects at square-centimeter scales, and compatible with standard microfabrication techniques. The films show a robust ferromagnetic moment and large magnetoresistance at room temperature. Through a comparison with films grown by pulsed laser deposition, we show that the quasi-equilibrium growth conditions characteristic of this chemical process can be exploited to tune new functionalities of the material.

Unraveling the Influence of Lanthanide Ions on Intra‐ and Inter‐Molecular Electronic Processes in Fe10Ln10 Nano‐Toruses

We investigated the electronic properties of the molecular magnetic nanotoruses [FeIII 10LnIII 10(Me‐tea)10(Me‐teaH)10(NO3)10], examining the dependence on the lanthanide (Ln) of both the intra and intermolecular electronic channels. Using femtosecond absorption spectroscopy we show that the intramolecular electronic channels follow a three‐step process, which involves vibrational cooling and crossing to shallow states, followed by recombination. A comparison with the energy gaps showed a relationship between trap efficiency and gaps, indicating that lanthanide ions create trap states to form excitons after photo‐excitation. Using high‐resistance transport measurements and scaling techniques, we investigated the intermolecular transport, demonstrating the dominant role of surface‐limited transport channels and the presence of different types of charge traps. The intermolecular transport properties can be rationalized in terms of a hopping model, and a connection is provided to the far‐IR spectroscopic properties. Comparison between intra and intermolecular processes highlights the role of the excited electronic states and the recombination processes, showing the influence of Kramers parity on the overall mobility.