Different Stages Of Transition Research Articles

Understanding the farm economics of farmers under different stages of transition from conventional farming toward agroecological farming in Madhya Pradesh

Understanding the farm economics of farmers under different stages of transition from conventional farming toward agroecological farming in Madhya Pradesh

Exploring Municipal Solid Waste Dynamics in Rural Cambodia: Insights from Three Underrepresented Cities

(1) The enactment of Sub-Decree No. 113/2015 on Solid Waste Management marked a significant policy shift towards the decentralisation of waste management in Cambodia and some progress has been observed in Phnom Penh and some other large cities and tourist destinations. However, information in rural areas is lacking. Rapid and simple waste assessment methodologies are needed in rural areas where waste data is scarce and different waste management measures are required compared to urban areas. This study aimed to fill the information gap on the status and fate of municipal solid waste management in rural areas by focusing on three underrepresented cities in different geographical areas through empirical studies. (2) Rapid waste assessments, including waste composition analysis, truck scaling, waste recovery surveys, waste flow analysis, and waste hotspot surveys, were conducted. (3) The per capita waste generation averaged 0.44 kg/day, which is lower than the national average, but did not show significant differences between income levels. The waste composition was similar to that of urban areas, with plastics making up more than 20% of the waste. There were major contrasts in the waste collection rates, with one city having a high rate (85.9%) while the other two cities were as low as 22.6% and 24.2%, respectively. This suggests that rural cities in Cambodia are at different stages of transition in establishing their waste management systems after the decentralisation of waste management to municipalities. The main cause of the low waste collection rate was that private waste collectors were finding it difficult to collect service fees. In the absence of waste collection services, a total of 370 waste hotspots were identified outside of the waste collection areas, where littering and open burning of waste were common. (4) Addressing these challenges requires urgent development of sustainable financing mechanisms, enhanced institutional capacities, and implementation of targeted awareness-raising programmes. These measures are essential for providing basic waste collection and disposal services, as well as for curbing littering and open burning of waste in rural cities in Cambodia.

Factors associated with the use of liquefied petroleum gas in Ghana vary at different stages of transition

Clean-cooking transitions have the potential to generate large public health, environmental and societal gains for 2.6 billion people in the Global South. Here we use data from Ghana’s largest household energy survey (n = 7,389) to provide two main insights. First, regression analysis of 13 commonly cited socio-economic and demographic determinants of household fuel use indicates remarkably different relationships with clean-fuel use at different stages of the transition process. We propose a stage-based transition framework that can help inform the rollout of clean-cooking interventions. Second, we identify factors that are associated with the exclusive use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using a statistically powered sample of exclusive LPG users (n = 693). We show that, all else equal, increases in wealth and urbanicity are not—contrary to conventional wisdom—associated with a transition from primary to exclusive LPG use. Whereas further research is needed to determine causality, our findings highlight the potential for more careful measurement, isolating each stage of the clean-cooking transition, to inform new insights and policy opportunities.

TOWARD AN INVARIANT-THRESHOLD TURBULENT-NON-TURBULENT DETECTOR FUNCTION IN VANE CASCADE TRANSITIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS

This paper investigates the variations on the threshold values used for turbulent-nonturbulent discrimination in transitional boundary layers on the suction surface of a vane under varying levels of inflow turbulence intensities. The invariant-threshold here refers to a potential characteristic of a detector function if a single threshold value can be effectively used to distinguish turbulent and nonturbulent states at any stage of flow development or wall-normal distance. The analysis is based on velocity time series extracted at constant <i>d/δ</i> wall-normal distances obtained by wall-resolved large eddy simulations (LES), with the detector function being the sum of the time derivatives of the spanwise and wall-normal velocity signals, normalized by the boundary layer edge velocity. The detector function's probability density function (PDF) minima is chosen as the turbulent-nonturbulent discrimination threshold. The variations of the selected threshold value are examined at different stages of transition to turbulence and wall-normal distances. Findings suggest that a single threshold value is sufficient for turbulent-nonturbulent discrimination at <i>d/δ</i> > 0.2, throughout the depth of the flow, and for both levels of inflow turbulence intensities considered in this study. Although the appropriate threshold decreases closer to the wall for <i>d/δ</i> < 0.2, it remains invariant across different streamwise positions.

The Economics of Technology Transfer in The Environmental Safety of Enterprises for the Energy Transition

Introduction. European countries are at different stages of transition to a new energy system due to different levels of energy dependence, geographical conditions, and priorities of national administration. The use of information technology and innovative developments in the energy field allows for reducing energy production costs, improving resource use efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring energy security. Modern energy is reaching a new qualitative level due to technology transfer and government policy. Such an energy transition in the industry requires time, unfolding globalization processes, implementing sustainable development strategy and solving greening problems. 
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to assess the level of the economic base of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries.
 Results. The theoretical model is considered, which explains the essence and factors in the implementation of the new energy system of production enterprises in the cross-section of the EU countries. The ranking of European countries is given based on the calculation of the use of final electricity consumption per dollar per capita and one percent of renewable energy consumption minus the tax burden. Thus, some countries already have significant indicators that indicate the effectiveness of the transition to a new energy structure of their national enterprises. And such results do not directly depend on the share of the use of renewable energy sources and the reduction of the use of coal. But the share of more than 60% of the use of renewable energy and the significant tax burden placed on the final household consumers of electricity are general signs of the implementation of such a transition. Enterprises use such a transition mechanism more effectively in EU countries, where more than 60%. In economic terms, such transitions of enterprises are carried out at the expense of the lion's share of the tax burden on electricity use by end consumers – households.
 Conclusions. The study of the economic basis of technology transfer in the creation and functioning of a new energy system based on the principles of environmental safety of modern enterprises in EU countries is of great importance for improving energy efficiency and achieving environmental safety in the region as a whole. The research will be useful for government bodies that are engaged in shaping energy policy, regulating the energy sector, and ensuring environmental safety.

“The spectators ask, is it a boy or a girl? What is it?”: Cultural cisgenderism and trans men's sporting experiences in Iran

In this article, we draw on cultural cisgenderism to analyse the sporting experiences of trans men in Iran. Utilising semi-structured interviews with twelve trans men in different stages of transition, we consider their experiences of women's sport environments, the extent to which cisnormativity is embedded into the culture, and whether their gender identities are accepted. We found that essentialist understandings of sex and gender are evident in sport environments, with gender presentation policed by others, and expectations this should align with ascribed biological sex. While some interviewees’ masculine expressions were valued, others were considered ‘too masculine’ to be eligible to participate in women's sport spaces; this led to restrictions around appearance and clothing, alongside instances of compulsory hormone testing. Finally, for those who were ‘out’ about their gender identity, this often led to hostility from others, including coaches, teammates, and spectators. Overall, this paper provides a critical understanding of trans inclusion in sport spaces in Iran. However, the findings may be useful for anyone working to make sport more accessible, regardless of geographical location.

Exploring the Case Sex Segregation and the Participation of Transgender Adults in Recreational Sport in British Columbia, Canada

The discussion around transgender people and sex segregation structures in sport generally has received much attention from scholars of different study fields. However, it is far from being settled. A few questions that arise out of this study include: What are the experiences of other populations within the transgender community (non-binary people, transgender people throughout different stages of transition, transgender people who do not transition, or transgender youth and seniors) in recreational sex-segregated sport, given the current policies and guidelines in place? How effective are the practices (e.g. education provision, social media presentation, and skill-based segregation) recommended by this case study’s participants in enhancing greater inclusivity of transgender people in recreational sport?

Perspectives on Open Science and Scholarly Publishing: a Survey Study Focusing on Early Career Researchers in Europe

Background: The value of Open Science (OS) for the academic community and society has been becoming more evident recently, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, significant challenges regarding its implementation arise that are likely to affect researchers, especially those in early career stages. Hence, monitoring early-career researchers’ views, knowledge, and skills on OS and related policies, is crucial for its advancement. The main aim of this exploratory study was to gain new perspectives regarding the awareness of and attitudes towards OS and related practices having in consideration geographical, economic and research career variables. Methods: The survey was conducted during May-August 2020 as part of a collaboration between Eurodoc and the Open Research Europe project. The data from the survey were analyzed by European region, Gross domestic product, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development as a percentage of gross domestic product, field of study, and career stage. Results: The awareness and positive attitude regarding OS, specifically among early-career researchers, is high in Europe. However, there are significant career stage group differences in views and knowledge about OS. Generally, awareness and positive attitude tend to increase with increasing career seniority. Regarding European regions, we spotted three main groups sharing similar awareness levels and attitudes: researchers in Western Europe - the most informed group towards OS; researchers in northern, central, and southern Europe - a moderately informed group with some minor differences; and researchers in eastern Europe - the least informed group, whose opinions deviate the most. Conclusions: We found that there is an “evolution of needs and focus” regarding scientific publishing: researchers in most European regions are in different stages of transition from the competitive to collaborative levels, while researchers in eastern Europe are largely beginning their transition to the competitive level.

The lived experiences of graduate nurses transitioning to professional practice during a pandemic

BackgroundGraduate nurses face challenges during their transition to professional practice. Understanding these experiences during a pandemic has not been explored. PurposeThe purpose of this study is to describe the lived experiences of graduate nurses transitioning to practice during a pandemic. MethodsUsing a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, focus groups were conducted with fifteen nurses who were at three different stages of transition and participating in a 12-month Graduate Nurse Residency Program. FindingsSeven themes emerged: 1) being new is overwhelming, even more so during COVID-19, 2) need to be flexible, 3) pandemic knowledge and practice disconnect, 4) communication barriers worsened with masks, 5) being a “COVID nurse,” 6) no self-care, and 7) gratitude: still glad to be a nurse. DiscussionFindings emphasize the important focus on graduate nurse support and educational foundation for role transition into professional practice, especially during a pandemic. Participants expressed lack of preparedness for practice but remain excited about being a nurse.

Seksualnost u različitim fazama tranzicije u roditeljstvo

The transition to parenthood brings changes in many areas of life, including the area of sexuality. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the frequency of sexual intercourse, sexual satisfaction and the sexual self-schema of participants in different stages of their transition to parenthood. The study involved men and women without children, those who were expecting their first child, and parents of six-month-old and one-year-old children (N = 650). The results showed that participants in different stages of transition to parenthood differed in the frequency of sexual intercourse, but not in their sexual satisfaction and sexual self-schema. Men and women without children and parents of one-year-olds reported more frequent sexual intercourse than those expecting their first child and parents of six-month-old children, although these differences were statistically significant only in the female sample. Men, compared to women, reported more frequent sexual intercourse and greater sexual satisfaction. The research results demonstrate the complexity of sexual functioning during the transition to parenthood and can be applied in providing psychosocial support during this period of life.

Assement and Interventions of Social Capital among Primitive Tribal Communitites in India

Social capital has been described differently by various researchers, depending on how they concentrate on social capital's functions, outcomes, sources or impacts. According to Robert Putnam (1993) “social capital refers to the collective value of all 'social network' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other”. The tribal communities in India are in different stages of transition. Their unique system of living, tradition and customs differentiate one tribe from another. They are spread over in different geographical regions of the country. The present study will contribute towards understanding the role of social capital in influencing these outcomes, allowing tribal societies to respond faster to change than those with a certain number of resources. And it also intended to suggest the strategies to enhance the social capital among the Irula tribes in Tamil Nadu.

Toward a Partnership in the Transition from Home to a Nursing Home: The TRANSCIT Model

The transition from home to a nursing home can be stressful and traumatic for both older persons and informal caregivers and is often associated with negative outcomes. Additionally, transitional care interventions often lack a comprehensive approach, possibly leading to fragmented care. To avoid this fragmentation and to optimize transitional care, a comprehensive and theory-based model is fundamental. It should include the needs of both older persons and informal caregivers. Therefore, this study, conducted within the European TRANS-SENIOR research consortium, proposes a model to optimize the transition from home to a nursing home, based on the experiences of older persons and informal caregivers. These experiences were captured by conducting a literature review with relevant literature retrieved from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Studies were included if older persons and/or informal caregivers identified the experiences, needs, barriers, or facilitators during the transition from home to a nursing home. Subsequently, the data extracted from the included studies were mapped to the different stages of transition (pre-transition, mid-transition, and post-transition), creating the TRANSCIT-model. Finally, results were discussed with an expert panel, leading to a final proposed TRANSCIT model.The TRANSCIT model identified that older people and informal caregivers expressed an overall need for partnership during the transition from home to a nursing home. Moreover, it identified 4 key components throughout the transition trajectory (ie, pre-, mid-, and post-transition): (1) support, (2) communication, (3) information, and (4) time.The TRANSCIT model could advise policy makers, practitioners, and researchers on the development and evaluation of (future) transitional care interventions. It can be a guideline reckoning the needs of older people and their informal caregivers, emphasizing the need for a partnership, consequently reducing fragmentation in transitional care and optimizing the transition from home to a nursing home.

Internationalization of State-Owned Enterprises from Transitioning Economies

Using the economic theory of the State and the resource-based view, we examine the role of the home country context in the internationalization process of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) from three transitioning economies (the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Vietnam). While the literature has highlighted that strategies of SOEs are embedded in home country settings, little is known about how state capitalism shapes cross-border activities of state-affiliated multinationals. We propose a model to explain the types and degree of state involvement in SOEs’ internationalization and discuss the various drivers of internationalization activities of SOEs from the three economies at different stages of transition.

Imaging within single NPCs reveals NXF1's role in mRNA export on the cytoplasmic side of the pore.

Translocation of mRNA through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) requires interactions with different NPC regions. To determine the interactions that are crucial for effective mRNA export in living cells, we examined mRNA export within individual pores by applying various types of mRNA export blocks that stalled mRNPs at different stages of transition. Focusing on the major mRNA export factor NXF1, we found that initial mRNP binding to the NPC did not require NXF1 in the NPC, whereas release into the cytoplasm did. NXF1 localization in the NPC did not require RNA or RNA binding. Superresolution microscopy showed that NXF1 consistently occupied positions on the cytoplasmic side of the NPC. Interactions with specific nucleoporins were pinpointed using FLIM-FRET for measuring protein-protein interactions inside single NPCs, showing that Dbp5 helicase activity of mRNA release is conserved in yeast and humans. Altogether, we find that specific interactions on the cytoplasmic side of the NPC are fundamental for the directional flow of mRNA export.

Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature

Studies investigating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among trans individuals have identified elevated rates of psychopathology. Research has also provided conflicting psychiatric outcomes following gender-confirming medical interventions. This review identifies 38 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies describing prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric outcomes, pre- and post-gender-confirming medical interventions, for people with gender dysphoria. It indicates that, although the levels of psychopathology and psychiatric disorders in trans people attending services at the time of assessment are higher than in the cis population, they do improve following gender-confirming medical intervention, in many cases reaching normative values. The main Axis I psychiatric disorders were found to be depression and anxiety disorder. Other major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, were rare and were no more prevalent than in the general population. There was conflicting evidence regarding gender differences: some studies found higher psychopathology in trans women, while others found no differences between gender groups. Although many studies were methodologically weak, and included people at different stages of transition within the same cohort of patients, overall this review indicates that trans people attending transgender health-care services appear to have a higher risk of psychiatric morbidity (that improves following treatment), and thus confirms the vulnerability of this population.

Modes of local governance for a decentralized energy transition

A fundamental element of the German energy transition discourse is the idea that sustainable, conflict-reduced energy transition can only be achieved by cooperation of public and private actors. This paradigm of energy governance has a strong normative bias and so far little analytical evidence. The article examines modes of governance and promoters of transition processes with the case study of Wolfhagen, a medium-sized city and a multiple awarded model region of decentralized renewable energy production and supply. The case study presents a complex picture of local interests and actor constellations for different stages of transition and it illustrates firstly a local network with specific forms of cooperation and secondly the relevance of governmental regulation for a decentralized energy transition.

Attitudes, Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Fertility Preservation Among People of Transgendered Experience: Preliminary Results

The transgendered population has traditionally been excluded from population health and sexuality research. Limited research suggests that many transgendered people have not considered fertility preservation. Modern techniques allow for people of transgender experience to have biological children through cryopreservation of sperm or eggs. It is believed that multiple barriers prevent people of transgender experience from engaging in fertility preservation. This ongoing study examines the attitudes, knowledge and beliefs of people of transgendered experience in regards to fertility. Patients at different stages of transition were sampled from multiple endocrine, psychiatric and family practice clinics in Toronto. Semi-structured questionnaires were distributed during routine medical appointments. The target sample size for this study is 200 patients, making this the largest study to date that will specifically evaluate reproductive knowledge and beliefs among the transgendered population. Preliminary data from the first twelve patients revealed a young patient population, with ages ranging from 19-25 years. Participants reported a broad range of terms to describe their gender and/or sexuality. Seven of twelve patients surveyed were taking hormone replacement therapy. Five of twelve patients desired children, with four reporting their fertility to be somewhat important to them. Six had fertility options discussed with them at some point during their treatment, while eight noted that cost was a barrier in banking sperm or eggs. Preliminary results from this young urban population suggests that a moderate number of transgendered patients are aware of their reproductive options and have interest in preserving their fertility.

Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in trans people: A systematic review of the literature

Literature has described high levels of mental health problems among trans people, such as depression, resulting in increased levels of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviour and suicidality (suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts and suicide rates). With the aim of systematically reviewing the available literature in this field, this study identifies 31 papers that explore the rates of NSSI and suicidality in trans people. From reviewing the literature, it was revealed that trans people have a higher prevalence of NSSI and suicidality compared to the cisgender (non-trans) population. There appear to be some gender differences within these rates, with trans men at a greater risk for NSSI behaviour. Prevalence rates differ depending on the different stages of transition, but they are still overall greater than the cisgender population. The study concludes that trans individuals are at a greater risk of NSSI behaviour and suicidality than the cisgender population, and discusses risk factors and the need to develop effective preventative interventions.

Third-country graduates and their transition to the German labor market

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how non-EU university graduates (third-country graduates, TCGs) experience the intended transition to the German labor market. Through a critical analysis across multiple contexts, the authors intend to increase the reflexive scope of HRM research and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The explorative study is based on social constructivism. It relies on qualitative data, specifically problem-centered narrative-biographical interviews with ethnic Russian TCGs at three different stages of transition. The authors interpret social identity processes and related ascriptions of strangerness critically and link them to wider contexts and dominant categories of identity. Findings – Identity processes between social self and other require (dis-) identification with larger identity categories. TCGs as an example of skilled self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) face obstacles when seeking employment, yet, might utilize ascribed strangerness for reclaiming agency. To identify exclusive practices, individual career aspirations and organizational strategy and practice need to be linked to wider societal, institutional and national contexts. Research limitations/implications – Through a critical analysis across multiple contexts, HRM research and practice is enabled to reflect upon its own implicit assumptions. To identify critical intersections between interpersonal identity-making and dominant identity-categories, HRM researchers need to differentiate between emic self-perception and etic ascriptions, to move beyond individual and organizational levels of analysis and to consider the interrelations between structure and agency. Practical implications – HRM practitioners performing a critical analysis across multiple contexts are enabled to reflect upon their own implicit assumptions. This allows for improved organizational strategies and practices when trying to identify and secure global talents. Originality/value – The originality of the paper lies in providing a multi-context critical analysis of TCGs seeking employment, thereby enabling HRM research and practice to reflect upon implicit assumptions, to move beyond dominant categories and to truly identify and secure global talents.

Forty-five year trends in overweight and obesity in an indigenous arctic Inuit Society in transition and spatiotemporal trends.

Overweight and obesity associate with increased morbidity and premature death. Westernization of societies heralds rising obesity rates. A steep increase in body mass index (BMI) and overweight in Greenland from 1963 to 1998 led us to follow-up on height, weight, BMI, and rates of overweight among populations in Greenland and assess time trends between different stages of transition. BMI was calculated from height and weight measured on Inuit and non-Inuit aged 50 through 69 years surveyed in 1963, 1998, and 2008 in Ammassalik district in East Greenland and in 1998 and 2008 in the capital Nuuk in West Greenland. A total of 1,186 were surveyed in 1963 (52 men/63 women), 1998 (309/226), and 2008 (297/239). BMI increased with time (P < 0.001; 1963/1998/2008 23.3/24.3/26.2 kg/m(2) ). In addition, BMI increased with urbanization in Inuit men (P = 0.001; settlements/town/city, in 1998, 23.9/24.9/25.5 kg/m(2) ; in 2008, 25.0/26.0/27.0 kg/m(2) ) while not in Inuit women (P = 0.18). The number of overweight Inuit (BMI >27 kg/m(2) ) increased with time in men (4.0/25.6/33.2% in 1963/1998/2008, P = 0.001) and in women (13.6/30.7/37.3%, P = 0.001). BMI was above 30 kg/m(2) in 2.0/10.8/17.5% of all Inuit men in 1963/1998/2008 (P = 0.003) and in 8.3%/23.0/24.5% of all Inuit women (P = 0.02) respectively. Overweight and obesity rates rise with time and with societal transition in Greenland. Settlements and town are catching up with the city where the rate of increase is diminishing, although there were gender differences.