Different Types Of Soil Research Articles

Exploring the sorption and degradation dynamics of validamycin-A in agricultural soils for environmental management.

Validamycin A (VA) is one of the antibiotics that have been utilized in agriculture in Asia; nevertheless, there haven't been many investigations on what happens to VA in soil. The rate at which pesticides are adsorbed into the soil must be determined, since their usage in agriculture is growing. In order to accomplish this, the current study investigated the sorption and degradation of VA in ten distinct soil samples via batch equilibrium studies while maintaining strict laboratory controls. In thermodynamic analysis with a C-type curve, the negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) are thoroughly evaluated using both linear and Freundlich models. These values vary from - 16.8 to - 22.2kJ/mol. Impact of temperature (18, 23, and 30°C) and pH (5, 7, and 9) on the degradation of this antibiotic in soil was also scrutinized. Our findings demonstrated that, as a result of enhanced microbial activity at higher temperatures, VA deteriorated more quickly at 23°C and 30°C than at 18°C. In comparison to lower pH values, the VA removal efficiencies with sample-4 was significantly greater at pH 7.4 (92.9%) and pH 9 (97.4%). Moreover, first order reaction kinetics were followed in the degradation of VA. The results demonstrated that VA bound to the selected soils, resulting in medium to low persistence as demonstrated by degradation values. In summary, this study provides important information regarding the behavior and fate of VA in different types of soil, information that might be useful in developing workable management strategies and environmental risk assessments.

Artificial Neural Network-aided Mathematical Model for Predicting Soil Stress-strain Hysteresis Loop Evolution

This study presents a novel approach to forecasting the evolution of hysteresis stress-strain response of different types of soils under repeated loading-unloading cycles. The forecasting is made solely from the knowledge of soil properties and loading parameters. Our approach combines mathematical modeling, regression analysis, and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to overcome the limitations of traditional DNN training. As a novelty, we propose a hysteresis loop evolution equation and design a family of DNNs to determine the parameters of this equation. Knowing the nature of the phenomenon, we can impose certain solution types and narrow the range of values, enabling the use of a very simple and efficient DNN model. The experimental data used to develop and test the model was obtained through Torsional Shear (TS) tests on soil samples. The model demonstrated high accuracy, with an average R² value of 0.9788 for testing and 0.9944 for training.

Geographic variations of aggregate mechanical stability controlled by inorganic cementing agents across the East Asian monsoon region

Soil aggregate mechanical properties are of vital importance for plant growth, tillage and soil erosion, and strongly conditioned by the amount and type of cementing agents that differ with soils. As most research focus at the site scale, how aggregate mechanical stability vary across different types of soils at regional scales and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, seven typical zonal soils in heavy textures with an increased status of soil development were collected under two land uses (arable and forest) and at three pedogenic horizons along the mid-temperate to south-subtropical climatic gradient in the East Asian monsoon region. Aggregate tensile strength (Y), specific rupture energy (Esp) and friability (FI) were measured on air-dried aggregates in a compression test, as well as soil cementing agents related to particle size distribution, organic matter and its components, metal oxides, phyllosilicates and exchangeable cations. Y and Esp were most affected by soil type (F = 37.7 and 21.4, p < 0.001), and less affected by land use and soil horizon (F < 8.2). Y and Esp were overall remarkably larger for temperate moderately (257 ∼ 700 kPa and 40 ∼ 261 J kg−1) than for subtropical highly developed soils (171 ∼ 329 kPa and 22 ∼ 52 J kg−1); FI (0.35 ∼ 1.30) showed no distinct geographic trend. Among soil properties, exchangeable polyvalent cations, crystalline Fe and Al oxides, and vermiculite had much larger and significant explanatory power (R2 = 0.33 ∼ 0.54, p < 0.01) than traditional soil properties (organic matter, soil texture and bulk density) (R2 < 0.25, p > 0.01), suggesting the predominant roles of the inorganic cementing agents in aggregate mechanical stability across soil types. Aggregate mechanical stability was increased by exchangeable polyvalent cations and vermiculite (r = 0.71 ∼ 0.81, p < 0.001), and weakened by crystalline Fe and Al oxides (r = −0.77 ∼ −0.74, p < 0.001). Additionally, mean annual precipitation and temperature were negatively correlated with aggregate mechanical stability (r = −0.80 ∼ −0.76, p < 0.001). This study demonstrates the remarkable geographic variations of aggregate mechanical stability under the influence of climate and highlights the importance of clay mineralogy (mainly swelling clay and crystalline Fe and Al oxides) and exchangeable cations at the regional scale.

Control of Structural Seismic Damage in Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Frames through Hybrid-Selfcentering Connections

Current seismic design philosophy of industrial structures in Chile aims at the protection of life and continuity of operation in the industry. The compliance with these requirements allows controlling structural damage based on resistance criteria, without detecting the failure mode or specifying its location in the event of a major seismic event. In this paper, we discuss the application of an innovative technique for controlling the structural damage in prefabricated reinforced concrete frames, which are founded on granular soils. This technique is applied in the construction of the Forest and Paper Pulp Plant Concepción. This is done by incorporating hybrid post-tensioned joints in precast columns of the project, and this approach aims to control energy dissipation in the union and maintain the initial stiffness of the system. Using a nonlinear dynamic analysis with 2D Ruaumoko software, potential performance in traditional design versus innovative design is compared. The analysis is performed for various Chilean representative seismic records and different types of soils. The results indicate that the structure with the traditional design could suffer displacement in the roof of the order of 40 cm, moving heavily into the inelastic range, with residual deformations and concentrating the damage generation of plastic hinges at the ends of the columns and some beams not designed for ductility. In contrast, the use of self-centering hybrid joints causes the structure to recover its original position, without the presence of remnant deformations.

Seed Quality and Growth of Soybean from Different Types of Soil and Cropping System

Seed Quality and Growth of Soybean from Different Types of Soil and Cropping System

Organic carbon as a factor of iodine differentiation of the soil cover in the Bryansk and Oryol regions by iodine availability

The distribution of stable iodine and humus in the upper horizon (0–20 cm) of various types of soils of the Bryansk and Oryol regions used as pastures has been studied. Soil sampling was carried out with a hand stick drill in layers in the depth interval: 0–5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10–20 cm. Iodine content was determined by kinetic rhodanide-nitrite method. Corg content was determined by the bichromate method of Tyurin. The work includes data from both long-term studies of the iodine content in the soil cover of the Bryansk region (2008–2020) and new data from expeditionary studies in the Oryol region (2022). It is shown that the soils of the Bryansk pastures are depleted of iodine and organic carbon (OC) in comparison with the Oryol region, which corresponds to the change of soil cover composition from west to east. The humus content in soils was determined and statistically significant correlation between iodine and C org. content in pasture soils were obtained (from r = 0.28 in Chernozems to r = 0.49 in Haplic Albeluvisols; in addition, for the whole sample (n = 48) the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.31 in the 0–5 cm layer to 0.43 in the 10–20 cm layer). The dependence of iodine accumulation on the OC content in different types of soils (Chernozems, Grey-Luvic Phaeozems, Umbric Albeluvisols, Haplic Albeluvisols) and their hydromorphism has been established. The identified differences in soil iodine fixation should be considered as they may influence iodine intake levels in pasture animal milk and local rations.

Geoenvironmetal assessment of different types of cryolithic soils in Western Yakutia under the conditions of diamond-mining operations

The problems of geoenvironmental consequences of mining operations are especially acute in the arctic and subarctic regions, where the spread of permafrost significantly reduces the buffering capacity of landscapes. The article presents data on the content of heavy metals in the soil cover of the transient zone between the middle taiga and north taiga landscapes of Western Yakutia under the conditions of mining operations and assesses the resistance of different types of soils to heavy metals pollution. Field and laboratory works were carried out in August 2022. The heavy metals content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Specialized software was used for analysis, such as MS Excel 2013, Statistica 12.0, and QGis 3.26.1. Calculation of organic forms of heavy metals in soil solutions was performed using the NICA-Donnan model. In the course of studies, the structure of the soil cover in the Nakyn kimberlite field in the conditions of the mining industrial complex operation was determined and a sketch map of the soil cover of the territory was compiled. The geochemical series of the studied heavy metals is as follows according to the degree of concentration of heavy metals in cryolithic soils: Pb &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Cd &gt; As &gt; Hg. Positive correlations between humus and Cd, Pb, Zn, as well as the occurrence of synergism in the Pb–Cd, Zn–Pb, Zn–Cu pairs were revealed. The soils organic matter enhances migration of heavy metals. The man-made input of Ni and Zn in cryolithic soils will lead to increase of mobile fraction. Cd is more mobile in pale-yellow carbonate and cryogenic soils. The regional background level of heavy metals for these types of soils was calculated, which can be used in future works when the intensity of mining operations increases.

Nonlinear Static Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis of Time-Dependent Soil Deformation Effects on RC Structures

Soil response and superstructure behavior are two major factors influencing the long-term performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Maintaining the structural integrity of these structures over time is crucial due to the complex static interactions between the soil and the structure. This study uses a finite element model to examine the stability of RC structures, considering the long-term static interactions between the nonlinear behavior of the soil and the structure. Numerical simulations are performed on real RC beam constructions at serviceability limit states (SLS) under various loading scenarios in both homogeneous and heterogeneous soil conditions. The parametric study's results indicate that soil heterogeneity and static soil-structure interactions significantly influence the design of RC structures. The nonlinear behavior of the soil over time intensifies these impacts further. This study shows how important it is to think about different types of soil and how they interact with structures when they are not moving. This is especially true when it comes to soil that is easily compressed and changes shape over time in a nonlinear way. By incorporating these factors, the research highlights the critical need to integrate soil heterogeneity and static interaction into the design process to ensure the stability and safety of RC structures. Ultimately, the results demonstrate that accounting for these complex interactions can greatly improve the durability and reliability of RC structures in diverse soil conditions.

Soil Structure Interaction of R.C. Building with Basement Resting on Pile Raft Foundation

Abstract: Historically, Basements or underground stories were built in a castle to use as a dunged on oar store room. However, in modern construction, the restrain to go deeper below the grade level in term so basements which can be utilized for parking, shopping mall or combination of both. In such cases, dynamic soil properties have a significant effect of activating dynamic soil structure interaction phenomena on during earthquake. Here in present study an effort is made to study the behavior of a building by varying number so basements considering dynamic soil structure interaction. Issues like considering higher frequency modes, influence zone to be considered for dynamic soil structure interaction, behavior of building with basements under different water level conditions for two different types of layered soil and their comparison with fixed based structure is deal with. It is observed that dynamic soil structure interaction can significant change the behavior of the building and hence it is recommended to perform dynamic soil structure interaction for building with multiple basements. In addition, some important recommendations are provided at the end to serve as a guide for researchers and practicing engineers.

Influence of soil type and ripening degree on the intensity and sensory dominance of Mexican habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

AbstractThe objective of this research was to determine the intensity and sensory dominance of habanero peppers grown in different types of soils and with different degrees of maturation. Chili samples grown in red soil (Mayan name: K'ankab lu'um) and black soil (Mayan name: Box lu'um) were evaluated in an immature state (green coloration) and intermediate ripening (green‐orange coloration) using descriptive analysis (DA) and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS). Sensory representation and classification percentage of chili peppers were evaluated using principal component analysis and discriminant factor analysis. The sensory results demonstrated that intermediate ripening chili peppers presented higher color intensities associated with pungency. Immature chili peppers were characterized by having high odor intensities. The TDS results showed that the dominant attributes were burn feeling, chili flavor, heat, and numbness. Immature chili peppers grown in black soil tend to be burn feeling dominant and chili peppers grown in red soil were characterized as chili flavor. The ripe habanero peppers were chili flavor burn feeling and heat. The correct classification percentage was 89.81%.Practical ApplicationsThis research exposes the sensory differences of habanero peppers with different degrees of maturation and grown in different types of soils. The findings can serve as a reference for future research on the sensory characterization of pungent and for the industry dedicated to the production of habanero chili and for the gastronomy area in charge of the preparation of different dishes that use habanero chili as an ingredient.

REMEDIATION OF OIL-CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH COMPOSITIONS BASED ON HUMIC ACIDS

In addition to conventional methods, nowadays new approaches and technologies based on combined application of sorbents and microorganisms are intensively developed for efficient control of oil contaminations. As a biotechnological solution for remediation of various oil-contaminated soils, biocompositions based on an organic matrix – humic acids of peat, and a biological component – a single strain/or an association of oil degrading microorganisms of the genera Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas, have been studied. The efficiency assessment of oil contamination biodegradation using biocompositions was carried out on different types of model oil-contaminated soils with different levels of contamination: grey forest soil, Black Sea pebbles (fraction 20-50mm), constructional broken stone (fraction 10-20mm). Natural soil contaminated with oil products and samples of railroad broken stone (fractions 5-30mm and 35-50mm) were also used. It has been shown that the biocompositions based on three strains of microorganisms – ‘HA R. X5 R. S67 Ps. NF142' – possessed the highest capability of degrading oil hydrocarbons in all systems under study. Biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons upon addition of this biocompositions varied between 62 and 82% depending on the type of oil-contaminated soil, the level of contamination being very high. Monobacterial biocomposition ‘HA Ps.NF142’ has proven to be promising for remediation of oil-contaminated soil ecosystems with a high and very high level of contamination. The increase of the level of biodegradation of oil contamination of soils appears to be due to the combined action of humic acids comprising both the stimulating effect of humic acids on microorganisms – the components of biocompositions and indigenous microflora of model systems, and the detoxifying effect of humic acids in respect of oil hydrocarbons. For citation: Grechishcheva N.Yu., Dmitrieva E.D., Starodubtseva K.A. Remediation of oil-contaminated soils with compositions based on humic acids. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 136-143. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.6927.

A practical equation for predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils

The saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) of soils plays a crucial role in various agricultural and environmental engineering applications, particularly in relation to pollution prevention and water migration. Firstly, the traditional Kozeny-Carman (KC) equation, which are commonly used to estimate ks, has limitations in predicting ks for different types of fine-grained soils based on the analyses of permeability test data in the literature. Secondly, to tackle this issue, a modified KC equation was proposed by introducing an expression for the shape parameter and establishing a relationship between the tortuosity equation and the plastic limit. Additionally, the validation of the proposed equation was conducted using ks values of 25 fine-grained soils obtained from other sources. Finally, a comparison was made with the four commonly used ks models to evaluate its performance. The results indicate that the proposed equation demonstrates a relatively high coefficient of determination and a low root mean square error. This suggests that the proposed equation has the potential to accurately assess ks for fine-grained soils. The predictions for ks using the modified equation showed good agreement with the experimental data mentioned in the literature.

Heavy Metal Concentration Estimation for Different Farmland Soils Based on Projection Pursuit and LightGBM with Hyperspectral Images.

Heavy metal pollution in farmland soil threatens soil environmental quality. It is an important task to quickly grasp the status of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in a region. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has been widely used in soil heavy metal concentration monitoring. How to improve the accuracy and reliability of its estimation model is a hot topic. This study analyzed 440 soil samples from Sihe Town and the surrounding agricultural areas in Yushu City, Jilin Province. Considering the differences between different types of soils, a local regression model of heavy metal concentrations (As and Cu) was established based on projection pursuit (PP) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) algorithms. Based on the estimations, a spatial distribution map of soil heavy metals in the region was drawn. The findings of this study showed that considering the differences between different soils to construct a local regression estimation model of soil heavy metal concentration improved the estimation accuracy. Specifically, the relative percent difference (RPD) of As and Cu element estimations in black soil increased the most, by 0.30 and 0.26, respectively. The regional spatial distribution map of heavy metal concentration derived from local regression showed high spatial variability. The number of characteristic bands screened by the PP method accounted for 10-13% of the total spectral bands, effectively reducing the model complexity. Compared with the traditional machine model, the LightGBM model showed better estimation ability, and the highest determination coefficients (R2) of different soil validation sets reached 0.73 (As) and 0.75 (Cu), respectively. In this study, the constructed PP-LightGBM estimation model takes into account the differences in soil types, which effectively improves the accuracy and reliability of hyperspectral image estimation of soil heavy metal concentration and provides a reference for drawing large-scale spatial distributions of heavy metals from hyperspectral images and mastering soil environmental quality.

Synergistic effect of biochar with gypsum, lime, and farm manure on the growth and tolerance in rice plants under different salt-affected soils

Soil salinization and sodication harm soil fertility and crop production, especially in dry regions. To combat this, using biochar combined with gypsum, lime, and farm manure is a promising solution for improving salt-affected soils. In a pot experiment, cotton stick biochar (BC) was applied at a rate of 20 t/ha in combination with gypsum (G), lime (L), and farm manure (F) at rates of 5 and 10 t/ha. These were denoted as BCG-5, BCL-5, BCF-5, BCG-10, BCL-10, and BCF-10. Three different types of soils with electrical conductivity (EC) to sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ratios of 2.45:13.7, 9.45:22, and 11.56:40 were used for experimentation. The application of BCG-10 led to significant improvements in rice biomass, chlorophyll content, and overall growth. It was observed that applying BCG-10 to soils increased the membrane stability index by 75% in EC:SAR (2.45:13.7), 97% in EC:SAR (9.45:22), and 40% in EC:SAR (11.56:40) compared to respective control treatments. After BCG-10 was applied, the hydrogen peroxide in leaves dropped by 29%, 23%, and 21% in EC:SAR (2.45:13.7), EC:SAR (9.45:22), and EC:SAR (11.56:40) soils, relative to their controls, respectively. The application of BCG-10 resulted in glycine betaine increases of 60, 119, and 165% in EC: SAR (2.45:13.7), EC: SAR (9.45:22), and EC: SAR (11.56:40) soils. EC: SAR (2.45:13.7), EC: SAR (9.45:22), and EC: SAR (11.56:40) soils all had 70, 109, and 130% more ascorbic acid in BCG-10 applied treatment, respectively. The results of this experiment show that BCG-10 increased the growth and physiological traits of rice plants were exposed to different levels of salt stress. This was achieved by lowering hydrogen peroxide levels, making plant cells more stable, and increasing non-enzymatic activity.

Dry Deciduous Forests of the Poona District, Deccan, India

The deciduous vegetation grows in various ghats and hills in the Poona district. The present note describes the type from the Katraj ghats, on the south of Poona at a distance of 6 miles.The area consists of flat plateau at the top, eastern and western slopes and narrow valleys through which small rivulets flow during monsoons. The mountains are formed of trap rock, the strata of which dip towards east. Thus the eastern slopes are gentle with better developed soil but the western escarpments are steep comparatively dry with shallow soil. Seepage water is seen on eastern slope during monsoon. Alluvial soil deposits in the valley. The average rainfall is about 27".The following vegetation types are described:(I) Top of the plateau: They are mainly covered with Boswellia serrata which is regenerating profusely where biotic interference is excluded and the soil is dry shallow and gravelly.(II) The western slopes: These slopes bear a low type of forest. The following trees are common-Boswellia serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Diospyros montana and Largerstroemia parviflora. Shrubs-Acacia sp., Lantana camara, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Rhus mysorensis, Flacourtia, Cipadessa baccifera, Gymnosporia spinosa and Securinega sp.Herbs-Tridax procumbens, Leucas sp., Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Sida sp., Arisaema sp., Desmodium sp., Acanthospermum hispidum, Celosia sp. etc.This vegetation is also affected adversely by the biotic interference since lopping, coppicing and grazing are prevalent.(III) Eastern slope (top portion) ; It bears a community of Boswellia serrata-Diospyros montana-Lannea coromandelica on dry shallow and rocky soil. The commonest shrubs are Acacia sp., Zizyphus xylopyrus, Lantana camara, Cryptolepis buchanani, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cissuspallida and Securinega sp.The common herbaceous vegetation consists ot Locculus sp., Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Curculigo sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, etc.(IV) Eastern slope (lower portion): It bears a community of Tectona grandis-Lannea coromandelica-Diospyros-Boswellia serrata.Teak and Lannea coromandelica are predominant on the alluvial deposits towards the valley and higher up. Diospyros sp. and Boswellia become prominent in dry trap soil. Diospyros on alluvial soils is heavily infected by Viscum. But incidence of the parasite decreases in trees which are growing on dry trap rocks elsewhere in the area. Commonest shrubs in the community are Acacia sp., Clerodendron serratum, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Cissus pallida and Lantana camara. Commonest herbs are Leucas sp., Tridax procumbens, Hemidesmus indicus, Curcuma montana, Cocculus sp., Polyzygus tuberosus, Trichodesma sp., Crotalaria sp., Indigofera sp., Celosia sp., Aerva javanica, etc.Various stages of succession are seen in the area and regeneration of teak, Boswellta, Lagerstroemia. Lannea is common on different types of soils.

Influence of Soil Structure Interaction on Seismic Performance of Steel Structure Interaction with Different Types of Foundations and Soil

Soil Structure Interaction is the reaction of soil that influence the motion of the structure. During serve seismic events, the dynamic response of the structure is affected not only by the behavior of the superstructure but also by the nature and behavior of the soil present in and around the substructure. The steel structure design process usually assumes the base of the foundation to be completely restrained in a fixed base condition. In the present project the influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic performance of a steel space frame on different soil has been investigated. The multi-story steel building (G+7) with column to column spacing distance 5m and six number of columns having both X and Y direction of the structure, is designed to withstand self-weight and seismic loads. The study also examined the impact of earthquake loading on the steel structure with soil structure interaction using Response Spectrum Method and Time History Method for seismic zone III, with forces determined using IS 1893 (Part-3):2015. The study measured the displacement of steel structure with influences of soil under seismic forces. Comparison of seismic performance like maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift and base shear along with soil structure interaction under different types of soil are presented in this project. This paper discusses the influences of the soil structure interaction on steel structure with various configuration and different types of foundations and soil.

Molecular Composition of Humic Acids of Different Aged Fallow Lands and Soils of Different Types of Use in Northwest of Russia

Post-agrogenic transformation of fallow soils leads to changes in soil carbon content, the molecular composition of humic substances, and rates of organic matter stabilization, which can affect climate change on the planet. In this regard, we analyzed the molecular composition of humic acids isolated from natural and fallow soils in the southern Taiga zone of northwest Russia. Different-aged soils on fallow lands represent a model of soil transformation in time, and data on the transformation of soil humic acid molecular composition make a significant contribution to the understanding of soil organic matter stabilization aspect issues. In this case, the molecular structure of humic acids isolated from natural and fallow soils in northwest Russia was analyzed. To study the molecular composition of HAs, the elemental composition was analyzed, and 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy of HAs isolated from different aged abandoned soils and soils of different types of use was carried out. The obtained data showed that with the increasing age of soils in the fallow state, there is an increase in the carbon content of humic acids as well as a decrease in nitrogen content. As a result of the increasing age of soils in the fallow state, there are dynamics in the content of aromatic structural fragments in humic acids: 34% for 40 years old, 28% for 80 years old, and 31% for 120 years old. This is due to changes in the precursors of humification and the further transformation of plant residues in the soil. Re-involved fallow land soils lead to an increase in the content of aromatic structural fragments in the composition of HA in relation to HA extracted from mature soils. The lowest content of aromatic structural fragments was observed in the humic acids of 130-year-old agricultural soil, which is associated with the long-term application of organic fertilizers.

Prediction of characteristics of soil-concrete massifs created by injection of extremely finedispersed binders (microcements)

The urgency of the problem associated with the use of injection erection technology of soil cementation in various engineering and geological conditions is substantiated. Due to the peculiarities of cementation technologies under various modes of injection impregnation and the possibility of applying certain technical injection parameters for different types of soils, it is possible to improve various deformation characteristics of the soil mass when implementing the technology. Some results of the analysis of the work of injection cementation of soils in dispersed soils are presented and general patterns are established under which it is necessary to adjust the parameters of cementation. The theoretical prerequisites are considered in relation to experimental data, the effectiveness of the application of cementing technology in the injection impregnation mode is proved and the general applicability of the application of these cementing methods with an increase in the technical indicators of the fixed soils is established.

Entirely Biodegradable Wireless pH Sensor with Split‐Ring Resonators for Soil pH Monitoring

AbstractThis paper describes a wireless and battery‐free soil pH sensor made entirely of degradable materials. Soil pH monitoring is significant for precision agriculture and environmental conservation because soil health can be estimated by measuring soil pH. Soil pH can be measured by collecting soil samples and analyzing them in a laboratory environment or by inserting an electrode‐type sensor into the soil and measuring soil pH on site. However, neither method is suitable for wide‐area soil pH sensing for precision agriculture or environmental conservation. Herein, a fully biodegradable wireless pH sensor is presented that can be dispersed to outdoor environment to detect soil acidity. The sensor is operated wirelessly through split‐ring resonators (SRRs) that consist of patterned octacalcium phosphate (OCP)‐coated magnesium (Mg) on a poly‐lactic acid (PLA) sheet. At acidic soil pH, the degradation of each SRR results in a change in the electromagnetic response of the sensor. The operation of the sensor in six different types of acidic soils is demonstrated to distinguish the acidic soil wirelessly. It is expected that the biodegradable sensor can be applied to low‐cost, easy‐to‐use, and environmentally friendly monitoring of soil pH.

Influence of Humic Acid on the Effectiveness of NBPT in Different Types of Soils

Influence of Humic Acid on the Effectiveness of NBPT in Different Types of Soils