Different Routes Of Immunization Research Articles

Antibody Response in Domestic Fowl as Affected by Different Immunization Methods

The differences are described in this paper as observed in the formation of antibodies an adult hens following application of different routes of immunization and using two antigens distinguished by different dependences on the thymus, actually the SRBC and B. abortus. Formation of the agglutination antibodies to SRBC was inferior to the latter, the i.m. immunization method of antigen application with adjuvant, in conjuction with simplicity of the procedure, in general leading to optimum titres of specific antibodies.

Different patterns of antigen-induced histamine release during immunotherapy in insect venom and pollen allergy

Antigen-induced histamine release from whole blood was shown to be a suitable parameter for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity in both patients allergic to bee or wasp venom as well as in patients suffering from seasonal tree pollen allergy. Although both groups were treated successfully by specific immunotherapy, only in patients with insect allergy venom induced histamine release decreased significantly during therapy, whereas, in the patient with pollinosis, pollen induced histamine release did not change significantly during or after treatment. This discrepancy in the antigen-induced histamine release could either be due to different routes of immunization with the allergen and/or is caused by the atopic status which is prevalent in patients with pollinosis but not in insect allergic subjects.

High frequency of splenic anti-class I cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors correlates with in vivo rejection of K/D region disparate thyroid and islet grafts in mice.

The relationship between the ability of different recombinant mouse strains to reject thyroid and pancreatic islet grafts that differ in class I antigens and the frequencies of the recipients' cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL-P) directed against donor antigens was examined. We analyzed three different pairs of D region histoincompatible recombinant mouse strains in which unidirectional thyroid graft rejection occurred. Frequency analysis of their splenic CTL-P demonstrated that the mouse strains that rejected the grafts exhibit a relatively high CTL-P frequency against the donor D region-encoded alloantigens at a magnitude similar to that directed against a third party, which differ in the entire H-2 complex. Mouse strains that did not reject thyroid grafts exhibited a relatively low CTL-P frequency against the donor alloantigens, but a normal high frequency against alloantigens encoded by the entire H-2 complex of a third party strain. The effect of different routes of immunization on the two parameters was tested in B10.S(7R) mice, which accept B10.S thyroid grafts permanently. Immunization of B10.S(7R) mice by injection of 50 X 10(6) B10.S spleen cells i.p. did not confer the ability to reject B10.S thyroid grafts and did not affect the low splenic anti-B10.S CTL-P frequency. By contrast, B10.S(7R) mice that were immunized by transplantation of B10.S skin rejected a subsequent B10.S thyroid graft and at the same time demonstrated a fourfold increase in the specific CTL-P frequency. We found that the ability to reject thyroid and pancreatic islet grafts always correlated with high CTL-P frequency against the donor alloantigens; however, acceptance of allografts was not always correlated with low CTL-P frequency. We assume, therefore, that the high frequency of CTL-P against donor alloantigens may be a prerequisite (but is not always sufficient) for rejection of K/D region disparate thyroid and pancreatic islet grafts.

Purified influenza vaccine: clinical and serologic responses to varying doses and different routes of immunization.

Recently a purified bivalent influenza vaccine prepared by zonal ultracentrifugation was described, which appeared to be highly antigenic and to cause few side reactions [1, 2]. During the 1968-1969 epidemic of influenza caused by the Hong Kong variant of influenza A2 virus, a highly purified monovalent influenza vaccine was prepared in a similar manner and made available for field testing. Because it was highly purified and could be concentrated in the zonal ultracentrifuge, the vaccine was available in preparations of different potency. This made it possible to give the vaccine at different levels of dosage and to compare antigenic response and incidence of side reactions to a single subcutaneous inoculation. Although the usual route of immunization employed with killed influenza vaccines is the subcutaneous one, physicians have frequently used the intradermal route in patients who have given a history of previous severe local reactions to the vaccine or when vaccine is in short supply. Recent reports have also suggested that administration of the vaccine intranasally may be a more effective way of obtaining local antibody and