Different Regions Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

Renewable Electricity Production and Sustainability of the National and Regional Power Systems of Kazakhstan

The government of Kazakhstan is following many other national governments in promoting the development of renewable energy generation through adjustment of the policy environment and investment incentives. The government has started to invest in the construction of wind-, solar- and hydro-energy producing stations, some of which already operate in different regions of Kazakhstan. This paper aims to address the local challenges of the transition to renewable electric energy generation in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The authors examine regional challenges associated with introducing renewable energy production, with a focus on the energy market, the regional grid and energy management practices. The findings show that the development of renewable energy in the Almaty region is complicated by the absence of decentralized consumption options, the unreadiness of the regional grid and traditional power stations to accept renewable energy and the centralized old-fashioned management of the energy system. Instead of the expected increase of cheap energy for the private sector, there is an increasing technological and financial burden on traditional energy producers. The findings of the study raise serious research questions for further exploration: what is the real cost of clean energy production for regions of Kazakhstan, and why does public investment in support of renewable energy production not consider the implications of increasing the efficiency of traditional energy production and modernizing regional energy grids?

Analysis of the Food Consumption Mode and Its Influencing Factors in Kazakhstan

The excessive influence of human activity has highlighted the dilemma between maintaining a stable ecosystem while satisfying consumer demands for food. Kazakhstan has ecological problems caused by the conflict between humans and the land, grasslands and raising livestock. Therefore, this study of the food consumption modes in Kazakhstan aims to improve the sustainability of food consumption while maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. Based on the data of food consumption in Kazakhstan in 2012 and 2016, and through the delineation of consumption modes and the analysis of their changes, this study found three very different food consumption modes in Kazakhstan - one dominated by milk and cereals; one by milk, cereals and meat; and one by milk, cereals, meat, vegetables and fruit. These three modes were distributed separately in the northern, central and southern regions of Kazakhstan, respectively. It is worth noting that food consumption in Kazakhstan is developing into a pattern of milk, cereals and meat. Confronted with the different food consumption modes and their tendencies toward variations, the basic theories of food production need to be revised, and the exchange of information and cooperation between the different regions of Kazakhstan and relevant interests abroad should be encouraged in order to increase the well-being of local consumers.

PROBLEMS GREENHOUSE GASES EMITTED FROM VEHICLES

The article deals with the issues of environmental safety in the operation of motor vehicles, which are one of the leaders in greenhouse gas emissions into the environment. The level of motorization of the country's cities, providing the social side of life, proportionally leads to the development of environmental problems. The article considers the main factors of transport use in different regions of Kazakhstan and their negative impact on the environment. The analysis of the key problems of public transport, more than a third of which are the percentage of greenhouse gas emissions and harmful substances into the atmosphere. The main directions of environmental safety, the necessity of methodological and methodical study on a qualitatively new basis of the problems of the use of natural gas as an alternative motor fuel. The foreign experience of using fuel from alternative sources is analyzed.

Problems regarding University Graduates’ Employment in Different Regions of Kazakhstan

Problems regarding University Graduates’ Employment in Different Regions of Kazakhstan

240P - Morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan

BackgroundCervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women from cancer of the reproductive organs in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan. MethodsMortality and morbidity rates were calculated for the period 2007-2016. 95% confidence intervals are presented. Incidence of and mortality rates were calculated per 100,000 (0/0000) of female population. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software, version 20.0 for Windows. ResultsFor the period from 2007 to 2016, the incidence rates of cervical cancer were analyzed, which varied from 15.24 to 18.83 per 100,000 of female population. Mortality rates tended to decline over the 10-year period under review in 2007, reaching 7.8 to 7.0 per 100,000 of female population in 2016. There is a difference in morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer between different regions of Kazakhstan. An analysis of the distribution of the incidence in the Republic of Kazakhstan revealed the highest incidence rates in the northern region of the country 28.2 (95% CI: 23.6-33.5) and the north-eastern region 27.3 (95% CI: 22.4-32.9) per 100,000 of female population. On the other hand, the lowest morbidity and mortality rates were found in the southern region substituted 10.4 (95% CI: 7.4-14.2) and 5.4 (95% CI: 4.3-6.8) per 100,000 of female population respectively. ConclusionsThus, the incidence of cervical cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan has increased over the 10-year period in question, while mortality rates have been gradually decreasing. Such trends can result from the national screening program which was implemented in Kazakhstan. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe author. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Improving HIV service delivery for people who inject drugs in Kazakhstan: study protocol for the Bridge stepped-wedge trial

BackgroundPeople who inject drugs (PWID) in Kazakhstan face many barriers to HIV testing as well as to accessing HIV care, to retention in HIV care, and to initiating and adhering to anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Needle and syringe programs (NSPs) are an opportune setting for integrated interventions to link PWID to HIV care.MethodsThis Hybrid Type II study employs a stepped-wedge design to evaluate both effectiveness and implementation outcomes of Bridge, an intervention to identify, test, and link HIV-positive PWID to HIV care. The study is conducted at 24 NSPs in three different regions of Kazakhstan, to assess outcomes on the individual, organizational, and policy levels.DiscussionThis trial responds to an identified need for new models of HIV service delivery for PWID through harm reduction settings.Trial registrationNCT02796027 on June 10, 2016.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Brucella isolates from the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The purposes of this study were to determine phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Brucella isolates from the Republic of Kazakhstan and to determine their biotype. The focus was laid on culture-morphological, biochemical, and biological properties of 59 Brucella isolates from primary cultures. Material was isolated from blood and tissue of serum-positive killed, dead diseased, or aborted domestic cattle from different regions of Kazakhstan where brucellosis is a common problem. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of all strains, isolated in different regions, has shown that Brucella isolates from the epizootic form two clusters. Based on the comparison with strains available in the MLVA database, B. abortus 0015/B is alike the B. abortus strains isolated from Italy and Portugal. B. melitensis 0016/B isolated from the Almaty region fits the third cluster and is alike the B. melitensis strains isolated from humans in Turkey, China, and Portugal. More than 90% of the overall B. abortus samples were isolated from the northern regions of the East and West Kazakhstan, while B. melitensis strains were registered in the southeast Kazakhstan. The most frequently recorded B. abortus biovar is biovar 3. The most frequently recorded B. melitensis biovars are biovars 1 and 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: These results contribute to a better understanding of the geographic pattern of Brucella infection in Kazakh cattle also important for developing the specific control measures. The results of current research can be used for creating a gene bank of Brucella strains circulating in Kazakhstan for producing diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The research material will be used to solve the problems of genetic characterization of Brucella species and to establish the phylogenetic relationships of strains.

Sustainable production of pure silica from rice husk waste in Kazakhstan

This study aimed at developing a new synthesis method for the production of high purity silica from rice husks originated from different regions of Kazakhstan. The proposed eco-friendly method is compared with the conventional one reported in the literature which is accompanied by the use of significant amount of inorganic alkali and acids and direct combustion. In order to reduce the environmental impact, the mineral acid pre-treatment stage was either removed or replaced with organic acid pre-treatment, which reduced the amount of chemicals used during the synthesis and treatment process. The calcination temperature of 600 °C was selected based on thermogravimetric analysis. The average purity of silica samples obtained via different methods ranged from 84.81 to 99.66 wt%. The purity of the produced silica by use of the greener method was high reaching 98.67% with surface area up to 625 m2/g.

Combining different proteomic approaches to resolve complexity of the milk protein fraction of dromedary, Bactrian camels and hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan.

Nutritional suitability of milk is not only related to gross composition, but is also strongly affected by the microheterogeniety of the protein fraction. Hence, to go further into the evaluation of the potential suitability of non-bovine milks in human/infant nutrition it is necessary to have a detailed characterization of their protein components. Combining proven proteomic approaches (SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS) and cDNA sequencing, we provide here in depth characterization of the milk protein fraction of dromedary and Bactrian camels, and their hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. A total 391 functional groups of proteins were identified from 8 camel milk samples. A detailed characterization of 50 protein molecules, relating to genetic variants and isoforms arising from post-translational modifications and alternative splicing events, belonging to nine protein families (κ-, αs1-, αs2-, β-; and γ-CN, WAP, α-LAC, PGRP, CSA/LPO) was achieved by LC-ESI-MS. The presence of two unknown proteins UP1 (22,939 Da) and UP2 (23,046 Da) was also reported as well as the existence of a β-CN short isoform (946 Da lighter than the full-length β-CN), arising very likely in both genetic variants (A and B) from proteolysis by plasmin. In addition, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the occurrence of a αs2-CN phosphorylation isoform with 12P groups within two recognition motifs, suggesting thereby the existence of two kinase systems involved in the phosphorylation of caseins in the mammary gland. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic variants, which hitherto seemed to be species- specific (e.g. β-CN A for Bactrian and β-CN B for dromedary), are in fact present both in Camel dromedarius and C. bactrianus.

Taxonomic assessment of Allium species from Kazakhstan based on ITS and matK markers

BackgroundAs part of nation-wide project to infer the genetic variation of the native flora in Kazakhstan, a study was attempted to assess phylogenetic relationships of endemic and rare Allium species. In total, 20 Allium species were collected in field trips in five different regions of Kazakhstan during 2015–2016. Most species (9) were collected in the southern part of the country along of Karatau mountains, followed by Altai mountains (5) in eastern Kazakhstan. The ITS and matK DNA regions were applied in order to assess the taxonomic relationships among species. The major goal of the study was to assess the taxonomic position of five endemic and rare species from Allium subgenus Reticulatobulbosa collected in Karatau mountains of Southern Kazakhstan.ResultsThe 20 collected Allium species were assessed using morphological traits and a DNA barcoding approach. The morphological analyses of four different species in subgenus Reticulatobulbosa inferred similarities of A. inconspicuum and A. barszchewskii (both from section Companulata) that were separated from A. oreoscordum and A. oreoprasoides (section Nigrimontana) by several traits, including form of bulbs and leaves, presence of bracts, shape of perianth lobes and style. The Neighbor-Joining method was applied to generate ITS and matK phylogenetic trees for two groups of populations: 1) 20 Allium species collected within the project, and 2) 50 Allium worldwide species.ConclusionsThe analyses of nucleotide sequences of ITS and matK robustly confirmed the monophyletic origin of the Allium species. The variability in 20 local Allium species in ITS was 6.6 higher than in matK, therefore the topology of the ITS tree was better resolved. The taxonomy of Allium species largely coincided with a recent classification of this genus. Analyses of both ITS and matK suggest that A. oreoscordum is genetically close to A. oreoprasoides in section Nigrimontana of subgenus Reticulatobulbosa. This result was also confirmed using morphological description of individual plants of four species in subgenus Reticulatobulbosa. The study is another contribution to taxonomy clarification in Allium.

GWAS of agronomic traits in soybean collection included in breeding pool in Kazakhstan

BackgroundIn recent years soybean is becoming one of the most important oilseed crops in Kazakhstan. Only within the last ten years (2006–2016), the area under soybean is expanded from 45 thousand hectares (ha) in 2006 to 120 thousand ha in 2016. The general trend of soybean expansion is from south-eastern to eastern and northern regions of the country, where average temperatures are lower and growing seasons are shorter. These new soybean growing territories were poorly examined in terms of general effects on productivity level among the diverse sample of soybean accessions. In this study, phenotypic data were collected in three separate regions of Kazakhstan and entire soybean sample was genotyped for identification of marker-trait associations (MTA).ResultsIn this study, the collection of 113 accessions representing five different regions of the World was planted in 2015–2016 in northern, eastern, and south-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. It was observed that North American accessions showed the highest yield in four out of six trials especially in Northern Kazakhstan in both years. The entire sample was genotyped with 6 K SNP Illumina array. 4442 SNPs found to be polymorphic and were used for whole genome genotyping purposes. Obtained SNP markers data and field data were used for GWAS (genome-wide association study). 30 SNPs appear to be very significant in 42 MTAs in six studied environments.ConclusionsThe study confirms the efficiency of GWAS for the identification of molecular markers which tag important agronomic traits. Overall thirty SNP markers associated with time to flowering and maturation, plant height, number of fertile nodes, seeds per plant and yield were identified. Physical locations of 32 identified out of 42 total MTAs coincide well with positions of known analogous QTLs. This result indicates importance of revealed MTAs for soybean growing regions in Kazakhstan. Obtained results would serve as required prerequisite for forming and realization of specific breeding programs towards effective adaptation and increased productivity of soybean in three different regions of Kazakhstan.

The Fortress and the Frontier: Mobility, Culture, and Class in Almaty and Astana

As the seat of the Kazakh government and a booming city since 1998, Astana has attracted hundreds of thousands of migrants. As a cultural and financial capital, Almaty has also continued to boom, drawing comparable numbers of migrants from different regions of Kazakhstan. However, varying historical trajectories and historically constructed notions of the urban and rural, as articulated by the cultural elites and policy-makers, as well as different preparedness of the government for migration flows in the 1990s and the 2000s in Almaty and Astana respectively, have resulted in quite diverse attitudes toward mobility and different perceptions about how urban order should be achieved.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN SHYMKENT, SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN: JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NEED FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF MUNICIPAL INJURY REGISTRY

External causes are ranked as the third most common cause of death in Kazakhstan. At the same time, Kazakhstan has the highest mortality from traffic injuries in the world warranting development of preventive programs based on the main principles of evidence-based medicine. Given considerable heterogeneity between different regions of Kazakhstan, preventive programs should be based on the regional evidence. In this descriptive study we present a structure of injuries using the data on all injuries hospitalized to Shymkent Municipal Emergency Care Hospital from 1 January 2012 through 31 December 2014. Type of trauma, mechanism and circumstances as well as age, gender, time and place of when injury took place were registered. We present the main typical traumas that require hospitalizations, but also describe limitations of the existing medical documentation for development of preventive programs. We suggest establishment of a municipal injury registry which can have comparable with international registries data on circumstances of injuries, which can be used in other regions of Kazakhstan.

The Knowledge Competence Development and use of Information Technologies in Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises in Kazakhstan

Background/Objectives: This paper explores the theoretical perspectives on knowledge competence, use of technologies and development of SMEs in Kazakhstan in view of lack of research in this area. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Questionnaire survey was designed to study the opinions of top management of SMEs from different regions of Kazakhstan about their companies’ performance. Statistical analysis was applied to process the obtained results. Findings: The descriptive data have been collected via a questionnaire survey of SMEs directors from different regions of Kazakhstan. The results reveal good pre-conditions for further development of knowledge competence in SMEs in Kazakhstan. This study has shown the situation in the Kazakhstani SMEs in terms of knowledge development opportunities as well as the existing situation with the use of information technologies. The ability of SMEs to use the existing knowledge determines the success of companies’ strategies. Applications/Improvements: The “DAMU” role in creating the new knowledge for entrepreneurs and financial support may contribute to the development of information technologies and knowledge competence in the long term.

The problem of hormonphobia in the practice of obstetrician–gynecologists in Kazakhstan

Of the total number of 45–69 years old women in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the frequency of use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) drugs does not tend to increase and remains at a low level amounting to only 0.8% in 2010 and 0.9% in 2013. Frequency of HRT drugs use among women who are obstetricians and gynecologists from different regions of Kazakhstan between the ages of 45 to 69 years old was only 10% in 2008 and 14% in 2013. The reasons for low use of HRT among obstetricians and gynecologists were associated with fear of cancer, obesity, thromboembolism and stroke. Moreover, this information is supported by other doctors, especially oncologists and endocrinologists. There is low use of different types of contraceptives for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Thus, contraceptives were used by 30.4% of women of reproductive age in 2000, and by 38.2% in 2012. Frequency of use of hormonal contraceptives remains at extremely low levels with a slight increase from 1.8% in 2004 to 2.2% in 2013, which has resulted in the fact that abortion remains primary birth control method. Low use of hormonal contraception methods and HRT drugs indicates hormonophobia among doctors of all specializations. There is a need to increase the knowledge of obstetrician–gynecologists, internists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, urologists, and healthy living office employees in urban clinics of modern methods of contraception, and nosotropic therapy for menopausal symptoms with the use of HRT drugs.

Kazakhstan's and developed countries’ experience in reforming social policy on employment of people with disabilities

Abstract. The article is dedicated to the state social policy, its characteristics with special attention to the social programs for the people with disabilities. Different approaches to social policy definition and classification are described. Features and data on social policy of EU countries, as well as of Kazakhstan are analyzed. Law and regulatory documents on employment of the disabled in Kazakhstan are characterized. The programs on providing social services for the people with disabilities in different regions of Kazakhstan are listed and described. Main directions for the improvement of social policy in the field of employment of the disabled in the country are defined.Keywords: social policy, models of social policy, people with disabilities, Kazakhstan social programs, employment of disabled, law on employment of disabledJEL classification: D31, E24, I18IntroductionSocial integration is regarded as ensuring protection and the full integration of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and individuals into economic life and society on the basis of universal and equal access to education, information technology and know-how.There are several approaches to understanding and determining social policy. Bazilinska O. (Bazilinska, 2005) refers to social policy as to a set of socio-economic activities of the state and local authorities, aimed at protecting the population against unemployment, rising prices, devaluation of labor savings and so on. Necessary minimum consumption, redistributed income, limited unemployment, guaranteed support of family, housing, improved education and culture levels are ensured. Stechenko K. (Stechenko, 2006) in understanding social policy combines several approaches and determines it as (a) state activities concerning the establishment and regulation of social and economic conditions of society to increase the welfare of society, eliminate the negative effects of the operation of market processes, social justice and socio-political stability in the country, and (b) a system of legal, organizational, regulative state-control measures to harmonize the goals of a social nature with the objectives of economic growth. Going beyond social policy of the state, Vlasov G. and Zheltov A. (Vlasov, Zheltov, 1998) includes activities of NGOs, charity funds and state authorities into understatnding social policy as their common work aimed at meeting the needs of the population and being implemented through the social sphere.Built on the certain principles social policy for people with disabilities creates favorable conditions for the realization of their labor potential, sustainable development of the economy, increase of public demand for goods and services, broadening of the tax base, increase of the volume of funds allocated for social needs and social development (Romanov, 2006). The result of these measures is to ensure socio-political stability in society.There are several models of social policy formed in different countries on the base on their own specificities.Kazakhstan is trying to find its own model of development and social attitudes towards people with disabilities, and at this stage it is important to take into account global trends along with the national experience of other countries possible to be implemented in our country.Models of social policySocial policy models are studied both by the scholars within the country and abroad - Esping-Andersen G. (1947), Furniss N. and Tilton T. (1979), George V. and Wilding P. (1984), Mishra P. (1984), Titmuss R., Williams F. (1989), Ksiezopolski M., Gordin V., Volgin N. and others. Despite the fact that several typologies of social policy are used in the modern literature, there is no complete picture of forming social policy model, which is a conditional scenario and a tool of constructing social policy itself, especially concerning moral, mental, cultural issues and economic parameters of society development. …

Molecular snapshot of Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in Kazakhstan: A country-wide study

Republic of Kazakhstan is among the 27 high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries in the world. Here, we analyzed the population structure and phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kazakhstan and impact of the identified genotypes on spread of drug resistant strains. A total of 159 M. tuberculosis isolates from different regions of Kazakhstan were typed using 24-MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping, and the profiles were compared to the MIRU-VNTRplus and SITVIT_WEB databases. Eight isolates with double VNTR alleles were excluded from further analysis that was performed on 151 isolates. They were assigned to 10 families, Beijing (n = 109) being the largest and dominated by a single clonal cluster 94-32 and derived profiles (n = 101). The other families were represented mainly by LAM (n = 17), Ural (n = 8), NEW-1 (n = 3) and a new cluster named KAZ-1 (n = 8). Beijing, LAM and Ural isolates were detected in all parts of the country while Iran-specific family NEW-1 was found only in southern Kazakhstan (P = 0.001). A reduced scheme of 10 most polymorphic VNTR loci provided a discrimination similar to that achieved by 15-MIRU scheme and may be recommended for rapid preliminary screening of the clinical isolates in Kazakhstan. Multi-drug resistance was significantly more prevalent among Beijing (64/109) and LAM (7/17) strains compared to strains of other families (1/25; P = 0.0006 and 0.01, respectively). High prevalence of the genetically closely related MDR strains of the Beijing genotype found in different regions of Kazakhstan highlights their crucial impact on the current TB epidemic in this country.

Breast cancer diagnosis by mammography in Kazakhstan - staging results of breast cancer with double reading.

While mammography has been used for diagnosis of breast cancer in Kazakhstan for a long period, published data are very limited. Recently stress has been placed on increasing the accuracy by double reading of mammograms. Here we provide an overview of breast cancer screening in the different regions of Kazakhstan with data on the stages of cancers detected. A total 459,816 women aged 50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and 60 years were screened in 2012 and 379,903 in the first 9 months of 2013. Clear differences in levels of detection were noted between urban and rural residents, the latter demonstrating lower rates for both screening and cancer detection. Women aged 50 were more likely to undergo screening than their counterparts aged 60. While there were no clear relationships evident between screening rates and stage or numbers of breast cancers observed, this might be due to a number of complicating factors like geographical variation in risk factors as well as ethnicity. Future analyses should focus on the efficacy of mammography in Kazakhstan to reduce mortality.

Autonomy in Secondary Education: Independence and Accountability of Secondary General Education Schools in Kazakhstan

Autonomy of educational institutions has been consistently extended in Kazakhstan over the last years: national educational standards have been broken into invariable and variable components, boards of regents have been introduced, per capita financing system is being tested, and autonomous educational organizations have been established, such as Nazarbayev University in higher education and Nazarbayev intellectual schools in secondary education. The paper analyzes legislative instruments, standards and official documents regulating the process of education in the secondary education system to define the extent to which educational institutions enjoy autonomy. Besides, the article uses the data of interviews and focus groups with 46 administrators and 95 teachers of schools, gymnasia and lyceums in different regions of Kazakhstan to analyze how they understand the notion of ‘autonomy of educational institutions’ and how they assess the current degree of autonomy of organizations they work in. The conclusion is that granting more autonomy and independence comes from above but is not requested by schools. Autonomy becomes a challenge for contemporary schools, as more independence implies greater responsibility.

Distribution of Beijing Genotype Among Clinical Isolates of M. tuberculosis Circulating in Kazakhstan.

IntroductionMethods of genotyping of M. tuberculosis play an important role in tuberculosis (TB) infection control. These techniques are used to detect or exclude laboratory errors, control recurrent cases, and determine ways of TB transmission. Today, there are more than 10 methods of genotyping; MIRU-VNTR is one of the most widely used methods in the world. In this study we aimed to estimate biological diversity of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan based on MIRU-VNTR analysis.Materials and methodsMIRU-VNTR was used to genotype 134 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated from new cases and recurrent cases of TB from different regions of Kazakhstan. Amplification was done using 15 MIRU-VNTR loci. Determination of the number of tandem repeats in the corresponding locus was performed via Quantity One v.4.4.0 (BioRad, USA) software. H37Rv (NC_000962) reference strain was used as a positive control.ResultsPhylogenic tree was built using www.miru-vntr.org web-resource based on the results of MIRU-VNTR analysis. Beijing family strains associated with drug resistance to antituberculosis drugs were prevalent among all isolates of M. tuberculosis circulating in Kazakhstan. Strains of the Beijing genotype were prevalent in both new cases (65%) and recurrent cases (89.4%) of tuberculosis. The second meaningful genotype that is spread in the territory of Kazakhstan is LAM, the frequency of distribution is 7.3% in new and 4.5% in recurrent cases. Other families of M. tuberculosis such as Ural, Haarlem, CAS, NEW-1, S were found in less than 4% of cases.ConclusionPrevalence of Beijing family strains among all isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan was shown. Strains of this family are prevalent among young people. This genotype is responsible for ongoing TB transmission in the present time. This genotype is more virulent; therefore, investigation of the epidemiology of the Beijing genotype plays crucial role in the monitoring of tuberculosis.