Different Patterns Of Attachment Research Articles

The dark side of community development and place attachment in a diverse neighborhood

ABSTRACT This study explores the “dark” aspects of residents’ place attachment within an ethnically diverse neighborhood from a community development perspective. Using qualitative interviews, the study investigates residents’ perceptions of place and community attachment in a neighborhood in Jerusalem undergoing demographic changes. The findings revealed that feelings for the place and community were reflected in three different patterns of attachment: positive, negative/ambivalent, and avoidant. A relationship was found between the pattern of place attachment, residents’ responses to changes in their secure base, and the coping strategies they perceived as available in response to demographic changes in their neighborhood. This study highlights the need for researchers and community development proffesionals to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to address social tensions in diverse neigborhoods and to consider the darker aspects of place and community attachment. This knowledge can inform strategies for fostering more inclusive and harmonious communities in the face of demographic changes.

Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin.

Radioprotective effects of vitamin C and vitamin E as a water-soluble and a lipid-soluble agent, respectively, were investigated at the molecular level during the imposition of gamma radiation-induced structural changes to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at the therapeutic dose of 3 Gy. Secondary and tertiary structural changes of control and irradiated BSA samples were investigated using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The preirradiation tests showed nonspecific and reversible binding of vitamins C and E to BSA. Secondary and tertiary structures of irradiated BSA considerably changed in the absence of the vitamins. Upon irradiation, α-helices of BSA transitioned to beta motifs and random coils, and the fluorescence emission intensity decreased relative to nonirradiated BSA. In the presence of the vitamins C or E, however, the irradiated BSA was protected from these structural changes caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The two vitamins exhibited different patterns of attachment to the protein surface, as inspected by blind docking, and their mechanisms of protection were different. The hydrophilicity of vitamin C resulted in the predominant scavenging of ROS in the solvent, whereas hydrophobic vitamin E localized on the nonpolar patches of the BSA surface, where it did not only form a barrier for diffusing ROS but also encountered them as an antioxidant and neutralized them thanks to the moderate BSA binding constant. Very low concentrations of vitamins C or E (0.005 mg/mL) appear to be sufficient to prevent the oxidative damage of BSA.

Attachment and Substance Use Disorders-Theoretical Models, Empirical Evidence, and Implications for Treatment.

Introduction: The article reviews attachment-oriented research in individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). Based on attachment theory, substance abuse can be understood as “self-medication,” as an attempt to compensate for lacking attachment strategies. Attachment theory suggests a developmental pathway from insecure attachment to SUD and, on the other hand, a negative impact of substance abuse on attachment security. Earlier reviews have indicated a general link but have been inconclusive with regard to other aspects. In the light of a growing body of research, this review is looking for evidence for the general link, for its direction, for differences due to different patterns of attachment, different substances and severities, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and age groups. Methods: Using medical and psychological databases, 34 cross-sectional studies, three longitudinal studies, and a systematic meta-analysis were identified. Methodological problems such as poor assessment of SUD and the use of different measures of attachment limit comparability. Results: All cross-sectional studies in the review confirm a link between insecure attachment and SUD. Results of longitudinal studies show insecure attachment to be a risk factor for SUD, while continued substance abuse impairs the ability to form close relationships. With regard to specific patterns of attachment, results mainly point toward very insecure patterns. They indicate different patterns of attachment in different groups of substance abusers, suggesting different developmental pathways. Fearful–avoidant attachment was frequent in heroin addicts, while alcohol abusers displayed more heterogeneous patterns. Comorbid mental disorders and severity of SUD seem to be important factors, but data are still inconclusive. The link between insecure attachment and SUD seems to be stronger in adolescence compared to adulthood. Discussion: The last decades have seen a substantial growth in studies on attachment and SUDs. Despite methodological problems, the general link between insecure attachment and SUD today is well established. Attachment theory might contribute to the understanding and treatment of SUDs in a significant way. But to do so, a lot of open questions have to be answered. We will need more carefully designed longitudinal studies, more studies connecting psychological data with brain processes, and more clinical trials.

Adult Profiles of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors: Attachment Insecurity, Sexual Compulsivity, and Sexual Avoidance

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the possibility of different groups of child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors based on their different patterns of attachment and sexual problems. A sample of 324 CSA survivors and 484 participants who did not report any child maltreatment experiences completed online questionnaires. A cluster analysis on attachment and sexual outcomes revealed that CSA survivors formed two distinct profiles. The first profile included CSA survivors with elevated attachment anxiety and low to moderate scores on attachment avoidance, sexual compulsion, and sexual avoidance. The second profile comprised CSA survivors with high scores on attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, sexual compulsion, and sexual avoidance. These groups were then compared on CSA severity, gender differences, and other child maltreatment experiences. As compared to CSA survivors of the first profile, survivors from the second profile reported more intrusive and extrafamilial CSA, higher rates of psychological maltreatment and witnessed parental violence, and experienced more personal and couple distress. These results suggest that CSA survivors form a heterogeneous population and that sexual abuse is differentially associated with the complex unfolding of the attachment and sexual systems within two distinct subgroups.

Contributions of Attachment Research to Understanding Dissociative Attunement

This discussion elaborates the author’s use of attachment theory and research to understanding Susan’s clinical process (see Jacobs, this issue). I have delineated different patterns of attachment, its precursors in infancy, both in infant parent interactions and in parent’s state of mind with respect to attachment. I also link this to how dissociative process can be embedded in a combination of infant disorganization and trauma. I think that clinical applications of the ideas Jacobs and I subscribe to add a great deal to understanding how unformulated experiences with a frightened and frightening parent can lead to a person’s vulnerability to developing dissociative responses to later trauma. The dialogic nature of infant parent attachment experiences can further enrich an understanding of how certain transference–countertransference enactments are manifestations of certain kinds of procedural or relational knowing. In this way, clinicians can further understand the possibilities for psychic transformation as embedded in bearing that which was experienced but which cannot yet be known.

Isolation and characterization of potential probiotic bacteria from pustulose ark (Anadara tuberculosa) suitable for shrimp farming

In aquaculture, probiotics have been tested for enhancing the immune system and promoting growth and survival rate of many marine species like shrimp and mollusks. In order to isolate bacteria with a high probiotic potential for marine shellfish aquaculture, homogenates of the gastrointestinal tract from adult mangrove cockle, Anadara tuberculosa , were obtained to perform in vitro and in vivo assays. Isolates were tested in vitro for hemolytic activity, hydrophobicity, tolerance to ammonia nitrogen, salinity and pH as well as for growth kinetics, extracellular enzymatic activity, autoaggregation, coaggregation and molecular identification. Three bacteria with high degree of hydrophobicity (>60% adherence to p-xylene) and four bacteria with medium hydrophobicity, which showed different patterns of attachment to monopolar solvents (chloroform and ethyl acetate) and a high tolerance to ammonia nitrogen (200 mg L -1 ), were selected. Six different treatments: T1 (without addition of cultured bacteria); T2 (MAt29, Enterococcus casseliflavus ); T3 (MAt35, Citrobacter koseri ); T4 (GAtB1, Bacillus subtilis subtilis ); T5 (GAt7, Staphylococcus sp.); and T6 (1:1:1:1 mix of strains T2, T3, T4 and T5), were used to evaluate the specific growth rate, and cellular immune response of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei . The best specific growth rate was observed for T6 and T4 treatments related to Bacillus subtilis subtilis . A significant difference in total hemocytes count ( P < 0.05) was found for T4 treatment with respect to control group. Strains isolated from A. tuberculosa had a beneficial effect on the growth and immune response of L. vannamei , so they have potential use as probiotics in aquaculture of marine shellfish.

The configural approach to organisational commitment: An application in Ghana

Orientation: An emerging stream of research employs a configural or profile approach to the study of organisational commitment, by focusing on and placing individuals at the centre of data analysis. This approach signals the importance of taking a holistic view of individuals’commitment mind-set, unlike the variable-centred approach.Research purpose: To test the theory on profiles of commitment in an African context (Ghana).Motivation for the study: Although the three-component model of organisational commitment has been extended to several regions of Africa, there is a paucity of research on profiles of commitment on the continent.Research approach, design and method: Cross-sectional data from two studies, with samples of 187 and 218, were analysed using k-means clusters. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was then used to test the differences amongst profiles in their association with contextual variables, such as pay satisfaction, job security, strike propensity and two demographic factors.Main findings: In the k-means cluster analysis, a six-cluster solution emerged in both studies;the profiles include the highly committed and the uncommitted groups, as well as the profiles based on normative commitment and continuance commitment. Overall, the MANOVA post hoc outcome shows that the highly committed group reports higher mean scores on the positive outcome variables (e.g. job security) than the uncommitted group. Conversely, the uncommitted group scored relatively higher on the negative organisational outcome (propensity to strike). Other mean differences were found in the respective studies on pay satisfaction, collectivism and the demographic factors.Practical/managerial implications: Employing the configural approach to the study of commitment in this region should increase our understanding of the patterns of attachment and their influence on behaviour. Different patterns of attachment exist within the organisation that may be beneficial or detrimental to behaviour on the job. It is, therefore, important for managers to identify these patterns and target organisational policy and resources appropriately.Contribution/value-add: This study applies the concept of commitment profiles to an untested region: an African context. It, therefore, adds to the literature on the generalisability of the typology of commitment profiles.

Apego en la adolescencia [Attachment during adolescence

The use of attachment theory to understand some of the changes that occur during adolescence is becoming increasingly common. In this paper we analyze in the light of this theory the changes that take place after puberty in the adolescent’s relationships with parents and peers, and the emergence of romantic relationships. The different patterns of attachment constructed in early childhood will be predict a lot about how these relational processes develop.Thus, the empirical evidence reviewed indicates that boys and girls with secure models best resolved the task of getting emotional autonomy from their parents and also show a better competence for friendly and romantic relationships. By contrast, reoccupied/ambivalent and dismissing/avoidant adolescents not only present more difficulties in relationships, but also may have an increased emotional and behavioral maladjustment. Many of the problems with these subjects are related to unsafe limitations in emotional regulation capacity is strongly influenced by the security of attachment established in childhood.

The Effect of Polyterpenol Thin Film Surfaces on Bacterial Viability and Adhesion

The nanometer scale surface topography of a solid substrate is known to influence the extent of bacterial attachment and their subsequent proliferation to form biofilms. As an extension of our previous work on the development of a novel organic polymer coating for the prevention of growth of medically significant bacteria on three-dimensional solid surfaces, this study examines the effect of surface coating on the adhesion and proliferation tendencies of Staphylococcus aureus and compares to those previously investigated tendencies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on similar coatings. Radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition was used to coat the surface of the substrate with thin film of terpinen-4-ol, a constituent of tea-tree oil known to inhibit the growth of a broad range of bacteria. The presence of the coating decreased the substrate surface roughness from approximately 2.1 nm to 0.4 nm. Similar to P. aeruginosa, S. aureus presented notably different patterns of attachment in response to the presence of the surface film, where the amount of attachment, extracellular polymeric substance production, and cell proliferation on the coated surface was found to be greatly reduced compared to that obtained on the unmodified surface. This work suggests that the antimicrobial and antifouling coating used in this study could be effectively integrated into medical and other clinically relevant devices to prevent bacterial growth and to minimize bacteria-associated adverse host responses.

Attachment patterns and emotion regulation strategies in the second year

With the aim of studying the relationship between methods of emotion regulation and quality of attachment we examined 39 infants with different patterns of attachment, of whom 20 were classified as secure (B), 12 as avoidant (A) and 7 as resistant (C), assessing the regulatory strategies adopted by them during the Strange Situation at 13 months. Secure infants used strategies of positive social engagement more than insecure avoidant infants, while resistant infants displayed greater negative social engagement and less object orientation than the other two groups. Avoidant infants adopted positive and negative hetero-regulatory strategies less than the other groups, also differing from resistant infants in their greater use of object regulatory strategies. There were no significant differences as regards self-comforting regulation. Thus, the findings showed how the most significant differences to emerge between the groups concerned hetero-regulatory strategies, developed by the infant in interaction with attachment figures, and regulatory strategies oriented towards objects. Further analysis showed how the use by part of each attachment group of the emotion regulation strategies varies, differentiating the episodes of the SSP according to their level of stress.

Al cuore delle cose

- Bill White is proposing a reflection on the heart, the tuning, the emotions, the formation of different patterns of attachment in relation to early experiences with the mother. Returning to the opportunity to experience the opening of the heart is a healing experience.Key words: Heart, emotions, tuning, resonance, patterns of attachmentParole chiave: Cuore, emozioni, sintonizzazione, risonanza, modelli di attaccamento

Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus Attachment Patterns on Glass Surfaces with Nanoscale Roughness

Attachment tendencies of Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and Staphylococcus aureus CIP 68.5 onto glass surfaces of different degrees of nanometer-scale roughness have been studied. Contact-angle and surface-charge measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were employed to characterize substrata and bacterial surfaces. Modification of the glass surface resulted in nanometer-scale changes in the surface topography, whereas the physicochemical characteristics of the surfaces remained almost constant. AFM analysis indicated that the overall surface roughness parameters were reduced by 60-70%. SEM, CLSM, and AFM analysis clearly demonstrates that although E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus present significantly different patterns of attachment, all of the species exhibited a greater propensity for adhesion to the "nano-smooth" surface. The bacteria responded to the surface modification with a remarkable change in cellular metabolic activity, as shown by the characteristic cell morphologies, production of extracellular polymeric substances, and an increase in the number of bacterial cells undergoing attachment.

&lt;em&gt;Vibrio fischeri&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt; adhesion tendencies towards photolithographically modified nanosmooth poly (&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-butyl methacrylate) polymer surfaces

This study reports the adhesion behavior of two bacterial species, Vibrio fischeri and Escherichia coli, to the photoresistant poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (P(tBMA)) polymer surface. The data has demonstrated that ultraviolet irradiation of P(tBMA) was able to provide control over bacterial adhesion tendencies. Following photolithography, several of the surface characteristics of P(tBMA) were found to be altered. Atomic force microscopy analysis indicated that photolithographically modified P(tBMA) (henceforth termed 'modified polymer') appeared as a 'nanosmooth' surface with an average surface roughness of 1.6 nm. Although confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis clearly demonstrated that V. fischeri and E. coli presented largely different patterns of attachment in order to adhere to the same surfaces, both species exhibited a greater adhesion propensity towards the 'nanosmooth' surface. The adhesion of both species to the modified polymer surface appeared to be facilitated by an elevated production of extracellular polymeric substances when in contact with the substrate.

Inter-generational relationships at different ages: an attachment perspective

ABSTRACTThis study examines the characteristics of parent-child relationships after childhood from a theoretical attachment perspective. It describes how relationships between adult children and their parents vary by age group of the child on three dimensions that were derived from attachment theory: direction, penetration and quality. Data from 4,589 respondents to the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study were analysed to describe relationships between adult-children and their parents. Analyses of covariance were used to specify differences by age group. The results showed that age had notable effects on relationships between adult children and parents, especially their direction and penetration or centrality. The direction was reversed for parents of children in the two oldest age groups. The level of penetration was lower for the older age groups, and quality was higher in the younger age groups, but the effect size was small. The age effects on the dimensions were qualified by the personal circumstances of the adult children. Having one's own children was associated with different patterns of attachment at different ages. Adult children may be an important source of support for their elderly parents and may even become ‘attachment figures’. Given the current increases in longevity, there could be increasing pressure on adult children to support their parents. Attachment theory is a useful framework for studying the characteristics of inter-generational relationships, also after childhood.

Attachment organization and the early development of internal state language: A longitudinal perspective

There are many postulates of a relation between quality of attachment with theory of mind and language functions (e.g., de Rosnay & Hughes, 2006). The current study examined in longitudinal design how different patterns of attachment are associated with usage of internal state language at ages 17, 23, 30 and 36 months. Transcripts of mother—child play situations were coded for eleven categories of internal state language: positive emotion, negative emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, volition, obligation, moral, cognition, emotion-modulatory particles and cognitive-contrast particles. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that securely attached children exhibit more frequent utterances of positive emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, cognition, emotion-modulatory, and cognitive-contrast particles at relatively earlier times. Negative emotion terms were more frequently uttered by avoidant-insecure children at 30 months and by disorganized children at 36 months.

Disorders of Attachment and Attachment Therapy

Many adopted and looked after children with histories of physical and sexual abuse, and severe loss and neglect, develop highly disturbed and distinctive problem behaviours. Those diagnosed suffering such ‘disorders of attachment’ put great stress on the resources and skills of their post-placement carers. Children with these behaviours have proved very difficult to treat. However, as David Howe and Sheila Fearnley discuss in their paper below, attachment therapies based on ‘cognitive restructuring’ and ‘therapeutic holding’, appear to be having some success with children who have failed to respond to other treatments employed by the child mental health services. The authors describe different patterns of attachment and the behaviours associated with children classified as disorganised and disordered in their attachment behaviours. They outline therapeutic interventions based on developmental attachment theory using a case example.

Adhesion of mammalian cells to a recombinant attachment factor, CBD/RGD, analyzed by image analysis

A luminance thresholding procedure was developed to quantify cell attachment of a variety of cell lines to CBD/RGD, a hybrid attachment factor comprising a cellulose binding domain and the fibronectin-like RGD attachment peptide. The technique used local thresholding, median filtering, and opening to separate and count cells on each image. Cell lines exhibited three different patterns of attachment to CBD/RGD, depending on whether it was immobilized on polystyrene or cellulose acetate. Vero, COS, HFF, 3T3, 293, and U373 cells attached well to CBD/RGD immobilized on polystyrene or cellulose acetate. CHO, MRC-5, and HEp-2 cells attached to CBD/RGD immobilized on polystyrene, but not to CBD/RGD immobilized on cellulose acetate. BHK and L cells failed to attach to CBD/RGD immobilized on either polystyrene or cellulose acetate. The attachment of many cell lines to CBD/RGD was comparable with attachment of these cells to fibronectin. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

MATERNAL BEHAVIOR AND INFANT SECURITY IN OLD MONKEYS: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND A METHODOLOGICAL BRIDGE BETWEEN HUMAN AND NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESEARCH

Research on nonhuman primates played an important role in Bowlby's (1969/1982) interpretation of human infant attachment as an adaptive behavioral control system. The psychological interpretation of this model in terms of the secure-base phenomenon (Ainsworth, 1967, 1973) was similarly influenced by field and laboratory observations of nonhuman primates. Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, interactions between experts in human infant attachment and nonhuman primate behavior were frequent and mutually beneficial. Unfortunately, and to the disadvantage of both areas, such interactions are now rare. The discovery of qualitatively different patterns of attachment among human infants was an important source of this divergence; for much of the 1970s and 1980s, attachment research focused almost exclusively on individual differences, psychometric issues, and construct validation (e.g., Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Sroufe & Waters, 1977; Waters, 1978; Waters & Deane, 1985). Recently, language and cognition have taken significant roles in attachment theory and research (e.g., Oppenheim & Waters, in this volume; Owens et al., in this volume). These trends, constructive in themselves, have diminished the relevance and accessibility of attachment study to field and experimental primatologists.1

Mechanism of Transovarian Transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in Laying Hens

To understand the mechanism of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens, experiments were conducted to examine the isolation of S. enteritidis from the preovulatory follicles of experimentally infected hens. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the preovulatory follicles in 16 birds (from follicle membrane alone in 10 birds, from the follicle yolk alone in 4 birds, and from both membrane and yolk in 2 birds). In addition, 83 S. enteritidis isolates of the major phage types prevalent in United States were tested for attachment to hen ovarian granulosa cells and HEp-2 cells. Salmonella enteritidis demonstrated three different patterns of attachment to granulosa cells, namely, local, diffuse, and aggregative; whereas, only local attachment pattern was observed on HEp-2 cells. The total number of S. enteritidis isolates that demonstrated any pattern of attachment was significantly greater on the granulosa cells than on HEp-2 cells (P < .05). Salmonella enteritidis isolates of phage Types 8 and 28 demonstrated similar patterns of attachment on granulosa cells derived from the mature and developing follicles of the hen ovary. This suggests that S. enteritidis can colonize the preovulatory follicles at different stages of development. Preincubation of bacteria with the tetrapeptide arg-gly-asp-ser, the amino acid sequence known to mediate the interaction of adhesive proteins with cells, abrogated the local attachment of bacteria to granulosa cells. These results suggest that S. enteritidis can colonize the preovulatory follicles by interacting with the ovarian granulosa cells and that adhesive proteins may be involved in this process.

Observations on cell adhesion and separation following enzyme treatment

Summary The rate of adhesion to, and ease of separation from glass, in vitro, of a strain of cells was determined at various times after treatment with enzymes. The results show that at different times following enzyme treatment, cells from the same suspension culture exhibit different patterns of attachment and detachment from controls. These experiments on a model system suggest that cellular regeneration following tissue disaggregation procedures may well affect cell segregation in vitro, which is dependent on cellular adhesion and separation.