Different Sources Of Information Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Yellow Meal Worm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) on Performance of Broiler Chicken

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) can sustainably increase productivity, improve resilience, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from agricultural systems. The current study aimed to establish the existing knowledge, attitude, and practice of CSA among smallholder farmers in the Isingiro District. An exploratory survey was conducted to collect data from 126 farmers randomly selected from three Sub counties. Key informant interviews were conducted with three extension workers for more information. Data was analysed using Stata 14 to generate summary tables and the Chi-square test of independence. The results revealed a high level of knowledge about CSA among the farmers, with intercropping and crop rotation as the most popular (99%) whereas rainwater harvesting was least known (71.4%). Farmers’ knowledge about CSA was significantly related to different sources of information and knowledge (P<0.05). Farmers showed a positive attitude towards the use of CSA practices except for inorganic fertilisers with 45%. The dominantly used CSA practices were Intercropping (85.7%), mulching (75.4%) and the use of contour bunds (74.6%). Several limitations that hindered the adoption of CSA practices included limited finances, extension services, availability of CSA inputs, high prices of CSA inputs, price fluctuations and land scarcity, among others. The farmers’ awareness, attitude and practice of CSA were mainly shaped by their local knowledge with limited influence of technical knowledge. Furthermore, the practice of CSA among smallholder farmers is hampered by many limitations. Therefore, there is a need for policymakers to prioritise and enact pro-CSA-relevant policies that address the barriers hampering its adoption

Labor Markets in Contexts of War: Recruitment and Trafficking of Child Soldiers in Colombia

Objective/context: The article aims to analyze child recruitment as a form of human trafficking. Beyond the theoretical perspectives that focus on security or rights, it addresses the topic as a form of unfree labor. By means of a case study focused on child recruitment by right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia, the paper analyzes how children entered and exited illegal armed groups, the functions they performed, and the exploitation they endured. The research argues that child recruitment operates as a large-scale labor-market uptake in the wartime social order, where the “employers” are paramilitary groups, and the labor force, in part, consists of children and adolescents. Methodology: This case study relies on different sources of information: a database on child recruitment provided by the special Justice and Peace Unit of the Colombian Attorney General’s Office (989 cases between 1981 and 2005), sentences of Peace and Justice, testimonials given by victims in judicial processes, and semi-structured interviews with different actors. Conclusions: The paper shows that child recruitment as a form of trafficking is functional to wartime social order in contexts of poverty and inequality. There is demand and supply; thus, both girls and boys, who worked as soldiers, are not only victims but also agents that make decisions in challenging conditions. Therefore, if the socioeconomic options for these children, even after their demobilization from the armed group, are still a choice between bad and worse, joining a violent (no longer “armed” but “criminal”) group will remain a feasible alternative. Originality: The article contributes to the academic literature on a recent topic, such as the overlapping between child recruitment and human trafficking in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. It also contributes to the literature on “unfree labor,” as the study focuses on an actor (illegal armed groups) that has not been analyzed until now. Finally, the research demonstrates the limits of understanding human trafficking (and child recruitment as a form of trafficking) as a problem of security or rights entitlement. It highlights the analytical and political advantages of categories such as “unfree labor” to provide effective solutions for the prevention and reintegration of child soldiers.

Knowledge, Attitude and the Practice of Climate-Smart Agriculture among Smallholder Farmers in Isingiro District, South Western Uganda

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) can sustainably increase productivity, improve resilience, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from agricultural systems. The current study aimed to establish the existing knowledge, attitude, and practice of CSA among smallholder farmers in the Isingiro District. An exploratory survey was conducted to collect data from 126 farmers randomly selected from three Sub counties. Key informant interviews were conducted with three extension workers for more information. Data was analysed using Stata 14 to generate summary tables and the Chi-square test of independence. The results revealed a high level of knowledge about CSA among the farmers, with intercropping and crop rotation as the most popular (99%) whereas rainwater harvesting was least known (71.4%). Farmers’ knowledge about CSA was significantly related to different sources of information and knowledge (P<0.05). Farmers showed a positive attitude towards the use of CSA practices except for inorganic fertilisers with 45%. The dominantly used CSA practices were Intercropping (85.7%), mulching (75.4%) and the use of contour bunds (74.6%). Several limitations that hindered the adoption of CSA practices included limited finances, extension services, availability of CSA inputs, high prices of CSA inputs, price fluctuations and land scarcity, among others. The farmers’ awareness, attitude and practice of CSA were mainly shaped by their local knowledge with limited influence of technical knowledge. Furthermore, the practice of CSA among smallholder farmers is hampered by many limitations. Therefore, there is a need for policymakers to prioritise and enact pro-CSA-relevant policies that address the barriers hampering its adoption

APRENDO: UNA HERRAMIENTA DE APOYO DOCENTE PARA LA ENSEÑANZA A DISTANCIA

This work presents the results of the feasibility test for the development of the digital tool “Aprendo”, for teaching practice, in the context of remote teaching and connectivism. Through this tool, it is intended to draw an overview of the profile or learning style of the predominant students in the classroom, which can help the teacher to use more specific didactic methodologies and practices, enhancing the results of the teaching-learning process. A qualitative-quantitative analysis was used, through the application of a survey (A) to 80 students of different educational levels and another survey (B) to 28 teachers in general. The data from survey A showed that 67.5% of students learn through examples and 56.3% prefer to correlate different sources of information. Regarding the structure of the classes, in 73.8% of the cases there was a diversity of opinions and 86.3% of the students stated that the participation of another person added something to their knowledge. This corroborates the principle of connectivism about the connection between information from different sources. The results of B indicated a favorable opinion on the development and usefulness of the tool for 100% of the teachers, since 96.4% stated that they would change their pedagogical practice after obtaining the results of the application of the tool, while only 3.6% declared that would not change.

Enhancing Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy Decision-Making through Dombi-Based Aggregation Operators

The success of any endeavor or process is heavily contingent on the ability to reconcile and satisfy balance requirements, which are often characterized by symmetry considerations. In practical applications, the primary goal of decision-making processes is to efficiently manage the symmetry or asymmetry that exists within different sources of information. In order to address this challenge, the primary aim of this study is to introduce novel Dombi operation concepts that are formulated within the framework of interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy aggregation operators. In this study, an updated score function is presented to resolve the deficiency of the current score function in an interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy environment. The concept of Dombi operations is used to introduce some interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy aggregation operators, including the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Dombi weighted arithmetic (IVPFDWA) operator, the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted arithmetic (IVPFDOWA) operator, the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Dombi weighted geometric (IVPFDWG) operator, and the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted geometric (IVPFDOWG) operator. Moreover, the study investigates many important properties of these operators that provide new semantic meaning to the evaluation. In addition, the suggested score function and newly derived interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Dombi aggregation (IVPFDA) operators are successfully employed to select a subject expert in a certain institution. The proposed approach is demonstrated to be successful through empirical validation. Lastly, a comparative study is conducted to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the suggested approaches in comparison with current techniques. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to advance the field of evaluation and decision-making by providing novel and effective tools and techniques.

Hearing Dogs and Seeing Barks: Multimodal Sensory Perception of Dogs

The field of multisensory integration in human speech perception has been well explored throughout a multitude of studies. Perceptual phenomena and models have been reported, including most notably, the McGurk effect and the Morton-Massaro law of information integration. Existing research of multimodal integration in human perception, include studies that involve perception of drinks and food. Beyond this, scientists have also studied how non-human species, such as dolphins and bats, integrate different sources of information. The purpose of the current study was to test whether multimodal sensory integration is used by humans when perceiving the size of dogs. Three separate audio-visual sources of barking dogs – sized small, medium, and large – were used. A 3x3 expanded factorial design was applied to test all possible pairings of auditory and visual combinations from the three sources. The stimuli were included on a questionnaire and then digitally distributed to participants, the majority of whom were high-school students aged 13-17. After viewing each stimulus, participants were prompted to answer what sized dog barked. The results of the current study were consistent with the McGurk effect. When the auditory-visual stimuli were consistent, participants were able to accurately identify what kind of dog barked. However, when the auditory-visual stimuli were inconsistent, the intermediate responses were most frequent. Thus, the results of this study are not consistent with the motor theory of perception. This study yields practical applications in the field of interspecies perception and human-canine communication.

Trust in and Use of COVID-19 Information Sources Differs by Health Literacy among College Students.

People's health information-seeking behaviors differ by their health literacy levels. This study assessed the relationship between health literacy and college students' levels of trust in and use of a range of health information sources of COVID-19. We collected data from August to December 2020 among college students (n = 763) through an online survey. We used a health literacy measure containing three self-reported survey questions, developed by the CDC. We assessed the extent to which participants trusted and used any of the sixteen different sources of information about COVID-19. Respondents reported high levels of trusting and using COVID-19 information from the CDC, health care providers, the WHO, state/county/city health departments, and official government websites when compared to other sources. After controlling for demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, race, ethnicity, and income), those who reported having lower health literacy were significantly less likely to trust and use COVID-19 information from these health authorities when compared to participants who reported having higher health literacy. Students with lower self-reported health literacy indicated not trusting or using official health authority sources for COVID-19 information. Relying on low-quality information sources could create and reinforce people's misperceptions regarding the virus, leading to low compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures and poor health outcomes.

Information Gathering about Pregnancy, Birth, and Puerperium—Good and Fake Information

A total of 249 women were included in this study and recruited over a period of one month at the University Hospital of Zurich (USZ). Exclusion criteria included cases of fetal demise and late abortions. The survey on information-gathering processes was divided into three stages: pregnancy, birth, and puerperium. The different sources of information were compared based on women's characteristics. The response rate was 78% (n = 197). The main findings include a significant difference in information gathering based on varying levels of education, with women at the lowest educational level using the Internet the least during pregnancy (p = 0.029). During puerperium, significant differences could be observed in the involvement of the gynecologist. Primipara women as well as women of lower educational levels contacted their gynecologist less in contrast to multipara women (p = 0.006) and women of higher educational levels (p = 0.011). Overall, health professionals were considered to be the most important source of information. This study demonstrates that parity and educational level influence the information-gathering process. As the most important source for information gathering, health professionals must use this advantage to better assist their patients in accessing reliable information.

Enhancing Multimodal Patterns in Neuroimaging by Siamese Neural Networks with Self-Attention Mechanism.

The combination of different sources of information is currently one of the most relevant aspects in the diagnostic process of several diseases. In the field of neurological disorders, different imaging modalities providing structural and functional information are frequently available. Those modalities are usually analyzed separately, although a joint of the features extracted from both sources can improve the classification performance of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) tools. Previous studies have computed independent models from each individual modality and combined them in a subsequent stage, which is not an optimum solution. In this work, we propose a method based on the principles of siamese neural networks to fuse information from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). This framework quantifies the similarities between both modalities and relates them with the diagnostic label during the training process. The resulting latent space at the output of this network is then entered into an attention module in order to evaluate the relevance of each brain region at different stages of the development of Alzheimer's disease. The excellent results obtained and the high flexibility of the method proposed allow fusing more than two modalities, leading to a scalable methodology that can be used in a wide range of contexts.

Access and Use of Information Sources by Agricultural Researchers of Fadis and Mechara Agricultural Research Centers, Ethiopia

Access and use of information is required to improve agricultural production and productivity. Information is believed to be the foundation for improved agriculture. There are different sources of information but what matters are ‘what’ sources are available and relevant to the different categories of users and what sources of information are useful for their different seeking behavior, and mainly for utilization in order to accomplish tasks/needs. This study was conducted to assess the access and use of information sources by agricultural researchers in Fadis and Mechara Agricultural Research Centers of Ethiopia. The went further to identify how researchers search, articulate and utilize the information sources. Questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and focus group discussion and observation were used to qualitative data from the entire researchers of the two Research Center. The collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and triangulation respectively. Findings revealed that majority of researchers have physical access to computer in office while some of the researchers have no computer access even in office. The available computers are not fully functional because of the absence of skilled ICT person who maintain the damaged computer at the centers. The use of internet and library visit is not adequate in the study areas thereby led to minimum satisfaction to existing information services. The study therefore recommended that effort should be made to train specialists to keep the available information sources effective and efficient so as to improve information access and utilization.

Two Are Better Than One: Integrating Spatial Geometry with a Conspicuous Landmark in Zebrafish Reorientation Behavior.

Within bounded environments of a distinctive shape, zebrafish locate two geometrically equivalent corner positions, based on surface metrics and left-right directions. For instance, the corners with a short surface right/long surface left cannot be distinguished as unique spatial locations unless other cues break the symmetry. By conjoining geometry with a conspicuous landmark, such as a different-color surface, one of the two geometric twins will have a short different-colored surface right, becoming identifiable. Zebrafish spontaneously combine a rectangular white arena's shape with a blue wall landmark, but only when this landmark is near the target corner; when far, that cue triggers a steady attractiveness bias. In this study, we trained zebrafish to use a blue wall landmark in conjunction with a rectangular-shaped arena, providing them rewards over time. We found that trained zebrafish learned to locate the target corner, regardless of the landmark's length and distance, overcoming the attractiveness bias. Zebrafish preferred geometry after removing the landmark (geometric test), but not if put into conflict geometry and landmark (affine transformation). Analysis on movement patterns revealed wall-following exploration as a consistent strategy for approaching the target corner, with individual left-right direction. The capacity of zebrafish to handle different sources of information may be grounds for investigating how environmental changes affect fish spatial behavior in threatened ecosystems.

Sustainable wine tourism as a diversification strategy: a different approach in a rural cooperative

Research methodology Strategic management is the focus area in this case study, so it is important to consider different sources of information to make strategic decisions. Considering the different options of Wine Cooperative of Vidigueira Cuba & Alvito (ACVCA), it is necessary to know the strengths and weaknesses of each option and identify respective opportunities and threats. Additionally, it is important to know the case study object (such as operating specific characteristics, products and management model); the competition; the evolution of the wine sector in Portugal and worldwide; the evolution of the tourism sector in Portugal and worldwide; and new trends in wine and tourism. Case overview/synopsis In January 2018, Mr Jose, leader of the Board of Directors (BD) of the ACVCA, one of Portugal’s oldest wine cooperatives, located in the south of the country, in the Alentejo region, is preparing the first meeting with the newly elected BD. Addressing the strategy and sustainability for the next term of the BD is mandatory! Mr Jose will have to open the game and lift the veil. Should all their eggs be put in one basket? Or could diversification be the way? Sustainability, in its three pillars (economic, environmental and social), is mandatory, never forgetting that the cooperators want respective income guaranteed. “We can’t risk everything”, thinks Mr Jose! But ACVCA’s affirmation undoubtedly depends on its ability to take risks, to innovate and seek new answers for new audiences! The BD will have to make decisions that lead not only to the affirmation of the brand but also to its renown and to the ACVCA’s sustainable growth. There are several possible options. However, it is necessary to define a path that guarantees the stability achieved, but that allows new markets to be reached and new challenges embraced: increase production capacity, invest in internationalisation, focus on segmentation through innovation, diversification of product or diversification of business area. Wine tourism is a possible way, but how can it be done sustainably and differently? We will have to use creativity and take advantage of our strengths, traditions and customs, intangible and tangible capital and our material and immaterial heritage. It can be done through Amphora wine, produced from its exclusive centuries-old grape varieties. These issues will have to be discussed with all the BD members in the next meeting. Considering the crucial role of cooperatives in the development of the regions where they are located, the success of the strategy is extremely important not only for ACVCA, but also for all its stakeholders. Strategic management decisions in a cooperative always have a double objective: on the one hand, to satisfy the interests of the cooperators and, at the same time, to meet the interests of the market and assert its positioning in an increasingly competitive sector. Complexity academic level This case study is intended for:▪ undergraduate students in management, agricultural economy and tourism;▪ executive management course students;▪ Master’s students in strategy, marketing, tourism and agricultural economy; and▪ PhD students in social economy and tourism.This case can have different levels of difficulty depending on the scientific area of the students and whether the cycle of studies is more or less advanced. Resolution of the case may require the following pre-requisites:▪ basic-level knowledge on statistics;▪ medium-level knowledge on managerial accounting, economics and finance; and▪ good level of knowledge on strategic management and on cooperativism theories.

Lithium mining, water resources, and socio-economic issues in northern Argentina: We are not all in the same boat

Lithium mining in Argentina is often associated to social injustices, unequal access to information, and conflicts around issues such as water consumption. Different stakeholders hold different perceptions around the pros and cons of lithium mining. We identify here concerns regarding water resources, technical aspects of lithium mining, and social and economic aspects in four different sources of information: (1) Scientific articles; (2) Government reports; (3) Corporate reports; and (4) Newspaper articles. We found differences between the groups of documents analyzed. Scientific and newspaper articles share a wide spectrum of issues. Corporate and government reports are more focused and relate more heavily to social and economic aspects. Socio-technical issues, frequent in government reports and the media, do not seem relevant in corporate reports. Concerns about water resources and lithium mining are most prominent in scientific and newspaper articles. Government reports were the least concerned about water and the socio-environmental impacts of lithium mining, but focused on global markets, employment and technical development. Analyzing stakeholders’ concerns in the Argentine Puna region can help reveal power structures, connections, and discourses across different sectors and scales.

Food composition databases in the era of Big Data: Vegetable oils as a case study.

Understanding the population's dietary patterns and their impacts on health requires many different sources of information. The development of reliable food composition databases is a key step in this pursuit. With them, nutrition and health care professionals can provide better public health advice and guide society toward achieving a better and healthier life. Unfortunately, these databases are full of caveats. Focusing on the specific case of vegetable oils, we analyzed the possible obsolescence of the information and the differences or inconsistencies among databases. We show that in many cases, the information is limited, incompletely documented, old or unreliable. More importantly, despite the many efforts carried out in the last decades, there is still much work to be done. As such, institutions should develop long-standing programs that can ensure the quality of the information on what we eat in the long term. In the face of climate change and complex societal challenges in an interconnected world, the full diversity of the food system needs to be recognized and more efforts should be put toward achieving a data-driven food system.

A novel approach on spherical fuzzy rough set based-EDA𝒮 method for group decision support system

In daily life, the decision making problem is a complicated work related to uncertainties and vagueness. To overcome this vagueness and uncertainties, many fuzzy sets and theories have been presented by different scholars and researchers. EDA𝒮 (Evaluation based on distance from average solution) method plays a major role in decision-making problems. Especially, when multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problems have more conflicting attribute. In this paper, a new approach known as Spherical fuzzy rough-EDA𝒮 (SFR-EDA𝒮) method is used to handle these uncertainties in the MAGDM problem. The aggregation operators have the ability to combine different sources of information, which plays an essential role in decision making (DM) problem. Keeping in view the increasing complexity of the DM problem, it will be useful to combine the aggregation operators with the fuzzy sets in solving DM problem. Therefore, an aggregation operator known as SFR-EDA𝒮 method is utilized. For this propounded some new averaging and geometric aggregation is investigated. Moreover, the essential and desirable properties with some particular cases are deliberated and discussed detail. To evaluate the emergency program, a MAGDM approach is used based on the new introduced operators. Later on, the viability and applicability the proposed method is certified by a detailed analysis with the other existing approaches.

Digital Twin for Experimental Data Fusion Applied to a Semi-Industrial Furnace Fed with H2-Rich Fuel Mixtures

The objective of this work is to build a Digital Twin of a semi-industrial furnace using Gaussian Process Regression coupled with dimensionality reduction via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. The Digital Twin is capable of integrating different sources of information, such as temperature, chemiluminescence intensity and species concentration at the outlet. The parameters selected to build the design space are the equivalence ratio and the benzene concentration in the fuel stream. The fuel consists of a H2/CH4/CO blend, doped with a progressive addition of C6H6. It is an H2-rich fuel mixture, representing a surrogate of a more complex Coke Oven Gas industrial mixture. The experimental measurements include the flame temperature distribution, measured on a 6×8 grid using an air-cooled suction pyrometer, spatially resolved chemiluminescence measurements of OH* and CH*, and the species concentration (i.e., NO, NO2, CO, H2O, CO2, O2) measured in the exhaust gases. The GPR-based Digital Twin approach has already been successfully applied on numerical datasets coming from CFD simulations. In this work, we demonstrate that the same approach can be applied on heterogeneous datasets, obtained from experimental measurements.

Combining Geographic Distribution and Trait Information to Infer Predator–Prey Species-Level Interaction Properties

Biotic interactions are a key component of the proper functioning of ecosystems. However, information on biotic interactions is spatially and taxonomically biased and limited to several groups. The most efficient strategy to fill these gaps is to combine spatial information (species ranges) with different sources of information (functional and field data) to infer potential interactions. This approach is possible due to the fact that there is a correspondence between the traits of two trophic levels (e.g., predator and prey sizes are correlated). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the performance of the joint use of spatial, functional and field data to infer properties of the predator–prey interaction for five neotropical cats. To do this, we used presence–absence matrices to obtain lists of potential prey species per grid-cell for each predator range. These lists were filtered according to different criteria (models), and for each model, an interaction property was estimated and compared with field observations. Our results show that the use of functional information and co-occurrence allows us to generate values similar to those observed in the field. We also observed that there were differences in model performance related to the intrinsic characteristics of the predator (body size) and the interaction property being evaluated.

Medications Adverse Effects on Voice: Comparison Between Different Sources of Information

The analysis of drugs with adverse effects on voice provides relevant data for the vocal clinic. It is essential that professionals involved in voice care are aligned on the topic of voice pharmacovigilance in order to understand adverse effects from safe and reliable sources. To compare the voice adverse effects of self-reported medications by dysphonic individuals in different sources of information. Descriptive and analytical study based on self-reported active ingredients by dysphonic individuals and their adverse effects on voice listed in Electronic Database of the National Health Surveillance Agency of Brazil (Anvisa). Adverse effects were comparatively analyzed between the Anvisa's Electronic Database and information from the Micromedex and UpToDate databases. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that compared the three sources researched in relation to the number of adverse effects and in relation to the occurrence of adverse effects to the voice. There was a statistically significant difference between the databases regarding the occurrence of adverse effects of cough, dyspnea, xerostomia, vomiting and hoarseness, with a higher occurrence in the UpToDate database. The UpToDate database showed a statistically significant difference in the amount of drug effects compared to the Anvisa database (P < 0.001, d=0.744) and compared to the Micromedex database (P < 0.001, d=0.598), and in the two cases the mean number of drug effects was higher for the UpToDate database. UpToDate proved to be the most suitable source to complement the data from the medication package inserts at the time of the speech-language pathology assessment. It is recommended that professionals from all countries involved in voice care seek additional evidence-based sources of information to gain access to accurate and up-to-date data on adverse effects of drugs on voice.

Principles of the Assessment of Food Additives Used in Food for Infants and Toddlers

Food additives are substances added to food to maintain or improve its safety, freshness, taste, texture, or appearance. Until recently, the assessment of food additives taken up with the normal food was performed only for the population above an age of 12 weeks. With the better knowledge of the physiological specificities in the age group below 12 weeks of age and considering that milk formulae can be the unique dietary source for infants up to 16 weeks, special assessments are performed for food additives already on the market for this age group. This publication explains the background and relevant guidelines for the assessment, including special guidelines for the age group below 16 weeks, and the different sources of information used. The principles followed to assess food additives are described. The requirements for the assessment of food additives used in infants’ food includes testing in special animal models if human data are absent. The amount of food additives the infants are exposed to is estimated based on an exposure assessment. The aim of the assessment is to compare the estimated intake of the FA with milk formulae with safe concentrations taken from clinical studies in infants, special animal models and/or by comparing the exposure by the milk formulae with the content of breast milk whatever is appropriate. Two examples (locust bean gum, lecithin) illustrate the application of the principles. Of special interest is the concentration of impurities in the food additive with a toxic potential, such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, relevant for all food additives, or glycidyl esters, 3‐monochloropropane diol, erucic acid, and trans-fatty acids, relevant for mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. The assessment of food additives intended to be used in food for infants below 16 weeks of age revealed that in most cases the maximum permitted regulatory levels of the food additive would result in an exposure which does not raise health concerns, besides lecithins and locust bean gum. However, the content of impurities with a toxic potential at the regulatory permitted levels is of concern for all food additives which indicates the need for lowering those levels.

On the origin of the combinatorial complexity of the crystal structures with 0D, 1D, or 2D primary motifs

Based on Krivovichev information measures for crystal structures and the universal partitioning scheme for different sources of information described previously by Hornfeck, we proposed a general scheme of complexity calculation for heterodesmic crystals.