Different Seasons Of Year Research Articles

Microbial diversity and biochemical profile of aguamiel collected from Agave salmiana and A. atrovirens during different seasons of year.

Aguamiel is a beverage produced by some Agave species that is consumed in its fresh or fermented form. Despite its uses and popularity, seasonal effects on its microbial and chemical profiles are unknown. In this study, using aguamiel collected from A. salmiana and A. atrovirens during different seasons, we identified microorganisms by sequencing the 16S and 18S rDNA genes and determined their chemical profiles. In total, 49 microbial strains were identified (38 bacteria and 11 yeasts). The highest richness and biodiversity were observed during winter and summer. Different lactic acid bacteria and yeast genera with potential industrial applications were identified, such as Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Clavispora. The analysis of the chemical profiles indicated the presence of maltooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides, which are associated with human health improvements, during spring in Agave aguamiel. Aguamiel can be used in the food industry due to its microbiological and chemical profiles.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPLETED SUICIDE BASED ON SEASON AND DISEASES IN BUSHEHR PROVINCE, (2006-2015)

Suicide, an act in which individuals sacrifice voluntarily themselves, is considered as a serious psychosocial problem. The main objective of the present study was to determine the comparative study of completed suicide based on season and diseases in Bushehr during 2006-2015. This consideration has been done as a retrospective cross-sectional study; the data were collected by the check list. After coordination to the medico legal 343 cases of completed suicide lead to death over a ten year period from 2006 to 2015 were extracted and the data were analyses by SPSS software. Completed suicides were most prevalent in spring 29.7% (102), whereas least prevalent in autumn 20.1% (69). There was no significantly in different seasons in year (P=0.065). But, was a statistically significant difference observed in the different gender and different seasons of the year (P=0.001). The maximum number of completed suicides 10.2% (35) was observed in April, while the minimum number 6.1% (21) was reported in September and October, too. The value Chi square test was statistically significant differences diseases and different seasons (P=0. 001). The psychological disease was observed most in spring and winter seasons. Also was a significant relationship between season of the year and the method of suicide (P=0.001). The number of completed suicides was higher in moderate and cold seasons.

Individual identification of Black-throated Divers (Gavia arctica)

The potential to identify individual Black-throated Divers (Gavia arctica) on the basis of breeding plumage features was explored using 278 photos, including two paired birds followed during the years 2007–2015 at a specific breeding location. Observations were focused on: 1) white lines on the sides of neck, 2)mantle having rows of sharply contrasting white squares, and 3) small white spots on lesser andmedian coverts. In photos, the number ofwhite lines on the sides of neck varied from four to seven (mean = 5.0, n = 278), and the second line from the head was the highest in 92.1% of the photos. The number of “white square” rows on the mantle varied from 11 to 14 and the small white spots on coverts from 27 to 67. Identification of individual Black-throated Divers was potentially easiest if the plumage had some special patterns (19.4% of birds, n = 278). Plumage remained the same in the followed pair between years, as was also shown by the discriminant analysis, since the followed pair was correctly classified by sex but not by sides showing that sides are similar. To estimate whether it is possible to separate these two birds from other birds, a second discriminant analysis was accomplished. Thus, 125 other birds were added to analysis as a third group together with the followed pair (female andmale, nine years and n = 18 per sex). The linear discriminant analysis yielded a classification rate of 70.8% in original analysis and 69.6% based on the leave-one-out analysis (n = 161). These analyses were based on the relative height of the neck lines, their average relative height and standard deviation.When the number ofwhite spotswere added to this discriminant analysis, a correct classification rate of 77.4% in original analysis and 75.7% in the leave-one-out analysis was obtained (n = 115). These analyses suggest that the plumage can be used in identification, especially when following nesting pairs during their breeding seasons in different years. Presumed female andmaleBlack-throatedDiver could be distinguished based on the shape of the forehead.

Mineral mapping and ore prospecting using Landsat TM and Hyperion data, Wushitala, Xinjiang, northwestern China

The Southern Tianshan area, situated in central Asia, is one of the most important gold belts identified by many world-class, superlarge and large gold deposits. The Wushitala area, located in the eastern part of Southern Tianshan, Xinjiang (China), has a strong potential for gold and other metallic mineral deposits. However, no metallic mineral deposit or occurrence has been reported in detail for the Wushitala area in the past, apparently due to poor exploration. This study attempts to map alteration zones and acquire ore prospecting targets in the Wushitala area by integrating Landsat TM and Hyperion data with the ASTER spectral library mineral spectra. The Crosta technique and the anomaly-overlaying selection method were combined to process four temporal Landsat TM data (acquired in the same season in different years) so as to eliminate the random interference-caused false anomalies of alteration minerals (iron oxides and hydroxyl-bearing minerals and carbonates) while retaining the real anomalies. The matched filtering method was applied on Hyperion data for the detailed identification of hydrothermally altered minerals surrounding the granites in the north. The results of Hyperion data are spatially consistent with those of Landsat TM data. Furthermore, the results of Hyperion data show that the alteration minerals associated with the potash feldspar granite are dominated by muscovite and goethite. In our field campaign, fourteen sites (eleven acid intrusion-related and three structure-associated) distributed throughout the study area were inspected, all of which proved to be of geological genesis. Our study led to the discovery of three mineralization sites associated with acid intrusions and structures that were not previously documented. Due to the extensively distributed acid intrusions and structures along the southern Tianshan Belt, several other gold-iron-copper mineralized locations could be found with more detailed investigations. Our mineral prospecting methodology proved effective in the study area and is hereby suggested for application in similar geological settings.

Portuguese

The amount of waste generated nowadays is a reflection of population growth and consumerism, many times, unnecessary by people. Organic waste is the most part of the solid waste generated. This waste need to be treated adequately to avoid environmental problems and health problems in people. The objective was to treat urban residential organic waste and to verify the efficiency of the transformation into biogas and bio fertilizers. A digester of the Indian type was used in Nova Palma, Rio Grande do Sul. The research was developed in the period of three years with a daily monitoring. The average biogas production was higher in the summer for three years and it was more stable in the third year in different seasons. There were no reagents to coliforms. The study found that anaerobic digestion has potential in treating organic waste. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v4iss2p131

Real-time performance evaluation and potential GHG reduction in refrigerated trailers

In this study, real-time performance of typical refrigerated trailers used in food transportation industry is studied theoretically and experimentally. Two pilot refrigerated trailers are selected and real-time data are collected over different seasons of year 2014–2015 using various measuring equipment during routine operation (fleet dairy distribution reefers) in Vancouver, BC, Canada. A new mathematical model is developed to simulate transient behavior of the on-board vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) systems in trailers and obtain thermal and performance characteristics. The model is validated using the experimental data and executed over the wide periods of measurement. The real-time thermal behavior of the VCR systems is obtained and analyzed. The maximum real-time cooling power and power consumption of the systems are calculated as 17.8 and 18.4 kW. The average yearly energy consumption and COP of the systems are obtained as 11,800 kWh and 0.58, respectively. Tremendous GHG reduction of 8320 kg CO2 per year per trailer is possible by replacing the current diesel engine-driven VCR systems with battery-powered types.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater of peninsular Indian region using multivariate statistical techniques

Groundwater quality of Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India) has been assessed during different seasons of year 2012. Three physical (pH, EC, and TDS) and four chemical parameters (Ca2+, Cl−, TH, Mg2+ and SO42−) from 18 bore wells were assessed. The results showed that pH of majority of groundwater samples indicates a slightly basic condition (7.99post-monsoon and 8.35pre-monsoon). TH was slightly hard [322.11 mg/lpre-monsoon, 299.37 mg/lpost-monsoon but lies under World Health Organization (WHO) upper limit]. EC, TDS, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were under WHO permissible limit during post-monsoon (1503.42 μS/cm, 1009.37, 66.58 and 32.42 mg/l respectively) and pre-monsoon (1371.58 μS/cm, 946.84, 71.79 and 34.79 mg/l, respectively). EC shows a good correlation with SO42− (R2 = 0.59pre-monsoon, 0.77post-monsoon) which indicates that SO42− plays a major role in EC of ground water of bore wells. SO42− has also showed positive correlations with TDS (R2 = 0.84pre-monsoon, 0.95post-monsoon) and TH (R2 = 0.70pre-monsoon, 0.75post-monsoon). The principal component analysis (PCA)/factor analysis (FA) was carried out; Factor1 explains 59.154 and 69.278 % of the total variance during pre- and post-monsoon, respectively, with a strong positive loading on Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, TDS and a negative loading on pH. Factor2 accounts for 13.94 and 14.22 % of the total variance during pre- and post-monsoon, respectively, and was characterized by strong positive loading of only pH and poor/negative loading of EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, TDS and TH during pre- and post-monsoon. We recommend routine monitoring and thorough treatment before consumption. Further, this study has demonstrated the effectiveness of PCA/FA to assess the hydrogeochemical processes governing the groundwater chemistry in the area.

A long-term study on the deletion criterion of questionable electron density profiles caused by ionospheric irregularities – COSMIC radio occultation technique

The crucial assumption made in the retrieval of radio-occultated atmospheric parameters is the spherical symmetry of the atmospheric refractive index, which implies that no horizontal gradient of the refractive index exists along the spherical shell. Nevertheless, the presence of density irregularities will lead to scintillation and multipath effects that often create highly fluctuating and random electron density profiles. In this study, it is proposed a reliable data quality control (QC) approach to remove questionable electron density profiles (due to the presence of ionospheric irregularities) retrieved using the COSMIC radio occultation (RO) technique based on two parameters, namely, the gradient and fluctuation of the topside density profile. Statistics of seven years density profiles (July 2006–May 2013) are presented by determining the aforementioned parameters for every density profile. The main advantage of this data QC is that it uses COSMIC RO electron density profiles retrieved from the slant total electron content (TEC) that is estimated from the excess phases of the GPS L1 and L2 frequencies only to delete the questionable profiles, instead of relying on any model and other observations. A systematic criterion has been developed based on the statistics to relinquish the so-called questionable density profiles. The computed gradients and fluctuations of the topside ionosphere electron density profiles have shown a few important features including, solar activity dependency and pronounced variations in between around +40° and −40° latitudes. After the removal of questionable profiles, both peak densities and heights of the ionosphere F layer are presented globally in different seasons of years during 2007 and 2012 that revealed several important features.

Low temperature functional analysis of bitumen modified with composite of nano-SiO2 and styrene butadiene styrene polymer

ABSTRACTMost parts of Iran have completely different climates in different seasons of year. In other words, in summer it is very warm and in winter it becomes very cold. Achieving modified bitumen that could function adequately in both high and low temperature has always been under attention of researchers. One of bitumen modifiers is styrene butadiene styrene polymer. Because bitumen modified by styrene butadiene styrene does not show expected field function in both high and low temperatures, largely due to phase separation of bitumen and polymer, in the present study it has been tried to analyze the low-temperature function of bitumen modified by combining nano-SiO2 and styrene butadiene styrene polymer. The study reveals that adding nano-SiO2 by 3% and 4% of bitumen weight to the double combination of bitumen and styrene butadiene styrene polymer has improved its function in low temperature. This study has innovation as it deals with the analysis of low temperature function of nano-SiO2 and SBS in modification of bitumen for the first time in the world.

The Relationships between Climate Variability and Crop Yield in a Mountainous Environment: A Case Study in Lamjung District, Nepal

Several studies have concluded that mountainous countries such as Nepal are more vulnerable to climate change; thus, a changing climate should have a significant impact on crop yields. This work aims to explore the impact of climate change on major crop yields in the mountainous parts of Nepal and to determine their relationships based on a regression model between historical climatic data and yield data for food crops. The study starts with an analysis of the last 30 years of climatic data from Lamjung district. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s Slope methods have been used for the trend analysis and quantification. The results showed an increase in temperature of approximately 0.02 °C to 0.07 °C per year in different seasons and a mixed trend in precipitation. Although there was no significant impact of the climate variables on the yields of all crops, the regression analysis revealed negative relationships between maize yield and summer precipitation and between wheat yield and winter minimum temperature, and a positive relationship between millet yield and summer maximum temperature.

Seasonal prevalence level of aflatoxin M1 and its estimated daily intake in Pakistan

Aflatoxin M1 level was measured in 520 milk samples during autumn, winter, spring and summer seasons of 2013–14 in five districts of Southern Punjab-Pakistan. Analyses were performed by using enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Aflatoxin M1 was found positive in 93% milk samples in the range of 0.001–0.26 μg/l while 53% samples were found to exceed the European Union maximum Limit for aflatoxins M1 i.e. 0.05 μg/l. The seasonal prevalence level of AFM1 was found in the order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. Comparing the aflatoxin M1 level during different day times, morning milk was found 37–50% more contaminated than evening milk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of aflatoxins M1 during different seasons of year for various age groups was found in the range of 0.22–5.45 ng/kg/day. Infants were found in the highest risk group while adults were in the lowest. The results of the study indicate that people of Pakistan are at high risk of health issues related with aflatoxins M1.

Influence of biotic factors on the mechanical properties of wood, taking into account the time of harvesting

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the influence of biotic factors (fungi and insects) on the mechanical properties of wood through the effect of blue-stain, taking into account the time of harvesting and the time of stay of wood in the forest. Specifically, the resistance to axial compression and to bending (modulus of rupture (MOR)) was studied using infected specimens of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies) (the usual types of wood used in woodwork). The specimens were obtained from logs of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce that were harvested in three different seasons of year, namely in July 2012, November 2012 and June 2013, respectively, in the forest of Elatia-Greece, and the attack pace by biotic factors with respect to the time of logging was studied. The placement of the experimental surfaces of each type of tree was made on skid road and in the stand. Totally, 120 laboratory measurements in axial compression and 120 measurements in bending (MOR) took place. The results proved that blue-stain hardly affect the mechanical properties of both wooden species and particularly the specimens that were derived during the winter logging.

Status of some fishery resources in a tropical mangrove estuary of Sarawak, Malaysia

This study was carried out to assess the fishery resources of the Sibuti River estuary, Sarawak, Malaysia. Data were collected from the study area for a period of one year in different seasons. The estuary is relatively species-rich and a total of 4675 individuals of 32 families from 60 species of fish (55), crab (four) and shrimp (one) were collected. Coilia dussumieri was the dominant species (22.63%) followed by Nemapteryx caelata (11.85%), Otolithes ruber (7.85%) and Ilisha elongata (5.80%). Marked seasonal variations were found among most of the hydrobiological factors; however, seasonal variations were not significant for the diversity indices such as Shannon–Wiener, Margalef and Evenness. The number of fish taxa caught in different mesh size gill nets was 1 inch (42 species) > 2 inch (36 species) > 4 inch (25 species), suggesting that smaller mesh nets are more suitable for assessing the diversity of fishery resources. SIMPER analysis showed that Coilia dussumieri was the most abundant species in the dry (10.3%) and intermediate (8.1%) seasons, whereas N. caelata was most abundant in the wet season (7.1%). Significant differences (ANOSIM and nMDS) were observed in the species community structure between dry–intermediate and dry–wet seasons; however, species compositions were not significantly different between intermediate and wet seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that most of the species assemblages were positively correlated with turbidity and chlorophyll a, followed by phosphate, nitrate and zooplankton density. The findings suggest that the Sibuti mangrove estuary is productive in terms of diversified fishery resources, which are influenced by the hydrobiological factors.

Contamination of vegetables with helminth parasites of zoonotic importance

Vegetables are an important source of nourishment, but raw and minimally processed vegetables readily get contaminated with helminth parasites throughout the process of planting to consumption. Vegetable samples were collected from the selected study areas viz; three village fields, three local markets and two supermarkets during the last one year in different seasons and were processed for extraction of helminthic parasites (eggs/larvae). Incidence of helminthic parasites was found to be highest during rainy season (55.76%) followed by winter (47.92%) and summer (18.18%), irrespective of site of collection. Vegetable samples collected from local markets showed maximum contamination (40.28–83.33%) during all the seasons in comparison to field crops (0–56.94%) and vegetables collected from supermarkets (2.08–16.67%). Leafy vegetables were found to be highly contaminated (64.58–87.50%, except cabbage) with parasitic helminths followed by root vegetables (45.83–55.55%) and fruit vegetables (12.50–43.75%). The present study showed the helminthic contamination of vegetables in fields as well as being sold in the local markets of Ludhiana.

Hydrological dynamics of temporary wetlands in the southern Great Plains as a function of surrounding land use

We used remote sensing imagery to characterize the hydrological dynamics of 8404 temporary freshwater wetlands (playas) in Texas (Landsat 5 TM WRS-2 P30/R36) from 2008 to 2011, comparing known wet and dry periods, and related these to land use within 100 m. Hydroperiods were highly variable, and peak water availability occurred in different seasons in different years, varying by as much as two orders of magnitude with date. Land use affected the likelihood and duration of inundation, with playas in urban settings being modified in such a way as to extend hydroperiod, and playas surrounded by cropland experiencing shorter hydroperiods: 3726 playa basins never contained standing water during the four-year period, and many of these were surrounded by cotton, corn, wheat, or sorghum. In contrast, 25 playas never dried, and most of these were surrounded by urban development. Median hydroperiod was 17–109 days, being longer during the relatively wet year of 2010 compared to exceptional drought in 2011. Remote sensing was useful in monitoring playa surface water fluctuations as a function of land use, providing an alternative source of data in the absence of ground-based hydrological records, and granting a temporal perspective that may otherwise not exist for seasonal or ephemeral wetlands.

Evolution of egg production and parental contribution in Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, during four consecutive spawning seasons

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total egg production of three groups of wild Solea senegalensis that were adapted to captivity (B1, B2 and B3) and to evaluate parental contribution through the allocation of larvae hatched over four spawning seasons (2007–2010). Total production, daily relative fecundity, and fertilisation and hatching rates were obtained. In addition, an analysis of egg diameter was performed. The total production resulted in 633 spawns and showed a number of differences in the floating volume rate and the hatching rate between each year. The mean relative fecundity and the fertilisation rate showed interannual stability. Significant differences in production were found between the different breeding tanks. The change in the egg diameter decreased as the breeding season progressed, and the relationship between egg diameter and time, calculated using the spawns of two females, showed a significant correlation (ρ = − 0.426, p = 0.000 and ρ = − 0.362, p = 0.000, respectively) and a significant fit to a cubic regression model (R 2 = 33.6, p = 0.000 and R 2 = 54.3, p = 0.000, respectively). Parentage analysis with four highly polymorphic microsatellites enabled the identification of the parents involved in each spawn, the relationships between males and females over the breeding season and between breeding seasons, and the reproductive rhythms of individual females. The percentage of individuals that participated in the spawns in each tank ranged between 8.7% (B1, 2009) and 51.7% (B3, 2008) annually. Paternity inference of progenies (n = 3630 larvae) showed a high fidelity behaviour in Senegalese sole, with offspring allocated to the same couples throughout the breeding season (87–98%) and even between mating seasons in different years. The period of reproductive activity of the 4 most active females lasted from 96 days (female 37, 2010) to 252 days (female 35, 2009), with intervals between consecutive spawns ranging between 1 and 56 days.

Seasonal Alteration in Physico-Chemical characteristics of Ground Water Quality Around Amarkantak Thermal Power Plant, Chachai, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Abstract: The ground water quality is relatively based on the geo-morphological and environmental conditions, which are the key source to assess the alteration in physico chemical properties of water quality of the system and surroundings. The current study is an outcome of continual observation and physicochemical analysis of water samples collected in a fix time of intervals during different seasons of year from the radius of 3-4 km considering Amarkantak Thermal Power Station in Chachai (M.P.), as centre of study point and impartible source of Environmental pollutants. In order to scrutinize the Physico-Chemical Properties of Surface water to assess the suitability for domestic purposes, water samples were collected from five different locations in the surrounding of ATPS, Chachai in summer, monsoon and winter seasons. The ground water samples were analysed for 14 physico-chemical parameters. Significant changes have been observed in the water quality during the year. the pH ranged from 7.128.30, conductivity differed 231-1392 (μs/cm), TDS ranged 148-891 ppm, however fluctuation was higher in Total Hardness from 118-512 ppm, but changes in Ca and Mg hardness is noticeable. Alkalinity was reported minimum 136 and maximum 380 ppm, while the concentration of chloride varied from 14-210 ppm. The concentration of nitrate observed in between 8-58 ppm, sulphate ranged 24-230 ppm and phosphate found within the permissible limits in all sample points. The studied physico-chemical parameters of 3 locations out of 5 sampling station reveal that, water quality is appropriate for domestic and drinking purpose except two locations due to higher limits of turbidity, conductivity, TDS, hardness, Alkalinity and Nitrate concentration against BIS: 10500 standards.

Monthly and annual changes of forage production and consumption of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss) Bor., Case study: Jevengane Genou-Hormozgan Province, Iran

Forage production in rangelands differs at different times of the grazing season and also in the same months of different years. In the present, grazing capacity is calculated for one time during the grazing season which coincides with the maximum growth of rangeland species. This causes more livestock entry in to the rangeland during the grazing season and consequently more degradation is occurred. Since it is not possible to measure the range production during the grazing season each year, therefore, it is necessary to measure it during the months of grazing season in a few years and, based on it, the long-term grazing capacity of key range species could be calculated. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal changes of forage production and consumption of Cymbopogon olivieri during the growing season in different years. This research was performed for four years in the vegetation type of Gymnocarpos decander-Euphorbia larica, in Jevengane region of Genou, located at an altitude of 265 meters above sea level and 40 km From Bandar Abbas in south of Iran. For this purpose, the production of this species was measured in a one-hectare exclosure with one month intervals until the growth dormancy. The rest of production was measured outside the exclosure, and the amount of consumption was calculated by subtracting it from the production of inside the exclosure. The amount of forage production and consumption, after air-drying, were analyzed by SAS software. Results showed that, due to the high variability of monthly and annual rainfall in the region, forage production and consumption of Cymbopogon olivieri showed significant differences at the 1% level.

SNOW-COVERED SURFACE VARIABILITY AND DEM GENERATION USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN MOUNT ODIN, CANADA

Seasonal snow-covered surface has a critical role in global water resource supplement especially providing fresh water for humankind and flora's consumptions as well as local underground water storages. The in situ measurements of seasonal snow-covered variability are extensively prodigal and costly particularly in existence of severe climate conditions such as high latitude regions and polar areas. It is therefore necessary to apply remote sensing techniques and observations to estimate accurately the snowpack melting and accumulation for different seasons. In this paper, we estimate snow-covered surface variability for four different seasons of year in Mount Odin, Canada using aerial photos. In order to do this, firstly Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with respect to Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) for each flight mission of A, B, C and D from these aerial photos by applying Bundle Adjustment (BA) triangulation is being generated precisely. Moreover, the displacement of each two DEMs is computing in order to determine snow-covered surface variability between each two flight missions. The results demonstrate that flight mission C has the highest elevation topographically compare to the missions A, B and D while mission C was planned in February 2011 in existence of vast snow throughout Mount Odin area as well as mission C's DEM which has higher elevation values than the others. The proposed methodology and problem solution and the case study information with the details of each flight mission are discussed in expatiation.

Comparação de elementos filtrantes no grau de obstrução em irrigação por gotejamento

Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade mostrar a variação da qualidade da água e sua influência na perda de carga de dois sistemas de filtragem (filtro de disco e manta sintética não tecida) utilizados em um sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. Utilizou-se água de um reservatório aberto, onde foi instalado um módulo de irrigação localizada para o estudo. Para melhor comparação dos filtros, foram utilizados dois índices de uniformidade de distribuição de água para verificar o grau de entupimento dos gotejadores. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas de 30 dias, realizadas em diferentes estações do ano. Em cada etapa, foram analisados os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água de irrigação que causam problemas de entupimento nos emissores: sólidos suspensos, turbidez, pH, ferro, manganês, sulfetos, condutividade elétrica, sólidos dissolvidos, dureza, índice de Langelier, algas e bactérias. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros químicos que apresentaram médio risco de obstrução aos emissores, foram: pH, ferro e sulfetos. Os parâmetros físicos e biológicos analisados apresentaram baixo risco de entupimento nos gotejadores. No filtro de manta sintética não tecida, a evolução da perda de carga foi mais acentuada e mais rápida em relação ao de disco.