Different Phases Of Menstrual Cycle Research Articles

Hand grips strength in athletic and non-athletic girls at different phases of menstrual cycle: an observational case–control study

BackgroundThere are a significant number of female athletes competing at the highest levels of sport. But, women are still largely underrepresented in scientific literature. The female menstrual cycle is characterized by variations in circulating hormone levels, which may have an impact on performance.AimThis study aimed to assess the impact of hormonal changes through different menstrual cycle phases on hand grip strength, pulp pinch strength, three fingers pinch strength, and lateral pinch strength of athletic and non-athletic girls.MethodsAn observational case control study was conducted on forty post-pubertal girls, their ages ranged from 16 to 22 years old, and their body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18.5 to 25 kg/m2. They were divided into two groups: athletic group of twenty basketball and tennis players recruited from basketball and tennis teams at Mena Garden City Club, 6 October Club, and Shooting Club October and non-athletic group of twenty non-sportive undergraduate students from Faculty of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology. Hand grip strength was evaluated by Jamar hand dynamometer, while pulp pinch strength, three fingers pinch strength, and lateral pinch strength were evaluated by Jamar pinch gauge through three different menstrual cycle phases (follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases).ResultsStatistical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in handgrip strength, pulp pinch strength, three fingers pinch strength, and lateral pinch strength in non-athletic group. Also, there was a significant increase in three fingers pinch strength and lateral pinch strength in athletic group during the ovulatory phase across the menstrual cycle (p < 0.05). But, there was a significant difference across menstrual phases in handgrip strength and pulp pinch strength in athletic group (p > 0.05).ConclusionHormonal changes during menstrual cycle phases do not alter handgrip strength, pulp pinch strength performance for athletic girls. But, they alter hand grip strength, pulp pinch strength, three fingers, and lateral pinch grip strength performance for non-athletic girls.Trial registrationThe protocol of the study was registered in clinical trials.gov PRS (Protocol Registration and Result System (registration No.NCT06086262), Registered on 17 October 2023). The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Physical Therapy at Cairo University prior to its beginning (approval No P.T.REC/012/003358) .

Is menstrual cycle misunderstanding a bias for ergogenic AIDS use? A cross sectional study

The complex process of hormonal release and interaction of the Menstrual Cycle (MC) seems to impact the athlete's physical and psychological state. Objective: 1) investigate female athletes' understanding of MC, including its various phases and their potential effects on sports performance, 2) analyze the athletes' self-perception of sports performance during the different phases of MC and 3) identify possible ergogenic strategies (nutritional, mechanical, pharmacological, and/or psychological) adopted by athletes for alleviating premenstrual and menstrual symptoms in order to improve sports performance. Design: This exploratory cross-sectional study involved 105 competitive athletes, from 12 different sport modalities, from regional to international competitive level. Setting: Participants completed a survey assessing contraceptive use, knowledge regarding MC phases and perceptions of sports performance at different phases of MC as well as the adopted strategies to alleviate pre and menstrual symptoms to enhance sport performance. Results: Although 65.8% of the athletes reported knowing the MC phases, only 53.5% were able to identify them. Also, 60% of the athletes feel unmotivated or unwilling to exercise and 72.4% feel tired, indisposed, or self-reported worse sports performance during a certain phase of the MC, being follicular phase the most cited. Conclusions: The use of hormonal contraceptive methods, fatigue/discomfort and the number of weekly workouts seem to influence the use of nutritional aids. Competitive athletes have a limited understanding of MC, even considering that it has a detrimental effect on sports performance, especially during follicular phase. Feelings of tiredness, indisposition, or worse sports performance are the most common reasons for nutritional aids use.

Isometric and isokinetic strength of lower-limb muscles in female athletes during different phases of menstrual cycle: a causal-comparative study

BackgroundMuscle strength is affected by different stages of the menstrual cycle in women. Since the strength of the lower limb muscles plays a significant role in the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injury, it seems necessary to study the strength of the lower limb muscles at different stages of this cycle to take preventive measures. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the isometric and isokinetic strength of lower limb muscles in female athletes at different menstrual cycle stages.MethodsThe present study is of a causal-comparative type. Thirty-seven female athletes in anterior cruciate ligament injury high-risk disciplines participated in this study. Isometric and isokinetic knee extensors and flexors muscle strength status, including the traditional hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratios, were recorded at different stages of the menstrual cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal) by Biodex isokinetic dynamometry system 4. Then, the obtained results were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance.ResultsAnalysis of variance with repeated measures showed isokinetic and isometric strength in the knee flexor and extensor muscles at an angular velocity of 60˚/s in the ovulatory phase are higher than the follicular and luteal ones. The strength of the muscles declined during the follicular and luteal phases (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsDue to the negative effect of the follicular and luteal stages of the menstrual cycle on the strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee, the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury may increase during this period. Therefore, it is recommended that all female coaches and athletes take preventive measures during this period.

Cyclical Changes of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Healthy Young Females

Abstract Background: Menstrual cycle is a natural physiological process of female during reproductive age group. Changes of estrogen and progesterone in different phases of menstrual cycle play a crucial role in respiratory functioning. Hence, this study was designed to estimate the change of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: This study included 73 healthy young females of age group of 20–25 years. All participants were in the range of normal body mass index. Weighing machine VIRGO Model no 9811 B was used for the estimation of body weight. The machine was standardized by a known 20 kg weight material. The height of the subject was measured by stadiometer and expressed in meter. PEFR was recorded by Mini Wright’s peak flow meter. PEFR recording was done between 3rd and 4th days of cycle for menstrual phase, between 10th and 12th days of cycle for proliferative phase, and between 21st and 25th days of cycle for secretory phase. Results: The PEFR in menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases of menstrual cycle was 310 ± 43, 347 ± 52, and 377 ± 47 L/min, and these variations were found to be significant with P &lt; 0.0001. Post hoc analysis of PEFR between the groups showed P value between Group I-II, II-III, and III-I was 0.019, 0.048, and &lt; 0.0001, respectively (I – menstrual phase, II – proliferative phase, and III – secretory phase). Conclusion: This study observed that the PEFR in secretory phase is highest, followed by proliferative phase then menstrual phase.

Correlation of perceived stress with monthly cyclical changes in the female body.

Women are liable to stress-related disorders as female sex hormone, estrogen has been indicated to be protective against stress disorders. The hormone level varies with different phases of menstrual cycle. Moreover, postmenopausal women are at risk for stress-related disorders. So this study was done to correlate the different phases of menstrual cycle with the perceived stress in different phases of monthly cycle. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (SGRRIMHS), Dehradun. Four hundred girls in the age group of 18-26 years were selected for the study. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire was circulated via Google forms after briefing them about the study. Informed consent was also taken. The menstrual history of the subjects was enquired by one-to-one interaction. The participants completed the PSS questionnaire twice in the same cycle. Data collected were statistically analyzed, using Independent t-test and Chi-square test and point biserial correlation test. The analysis showed strong statistical association of PSS with two phases of menstrual cycle. The PSS score was higher in the late luteal and menstrual phase, while it was less in the late follicular phase (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The decreased oestrogen levels in the late luteal & menstrual phase are strongly associated with perceived stress in our study. Hormonal changes in the monthly cycles are related with stress, behavioral shift and many other physical changes in females. This information to the family physicians would be beneficial in counseling the females regarding various changes occurring during the menstrual cycle.

Sugar craving and stress levels during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students

Introduction: The menstrual cycle in women is often associated with appetite control, mood, and behavioural changes due to hormonal imbalance. However, levels of sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods have not been thoroughly studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare levels of stress and sugar cravings during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students. Methods: Participants aged 19–25 years were assessed for sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods. They were requested to fill out the Sugar Craving Assessment Tool (SCAT) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires on the first day of menses (the pre-menses phase) by recalling how they felt throughout the past seven days. The participants completed the same set of questionnaires again two days after their menses ended (post-menses phase) by recalling how they felt within the previous two days. Results: Ninety-three students participated in the study. Pre-menstrual SCAT score (40.0±19.6) was higher than post-menstrual SCAT score (32.1±19.4), t(91)=4.82, p&lt;0.001. Mean PSS-10 score was also higher before menstruation (22.8±6.2) than after menstruation (17.5±6.1), t(91)=6.26, p&lt;0.001. There was no significant difference in mean sugar craving scores of different stress categories, either during pre-menses [F(2,90)=1.39, p=0.256] or post-menses [F(2,90)=0.89, p=0.415]. Conclusion: The findings indicate that levels of sugar craving and stress were higher during pre-menstrual phase compared to post-menstrual phase in young adults. However, whether sugar cravings are linked to stress during the menstrual cycle is inconclusive and requires further investigation.

Doppler Evaluation of Uterine Arteries in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Young Adult Females with Regular Cycles

Background: The menstrual cycle is nature's cyclical method of getting ready for pregnancy. The uterine lining grows each month in preparation for implantation by a fertilized ovum. Cyclic endometrium may be non-invasively assessed with Doppler sonography and leads to alterations in local vascular patterns. The pulsatility index (PI), which measures the uterine artery (UtA) impedance, displays a predictable pattern during the typical menstrual cycle. Aim: To evaluate the flow of blood through the uterine arteries in young adult women with regular cycles during various menstrual cycle stages. Place of study and duration of study: Department of Radiology, University Ultrasonography Clinic in Green Town, Lahore. Between January 2022 and October 2022. Methodology: A comparative study was carried out at the University Ultrasonography Clinic in Green Town, Lahore, Pakistan. In this study, 180 patients between the ages of 16 and 35 were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique.All the married, and unmarried ages between 13- and 40 years old having regular periods once a month were involved in this study. Results: 180 patients in all were involved in this study comprising 60 females of each phase of the menstrual phase, 23 patients age were 25 age, 19 patients were 23 age, 20 patients were 18 age, 15 patients were 22, and 9 patients were the age of 29,30,31 years. RI of the right ovary was 0.5938 ± 0.8, the mean RI of the left ovary was 6.5083 ± 0.92357 forthe 10-20 days phase cycle, RI of the right ovary was 0.5937 ± .05266, the mean RI of the left ovary was 10.6967 ± 1.13466 of 11-20 days phase cycle, RI of right ovary was 0.5925 ± .05423, mean RI of left ovary was 6.7083±1.10258 of 21-30 days phase cycle.The uterine artery's resistivity index is compared in three menstrual cycle phases which are days 1 to 10, 11 to 20, and 21 to 30. No statistical difference was found in the right three means of the uterine artery's resistivity index as P-value=0.989 &gt; ∞=0.05. The averages of the Resistivity index of the uterine artery(left)in the three phases of the menstrual cycle are proved to be equal as we failed to find statistically significant differences where P-value=0.975 &gt; ∞=0.050. Conclusion: In this study, we have concluded that endometrial thickness and uterine artery resistivity index, determined ultrasonographically depend upon the phase of the menstrual cycle. The endometrialthickness progressively increases throughout the menstrual phase with no change in the resistive index of both uterine arteries. Keywords: Doppler ultrasound, uterine arteries, resistive index, pulsative index, endometrium stripe thickness.

Effect of hormonal changes during menstrual cycle on measures of differential sensitivity: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCyclic fluctuation levels of hormones in females during different phases of menstruation can lead to many favorable and unfavorable changes. Different researchers had investigated these changes and suggested that such hormonal fluctuations may lead to alterations in auditory functions indirectly. The evidence from different studies suggested variations in thresholds of female participants between pre-menstruation and post menstruation stages. However, to our best knowledge, no attempts have been made to assess the differential sensitivity in females across the four phases of the menstrual cycle. The present study aims to investigate these variations in the auditory system across the four phases of menstruation.Methods and materialsThe participants were 27 volunteers with the age range of 18–30 years, consisting of 12 females (experimental group) and 15 males (control group). Three psychoacoustics measures, i.e., differential limen of intensity (DLI), differential limen of frequency (DLF), and differential limen of time (DLT), to assess the differential sensitivity were performed to analyze any audiological changes that may occur during each menstrual cycle phase.ResultsThe results of the study showed that the scores were significantly poorer (p < 0.05) in the menstrual phase compared to other phases for all the tests in females. The scores were significantly better (p > 0.05) at the premenstrual phase for all the tests in females. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in scores across the phases for all the tests in males. The results of the study agree with previous studies which also report the effect of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle in various audiological tests.ConclusionThe results of the current study support to the theory that changes in sex hormone levels at different phases of menstrual cycle can affect differential sensitivity.

Do different phases of menstrual cycle affect the HR, PR interval and duration of ST segment?: A study

Alteration in the release of female steroid hormones like progesterone and estrogen in a systematic manner is due to periodic ovarian variation. The alteration in female steroid hormones causes physiological alteration of cardiovascular activities and ultimately affects Electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters.: To analyze the heart rate and the changes in PR interval and duration of ST segment in ECG during menstrual phases.: To investigate any change in heart rate, PR interval and duration of ST segment in ECG during different phases of menstrual cycle.30 apparently healthy female aged between 18-25 years were selected for the study and ECG was recorded using Electrocardiograph during the different phase of menstrual cycle:- a): Menstrual phase(MP) (2nd day), b): Proliferative phase(PP) (11th day) c): Secretory phase(SP) (22nd day).Statistical analysis paired t-test was done by using online statistical calculator. There was statistical significant change in Heart rate, PR interval and ST segment duration. HR is increased more as compared to menstrual phase, it showing p-value of 0.000133 in paired t-test between Menstrual phase with secretory phase. There was no statistical significant change in PR interval during proliferative change on comparison with menstrual Phase.Cyclical fluctuation of hormones during menstrual cycle changes electrophysiological parameters, affecting cardiovascular system.

Comparing gingival inflammation and salivary acidity to hormonal variation during menstruation

IntroductionHormonal changes are associated with healthy female in different stages of her life, such as menarche, pregnancy, and menopause. The main female hormones (i.e., Estrogen and progesterone) act as modulators and effectors during different phases of menstrual cycle. Additionally, these hormones were shown to affect the body inflammatory status. Few studies addressed gingivitis and female hormones. Although gingivitis main cause is dental biofilm, female hormones might modulate this inflammation. If no treatment provided, gingivitis might proceed to periodontitis and alveolar bone destruction may appear. The study aimwas to assess the changes in gingival inflammation, and salivary pH in relation to changes in hormonal levels during different menstrual phases in young females. Method25 healthy young females with regular menstrual cycles were included. The volunteers were invited to visit the clinic during their 2nd day of menstrual cycle (menses phase (MP)). During the visit, plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) were scored. Additionally, salivary pH was calculated. Follow-up readings were taken on the 20th day of menstruation (pre-menstrual phase (PMP)). The difference in PLI, GI and salivary pH was analysed using t-test and chi-square test. ResultsThe study showed that PLI and GI increased statistically significantly with increasing levels of female hormones during PMP and decreased during MP (P-value = 0.012 for PLI and 0.0003 for GI). Salivary pH decreases slightly during PMP and saliva becomes more alkaline during MP (P-value = 0.015). ConclusionThe study showed increased gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation during the premenstrual period. It is recommended to raise awareness of gingival inflammation among adult females to prevent progressive changes of periodontitis. However, due to the limited sample size of this study, a comprehensive population-based study is needed to support the findings.

A study of blood pressure variations in different phases of menstrual cycle in medical students

Background: A normal menstrual cycle in females involves a number of physiological and biochemical changes, occurring under the influence of sex hormones. These sex hormones are in turn maintained by the hypothalamic-pituitary and ovarian axis. It is well known that sex hormones have an influence on the cardiovascular system, whereas it is uncertain how exactly these hormones influence the changes in blood pressure. Therefore, the goal of this study is to observe the changes in blood pressure during different phases of the menstrual cycle in young women and also try to know the probable association of these changes to the varying hormonal levels. Aims and Objectives: (i) To observe the changes in blood pressure during different phases of the menstrual cycle; (ii) To know the probable hormonal cause responsible for these changes. Materials and Methods: One hundred healthy female medical students of age between 18 and 23 years were selected as study participants. Blood pressure was recorded during the menstrual phase (2nd–5th day), proliferative phase (11th–14th day), and secretory phase (SP) (22nd–24th day), using a mercury sphygmomanometer. All the values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 17.0 software. Student t-test was applied to compare two independent groups. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, it was found that there are variations of blood pressure during different phases of the menstrual cycle. The variations in blood pressure were found to be statistically highly significant when the menstrual phase was compared with the proliferative and SP (P &lt; 0.0001), whereas the blood pressure variations of the proliferative and SP showed no statistical significance, as (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: A highly significant difference in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among different phases of the menstrual cycle was observed, indicating the effect of hormones on the menstrual cycle, low levels were recorded during the follicular phase, which could be due to the effect of estrogen, this could be the cause for the development of hypertension during menopause in females.

Study of Hand Grip Strength, Handgrip Endurance and Fatigue in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle of Adults

Study of Hand Grip Strength, Handgrip Endurance and Fatigue in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle of Adults

Hemodynamic stability during menstrual cycle in women undergoing elective surgery.

ObjectiveHemodynamic changes occur in almost one-third of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, which are likely to effect vital organ. The aim of this study is to determine the hemodynamic effect of spinal anesthesia during different phases of menstrual cycle.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study, two hundred and seventy-three patients who underwent spinal anesthesia for elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Of all the patients, 141 patients were in the luteal phase and 132 patients were in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Analytical epidemiological study was conducted using questionnaires. Blood pressure and heart rate of patients before, immediately after, and 1 h after spinal anesthesia were recorded, and the data were analyzed using SPSS software.ResultsIn the follicular phase before anesthesia, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 127.5 ± 3.9, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 80.3 ± 6.2 mmHg and heart rate (HR) was 82.0 ± 8.5bpm, while, immediately after the induction of anesthesia following recordings were measured; 109.7 ± 9.13, 71.8 ± 2.8 mmHg and 70.0 ± 8.10bpm, respectively. In the luteal phase, it was 126.9 ± 3.12, 81.6 ± 9.3 mmHg and 80.2 ± 4.4bpm, and 122.0 ± 9.12, 78.6 ± 8.5 mmHg and 75.9 ± 6.5bpm respectively before and immediately after anesthesia, these changes in the menstrual phase was significant (P < 0.001). In the follicular phase an hour after spinal anesthesia, the mean SBP was 100.3 ± 3.9, DBP was 71.2 ± 7.5, MAP was 87.0 ± 4.7 mmHg and HR 67.5 ± 5.7bpm and following was seen in luteal phase; 115.4 ± 1.8, 75.9 ± 2.3, 97.3 ± 3.5 mm Hg and 74.0 ± 7.4bpm, respectively. These values were significantly lower in the follicular phase (P < 0.001).ConclusionSpinal anesthesia in the luteal phase as compared to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle shows less variation in hemodynamic parameters.

An Immunohistochemical study of CD83 positive dendritic cell density in human benign and malignant uterine specimens

Introduction and Aim: Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogenous group of accessory cells that function as specialized forms of antigen-presenting cells in human body. A thorough knowledge of the DC population of the human uterus, especially the CD83 population would be very useful for an effective understanding of the immune protection of the endometrium during different phases of menstrual cycle and in the pathological conditions of the uterus. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care referral medical college hospital in South India. Women in the age group of 35 to 50 years, who underwent hysterectomy were included in the study. Immunohistochemical study on the presence of mature CD83+DCs was carried out in the processed uterine specimens. The number of CD83 cells/20 high power fields in each of the specimen was calculated and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Results: About 43 hysterectomy specimens obtained from patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign and malignant conditions of uterus were included in the study. Fibroid uterus was the most common indication for hysterectomy. The minimum and maximum DCs were 12 and 720 DCs per 20 HPF respectively, with an overall mean of 109.28. The mean DCs amongst benign specimens was 1.2 DCs and in the malignant specimens was 22.65 DCs per HPF, with a P value of 0.0001. Conclusion: Mature dendritic cells are seen in abundance in malignant and pre-malignant tissues of human uterus. A reduction in number of CD83+ DCs was observed in patients with proliferative and secretory endometrium.

Study on the Modulation of MDA and Lipid Profile Status of Some Women during Menstrual Cycle

Study was carried out to evaluate levels of Malondialdehyde and lipid profile parameters of some women in different phases of menstrual cycle. All subjects were premenopausal within childbearing age between 18 years to 50 years who had normal 28 days cycle. Blood samples were collected at follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase and their lipid profile and Malondialdehyde levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Applying analysis of variance with P value at (P&lt;0.05) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein showed significant difference at follicular and luteal phases. Marked variation was observed in all three phases for malondialdehyde with a peak at ovulatory phase. Pattern of result could be used to explain the interplay of lipids and hormonal behavior in menstruation.

Heart rate variability during different phases of menstrual cycle

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there is a menstrual cycle effect on heart rate variability. Ten healthy regularly cycling females (age 19‐23 years) were studied during the follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (LP) of menstrual cycle over two month. We found significant changes in heart rate (65,35±0,68 beats/min in FP vs 73,18±0,92 beats/min in LP, p&lt;0,0005), AMo and stress index during the menstrual cycle with a minimum in the follicular phase (36,81±1,14 % and 76,86±5,74 p.d.u. respectively) and maximum in the luteal phase (42,05±1,27 % and 107,70±7,77 p.d.u. respectively, p&lt;0,003). The HF and LF components decreased more during the luteal phase (655,56±46,64 ms2 and 981,85±66,64 ms2 respectively) than during the follicular phase (997,42±83,36 ms2 and 1524,66±145,17 ms2 respectively, p&lt;0,05). In the follicular phase SDNN, pNN50, MxDMn were significantly higher (0,057±0,002 s, 41,49±1,79 % and 0,333±0,012 s respectively) than in the luteal phase (0,051±0,002 s, 29,73±1,88 % and 0,303±0,012 s respectively, p&lt;0,05). Furthermore, the VIK was higher in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase (p=0,003). These findings indicate that sympathetic nervous activity in the luteal phase is greater than in the follicular phase, whereas parasympathetic nervous activity is predominant in the follicular phase. A difference of the balance of ovarian hormones may be responsible for these changes of autonomic functions during the menstrual cycle.

Effect of handgrip exercise on QTc interval during different phases of menstrual cycle

Menopause is a major change in a women’s life, it refers to a permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility. The fast face of modern life has induced many problems like stress, anxiety, insomnia etc. associated with serious health problems. The most common disorders associated with menstruation among younger women are dysmenorrhea, pre-menstrual syndrome, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia. Aims and Objectives: To record the effect of handgrip exercise on QTc and RR interval in different phases of menstrual cycle and to compare with the baseline ecg values. The study was conducted on 40 medical (I MBBS) students from Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore. In this study a total of 40 female students aged between 17-19 years from 1st MBBS studying at Mysore Medical Collage and Research Institute, Mysore were selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from each student. Data about the duration of previous two menstrual cycles and the days of menstrual bleeding were noted from the subjects statement. Subject monitored basal body temperature was used to identify phases of menstrual cycle. Ovulation was indicated by a sustained increase in the basal body temperature of at least 0.3°C after LH surge.

Effect of handgrip exercise on QTc interval during different phases of menstrual cycle

Introduction: Menopause is a major change in a women’s life, it refers to a permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility. The fast face of modern life has induced many problems like stress, anxiety, insomnia etc. associated with serious health problems. The most common disorders associated with menstruation among younger women are dysmenorrhea, pre-menstrual syndrome, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia. Aims and Objectives: To record the effect of handgrip exercise on QTc and RR interval in different phases of menstrual cycle and to compare with the baseline ecg values. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 40 medical (I MBBS) students from Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore. In this study a total of 40 female students aged between 17-19 years from 1st MBBS studying at Mysore Medical Collage and Research Institute, Mysore were selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from each student. Data about the duration of previous two menstrual cycles and the days of menstrual bleeding were noted from the subjects statement. Subject monitored basal body temperature was used to identify phases of menstrual cycle. Ovulation was indicated by a sustained increase in the basal body temperature of at least 0.3°C after LH surge.

The influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on autonomic reactivity to a cognitive and emotional stressor- A cross sectional study

To Study The Impact Of Different Phases Of Menstrual Cycle On Certain Select Parameters Affecting Autonomic Reactivity And Cognitive And Emotional Status&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods-62 Eumenorrheic Females Aged 18-20 Years Were Recruited After Obtaining Ethical Clearance. Cognitive And Emotional Stressors In The Form Of Pasat And Emotional Stroop Test And Were Conducted On 10th(Follicular) And 20th(Luteal) Day Of Menstrual Cycle After Phase Determination Using Basal Body Temperature And Prism Calendar.Hr, Sbp And Dbp Were Measured At Baseline And Following Stressors . &#x0D; Statistical Analysis- Was Done Using Spss Version 20.Student Paired T Test Was Used To Compare The Results Between The Two Phases. P&lt;0.05 Was Considered As Statistically Significant. &#x0D; Results-Baseline : Hr,Sbp And Dbp Were More In The Luteal Phase As Compared To The Follicular Phase.&#x0D; Pasat: Hr Recovery Was (3mins30secs)Follicular And (4mins10secs)Luteal Phase, Sbp Recovery Was (2mins20secs)Follicular And (2mins50secs)Luteal Phase, Dbp Recovery Was (1min40secs) Follicular And (2mins10secs)Luteal PhaseEmotional Stroop Test: Positive Word Latency (1256.437ms)Follicular And (1034.54ms)Luteal Phase. Negative Word Latency (1145.786ms)Follicular And (1335.304ms )Luteal Phase.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Luteal Phase Was Characterised With Greater Sns Reactivity And Hence Cognitive And Emotional Stressors Gathered More Sympathetic Activity And Finally A Definite Interaction Was Sought Between The Gonadal Hormones, Ans And Higher Cognitive Centres Of A Female.

Analysis of physical performance during follicular phase vs luteal phase of menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic and young women

Background: Over the decade there has been increases in the number of women participating in exercise, physical and recreational activities. This active participation of women attributes to increase demand of physical performance. It has been seen that these performances have been affect over the different phases of menstrual cycle. Fluctuation of hormones in different phases can affect the performance in different ways. Aim: The present study aims to assess and compare the physical performance during follicular phase and luteal phase of menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic and young women. Methodology: After the study design was formulated, ethical clearance was taken from IEC. The study was a comparative type where the physical performance was compared in follicular phase and luteal phase. The study involved 40 regularly menstruating women between the age group 18-24 years. The participants were assessed for functional and sprint performance. The comparison of mean and standard deviation of follicular phase and luteal phase was done. Outcome Measures: Functional performance was measured by single hop test and sprint performance was measured with 30m sprint test. Results: The functional performance of follicular phase showed 120.7±13.35cm on left side and 125.4±12.27cm on right side whereas for luteal phase it was 124.1±12.73cm on left side and 127.8±11.83cm on right side. The sprint performance of follicular phase showed 7.75±0.54sec whereas luteal phase showed 7±0.6sec. Conclusion: The study concluded that eumenorrheic women showed better physical performance in luteal phase when compared to follicular phase.