Different Parts Of Poland Research Articles

The Song Już to po zachodzie słońca (It is Already After the Sunset) in the Recordings from Living Tradition

The main aim of the article is to show functioning of the song Juz to po zachodzie slonca ( It is already after the sunset ) in the living folk tradition. Originally, the song, inspired by the miraculous apparitions in Gietrzwald and written in 1877 by Andrzej Samulowski, was passed down in oral tradition and in this way it reached different parts of Poland. During the field research 22 recordings of this song were gathered, coming from 9 different regions of our country. Research has shown that this song has 4 melodic versions, of which Version I and Version II have numerous variants; also, it has been proved that this song is multifunctional (it serves as a Marian song, a beggar song, a pilgrimage song and a funeral song). It is worth pointing out that these recordings are really varied, each of them is different, usually is defined by local conditions. It confirms a high degree of melodic, methro-rytmic, interstanza and agogic variability, various ways of vocal performance, as well as, quite high text variantability.

Extreme Precipitation in Poland in the Years 1951-2010

The characteristics of extreme precipitation, including the dominant trends, were analysed for eight stations located in different parts of Poland for the period 1951-2010. Five indices enabling the assessment of the intensity and frequency of both extremely dry and wet conditions were applied. The indices included the number of days with precipitation ≥10mm·d-1 (R10), maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD), maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5d), simple daily intensity index (SDII), and the fraction of annual total precipitation due to events exceeding the 95th percentile calculated for the period 1961-1990. Annual trends were calculated using standard linear regression method, while the fit of the model was assessed with the F-test at the 95% confidence level. The analysed changes in extreme precipitation showed mixed patterns. A significant positive trend in the number of days with precipitation ≥10mm·d-1 (R10) was observed in central Poland, while a significant negative one, in south-eastern Poland. Based on the analysis of maximum 5-day precipitation totals (R5d), statistically significant positive trends in north-western, western and eastern parts of the country were detected, while the negative trends were found in the central and northeastern parts. Daily precipitation, expressed as single daily intensity index (SDII), increased over time in northern and central Poland. In southern Poland, the variation of SDII index showed non-significant negative tendencies. Finally, the fraction of annual total precipitation due to the events exceeding the 1961-1990 95th percentile increased at one station only, namely, in Warsaw. The indicator which refers to dry conditions, i.e. maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) displayed negative trends throughout the surveyed area, with the exception of Szczecin that is a representative of north-western Poland.

Trust and formal contracts: complements or substitutes? A study of tourism collaboration in Poland

Abstract The aim of the paper is to explore whether trust and formal contracts should be treated only as substitutes, or – a less popular approach in the literature – as complementary bases for dyadic and network cooperation in the tourism sector. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with tourist entrepreneurs running their businesses in different parts of Poland. Nine different circumstances were identified in which cooperation was based either on trust or formal contracts, or on both. The results suggest that these two bases of cooperation do not have to be treated as substitutes, as each of them has different functions and different origins. Moreover, written agreements are not a result of a lack of trust in a partner, but they do sometimes stem from other factors (e.g. accounting requirements in a company).

THE COMPARISON OF CHANGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL AIMS OF AGRICULTURE IN SELECTED GROUPS OF VOIVODSHIPS

The importance of regionalization of Polish agriculture is constantly increasing, mostly due to its environmental, organizational and economic differences between regions. The process of regionalization has become especially visible after Polish accession to the European Union. The study compared the changes in the utilization of production capacity for selected voivodships, located in different parts of Poland, i.e. Dolnoślaskie and Opolskie (A) and Małopolskie and Podkarpackie (B), in the years 2002–2004 and 2012–2014. The main data sources were Central Statistical Office of Poland publications and the results of an own study. The analysis showed significant differences in the production capacity of Polish agriculture and in the utilization of production potential in different regions. The differences between the analyzed groups of voivodships were mostly due to management and intensity differences of agricultural production, while habitat and natural conditions were of a minor importance. Agriculture of Dolnośląskie and Opolskie proved to be the most effective in achieving production and environmental objectives.

Ocena poziomu jakości życia chorych na hemofilię

Wstęp: Hemofilia należy do chorób uwarunkowanych genetycznie. Występowanie krwawień, doznawanie bólu, okresowe lub trwałe zmniejszenie aktywności fizycznej czy wreszcie ryzyko wystąpienia kalectwa mogą wywierać negatywny wpływ nawielowymiarowe funkcjonowanie człowieka.Celem pracy było poznanie poziomu jakości życia chorych na hemofilię oraz udzielenie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: 1. Jaki poziom jakości życia prezentują chorzy na hemofilię? 2. Która dziedzina jakości życia oceniana jest przez chorych na hemofilię najwyżej, a która najniżej? 3.Czy istnieje związek pomiędzy danymi socjodemograficznymi i sytuacją zdrowotną a jakością życia i jej dziedzinami?Materiały i metody: Badaniami objęto 168 dorosłych pacjentów chorujących na hemofilię, pozostających głównie w systemie leczenia domowego i zamieszkujących różne regiony Polski. Dane socjodemograficzne zebrano za pomocą ankiety własnego autorstwa, natomiast do pomiaru jakości życia zastosowano zaproponowany przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia kwestionariusz WHOQOL-100 służący do oceny sytuacji życiowej pacjentów będącej konsekwencją choroby i stosowanej terapii.Wyniki: Wszyscy badani chorzy byli płci męskiej i chorowali na hemofilię A, co jest zgodne zarówno z epidemiologią schorzenia, jak i z faktem, iż hemofilia A występuje w Polsce znacznie częściej niż hemofilia B. Najliczniejszą grupę (144 mężczyzn) stanowili pacjenci z ciężką postacią choroby, najmniej liczną ze stopniem lekkim (6 osób), natomiast stopień umiarkowany choroby występował u 18 badanych. Trzy czwarte (126 osób) miało wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu C. W zakresie 6 dziedzin jakości życia zmierzonych za pomocą kwestionariusza WHOQOL-100 najwyższy wynik 14,66 uzyskano wdziedzinie duchowości, religii i osobistych przekonań, natomiast najniższy w dziedzinie fizycznej 12,99, zwłaszcza w podskali mierzącej ból i dyskomfort oraz dziedzinie środowiskowej 12,89.Wnioski: 1. Badana grupa mężczyzn z wrodzoną hemofilią wykazuje średni poziom jakości życia, porównywalny z jakością życia chorych z innych krajów europejskich. 2. Badana grupa chorych najwyżej ocenia dziedzinę związaną z duchowością, religią i osobistymi przekonaniami, natomiast najniżej dziedzinę fizyczną i środowiskową. 3. Na istotne obniżenie globalnej jakości życia wpływa ciężki stopień choroby, wirusowe zapalenie wątroby typu C oraz status rencisty.

Barriers to the diffusion of Reduced Risk Drinking programs in Poland

Background: The study presented here sheds light on factors promoting or impeding change in the Polish treatment system, by focusing on the specific case of reduced risk drinking (RRD) as treatment objective and modality. More specifically, treatment providers’ perceptions of implementation, barriers and potential chances of adoption of RRD in practice were explored.Method: The 26 alcohol addiction professionals working in 13 outpatient facilities in different parts of Poland took part in four focus group interviews conducted from June to August 2015. The computer assisted qualitative data analysis followed an inductive–deductive procedure. Initially, the transcripts were inductively coded ‘sentence by sentence’ in order to capture the meaning of data. Afterwards, the codes were linked with the deductive, theoretical categories.Results: In their assessment addiction therapists drew upon their individual experience and organizational context, but also stressed system and societal aspects. Five types of barriers to the adoption of RRD programs emerged from the qualitative data analysis: (a) Potential conflicts between RRD and abstinence-oriented programs; (b) Professional routines and paradigms; (c) Information deficits and knowledge requirements; (d) Feasibility and implementation problems and (e) Evaluation issues.Conclusions: The typology of barriers to reduced risk drinking identified among treatment providers will inform policy efforts to plan changes and to anticipate dynamics within the addiction treatment systems more successfully and reduce the treatment gap.

Genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in Poland: the first report of a haplotype of probable Asian origin

The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic diversity of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 in Poland based on sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genes of worms isolated from red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus). Overall, 83 adults of E. multilocularis from the same number of foxes in different parts of Poland were used for analysis. Sequences of the three mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (cob), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nad2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), were analysed. Seventy-four individual biological samples were successfully sequenced. Combined sequence analysis of these three genes exhibited fifteen Polish haplotypes (EmPL1-EmPL15). Most isolates (n = 29; 39%) were classified to the EmPL1 haplotype, which occurred mainly in the east, north and centre of Poland. Haplotype EmPL4 (n = 14; 19%) and other haplotypes appeared predominantly in the south and west area. Fourteen haplotypes were grouped in the European clade. One Polish haplotype (EmPL9) (n = 7, 10%) was assigned to the Asian clade with haplotypes from Japan and Kazakhstan. This haplotype was found only in northeast Poland and this is the westernmost report of haplotype of E. multilocularis belonging to the Asian clade in Europe. The investigation demonstrated that populations of E. multilocularis in Poland (and probably also in eastern Europe) included not only different European haplotypes but also those of the Asian origin.

Komisja Kultury KC PZPR – „dziecko” gomułkowskiej stabilizacji

The Culture Commission of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party – a “Child” of the Gomulka–era Stabilisation The Culture Commission was established in the summer of 1957 and replaced the Department of Culture at the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (CC PUWP). The Department had been composed of the employees the CC PUWP, but the Commission included both representatives of the Party and state bureaucracy as well as members of assorted milieus (under the condition that they belonged to the PUWP). In 1957 the CC PUWP created, alongside the Culture Commission, also a Foreign Commission, a Science Commission, a Publications Commission, etc. The notion to entrust public issues to institutions combining representatives of the apparatus of power and delegates of the interested milieus was characteristic for the Polish variant of the anti–Stalinist “thaw” and did not possess a counterpart in other states of the Soviet bloc. The Culture Commission emerged, if one were to perceive it via the prism of later events, during a transition period. The team created by Wladyslaw Gomulka, who on a tide of de– Stalinisation assumed in October 1956 the function of First Secretary of the CC PUWP, attempted to rapidly stifle social emotions and, at the same time, to devise its own model of governance, a task that naturally required much time. Initially, the authorities regarded the question of culture as secondary. The Party intended to retain general control over this domain, but resigned from “control” and came to terms with pluralism within assorted forms of artistic expression. In 1958 there even emerged a pro–decentralisation conception, namely, to supplant the Ministry of Culture and Art with a Committee of Culture and Art composed of representatives of national councils, central offices, art associations, and social and professional organisations. Gradually, however, such tendencies waned, since the Party–state apparatus could not be itself within a social dialogue formula and preferred ruling by resorting to methods of prohibitions and injunctions. On their part, artistic circles, and men of letters in particular, called for expanding the sphere of creative freedom and, in particular, for a restriction of censorship. In this fashion a conflict between the two sides continued to grow. In the opinion of certain members of the Commission it was to represent the interests of representatives of the arts, especially as regards the freedom of expression and financial questions. Others perceived it as an expert institution assisting the Party leadership in formulating a cultural policy programme. The most permanent outcome of the functioning of the Commission involved numerous gathered data concerning cultural life in different parts of Poland. Otherwise, the Commission proved to be not very active and incapable of designating its realms of activity. In 1960 the Central Committee reactivated the Department of Culture and thus supervision over culture was restored to Party bureaucracy. The Commission was not dissolved but it gradually faded and the last traces of its existence come from 1964.

Fracture Liaison Services - Polish Experience. Methods of Secondary Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures.

Fragility fractures are a major challenge to health systems around the world. The risk of a subsequent fracture may increase even 11-fold after one's first fracture event. A coordinator-based system (Fracture Liaison Services) was established in Poland in order to fill the gap in the care of patients with osteoporotic fractures. In the past years, the FLS has become a crucial part of orthopaedic facilities worldwide, bringing benefits to patients and savings to health systems' budgets. In 2015, the European Foundation of Osteoporosis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (EFOM) implemented the FLS in Poland under the name "System Zapobiegania Złamaniom (SZZ)". It was established in 16 centres in different parts of Poland. During the preparation phase, 42 healthcare professionals from 17 sites participated in courses organized by EFOM. A total of 1,579 patients were included in the SZZ, with a total of 746 DXA scans performed in that group. Patients were educated about osteoporotic fractures, including the methods of prevention (causes of fractures, problem of falls, vitamin D and calcium supplementation). The number of patients receiving antiresorptive treatment increased by 74.1%. The percentage of patients taking vitamin D and calcium supplements increased by an average of 10.8%. Although all the participating patients had suffered a fragility fracture, only 42% fulfilled the WHO clinical criteria for osteoporosis. 1. The implementation of the Fracture Liaison Service concept in Poland is possible and beneficial for the patients and healthcare system. 2. The current WHO definition of osteoporosis might be insufficient. 3. The use of an integrated database in different facilities, in terms of fracture epidemiology, significantly improves the quality of data being collected.

MAGIS 2016 – JEZUICKA PROPOZYCJA FORMACJI MŁODZIEŻY UCZESTNICZĄCEJ W ŚWIATOWYCH DNIACH MŁODZIEŻY

Artykuł przedstawia jezuicką propozycję formacji ludzi młodych przybywających na Światowe Dni Młodzieży. MAGIS 2016 to wynik refleksji Towarzystwa Jezusowego nad tym, jak wykorzystać okazję Światowych Dni Młodzieży do bycia z ludźmi młodymi i jednocześnie przygotować ich do udziału w nich. MAGIS 2016 jest organizowany przez Jezuitów, w ich polskich prowincjach, wraz z innymi zgromadzeniami zakonnymi żyjącymi duchowością ignacjańską oraz grupami świeckich i prowincjami jezuickimi w Europie. Jest on koordynowany przez grupę jezuitów, wolontariuszy oraz grupy świeckich pracujących w różnych częściach Polski. Mottem programu jest zdanie z modlitwy o hojność św. Ignacego: „dawać, a nie liczyć”. Podczas MAGIS 2016, proponowane eksperymenty są wyzwaniem do dzielenia się, świętowania, udziału oraz do zaangażowania się i przemiany.

High regional genetic diversity and lack of host-specificity in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) as revealed by mtDNA variation.

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) infests a wide array of host plants and is considered one of the most serious pests of maize in Europe. Recent studies suggest that individuals feeding on maize in Europe should be referred to O. nubilalis (sensu nov.), while those infesting dicots as Ostrinia scapulalis (sensu nov.). We test if the clear genetic distinctiveness among individuals of O. nubilalis living on maize vs. dicots is tracked by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We used fragments of COI and COII genes of 32 individuals traditionally recognized as O. nubilalis collected on three host plants, maize, mugwort and hop, growing in different parts of Poland. In addition, we reconstructed the mtDNA phylogeny of Ostrinia species based on our data and sequences retrieved from GenBank to assess host and/or biogeographic patterns. We also compared haplotype variation found in Poland (east-central Europe) with other regions (Anatolia, Eastern Europe, Balkans, Far East, North America). Our study showed high mtDNA diversity of O. nubilalis in Poland in comparison with other regions and revealed rare haplotypes likely of Asian origin. We did not find distinct mtDNA haplotypes in larvae feeding on maize vs. dicotyledonous plants. Phylogenetic analyses showed an apparent lack of mtDNA divergence among putatively distinct lineages belonging to the O. nubilalis group as identical haplotypes are shared by Asian and European individuals. We argue that human-mediated dispersal, hybridization and sporadic host jumps are likely responsible for the lack of a geographic pattern in mtDNA variation.

Atlases of geothermal waters and energy resources in Poland

The paper presents results of geothermal projects carried out in the last 23 years by the interdisciplinary research team at the AGH University of Science and Technology, in cooperation with numerous scientific institutions, published in the form of geothermal atlases in different parts of Poland. For many years, the Department of Fossil Fuels at the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, has conducted the fundamental research and implementation work, aiming at the selection of optimum areas for utilization of geothermal waters and energy. Over the years, a methodology of estimation of geothermal resources with use of advanced techniques and numerical modeling has been developed. Recapitulation of the studies of the occurrence and utilization of geothermal waters and energy within geological units of the Polish Lowlands, Carpathians and Carpathian Foredeep has been reflected in seven Atlases. The Atlases represent a result of interdisciplinary, constructive cooperation of specialists from various, often remote fields of knowledge, fundamental and technological in nature, including: geologists, geophysicists, hydrogeologists, geochemists, drilling engineers, heat engineers, and many other specialists. The Atlases enable the selection of the most promising areas for utilization of geothermal waters and energy in Poland. The best geothermal conditions are predicted in the Polish Lowlands and Podhale region although in many areas of the Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep favorable geothermal conditions also occur.

The possibilities of using data on national populations of fungal species to determine the Red List Category (based on the IUCN Criteria)

The paper refers to the current issue of determining the threat category for fungal species based on the widely used IUCN criteria and presents the information concerns the possible usability of data on populations of fungal species, especially macroscopic ones occuring in Poland, in order to make the best possible extinction risk assessment. The data is heterogeneous due to the various reasons, e.g. eneven mycological recognition of different parts of Poland. Therefore, the need to collect and analyze all currently available data for those taxa is urgent. The further discussion on the subject focusing on the development of a uniform national standard for such assessments is one of the most relevant issues for the near future. The arguments being presented in this paper are intented to be an additional voice in this discussion.

Historical medium-scale maps as a source of information on the overgrowing of lakes

AbstractIn the work, medium-scale topographic maps from the first half of the 20th century and aerial photographs from the first decade of the 21st century were used to determine the rate of overgrowing of lakes. A comparison of results for lakes located in different parts of Poland demonstrated that the process of proliferation of emergent plants dominated - such a situation was recorded for 14 out of the 15 lakes analysed in the work. The calculated average overgrowing rate for all the lakes in the years 1945-2010 was 0.4 ha yr-1. Lake Karaś (1.83 ha yr-1) and Lake Oświn (1.2 ha yr-1) were characterized by the highest overgrowing rates. Moreover, the work presents an attempt at discovering the factors which determine the scale of the lake overgrowing process. To this end, the main lake parameters were analysed and it was concluded that the rate of overgrowing of lakes was influenced, inter alia, by water level fluctuations and the shape and depth of a given lake. However, each lake should be treated as an individual object which responds to the processes occurring in its environment in a unique way.

Serological Detection of Circulating Angiostrongylus vasorum Antigen- and Parasite-Specific Antibodies in Dogs from Poland

Dogs infected with Angiostrongylus vasorum, a potentially lethal parasite living in the heart and pulmonary arteries, may present severe respiratory and neurological sings and coagulopathies. Its occurrence is increasingly reported from various European countries, but little is known about its presence in Poland. In this first large-scale survey, 3,345 sera from polish dogs attending veterinary clinics in different parts of Poland for various reasons were collected and tested by an ELISA for the detection of circulating antigen of A. vasorum and by a separate (n = 17, 95% Confidence Intervals, CI: 0.30–0.81 %) of the animals were positive in both ELISAs, while 0.78 % (n = 26, CI: 0.51–1.14 %) of the tested dogs were antigen- positive only and 1.29 % (n = 43, CI: 0.93–1.73 %) were positive for specific antibodies only. Regions with antigen- and antibody-positive animals were overlapping and distributed over the whole area of the country, with approximately one third of positives close to the Baltic Sea, and a limited number of cases close to the German border. These results confirm the occurrence of A. vasorum in dogs originating from different parts of Poland. A. vasorum serology presents significant advantages (diagnosis before patency, single serum sample instead of repeated faecal samples, rapidity and affordability particularly in case of large number of samples), and it can be considered a valid alternative for diagnosis in individuals and in epidemiological studies.

The Occurrence of the Viruses in Tulip Crops in Poland

Abstract The viruses infecting tulips have a big influence on the yield and the quality of bulbs and forced flowers. Commercial bulb production is based on clonal propagation, which leads to the accumulation of viruses. Among 22 viruses occurring in tulips, the most common and the most dangerous are Tulip breaking virus, TBV; Tobacco necrosis virus, TNV; Lily symptomless virus, LSV; Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV and Tobacco rattle virus, TRV. The aim of the research was to check which viruses occur most often on Polish tulip plantations. The research was done on two tulip (Tulipa L.) cultivars ‘Strong Gold’ and ‘Leen van der Mark’ grown at 3 farms situated in different parts of Poland (Warsaw Region, Pomerania and Podlasie) during 2006-2007, and then at 2 farms located in Warsaw Region during 2008-2011. Five of the most important viruses infecting tulips (TBV, TNV, LSV, CMV, and TRV) were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in leaves and in bulbs during the period 2006-2010. In the last year of the research two different strains of TRV were detected (TRV-J and TRV-F) and Tulip virus X (TVX) as well. Search for viruses showed that most often TBV virus was detected both in the leaves and the bulbs regardless of the year and plantations. Yellow flowering cultivar ‘Strong Gold’ was infected by viruses more often than in bi-coloured (with red) ‘Leen van der Mark’, because of the difficulties with effective roguing of infected plants due to inconspicuous symptoms of virus infections on yellow coloured flowers. Other viruses were detected sporadically, however increasing occurrence of LSV and TRV was noticed from year to year. In 2011, TVX virus was detected in a few plants of ‘Strong Gold’ and it was the first case of detection of this virus in tulip in Poland.

OP0241-PARE Time to diagnosis and quality of life people with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis in poland

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and appropriate treatment are the conditions, that slow process of a long-term disease leading to disability. As a consequence, the RA prevents the normal...

Viral infections in goose flocks in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the infectious agents isolated from infection - suspected geese sent for the diagnostic examination to National Veterinary Research Institute. The birds were sent from goose flocks localized in different parts of Poland. Totally, 1,013 birds from 122 flocks were examined. The presence of goose parvovirus (GPV), goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV), and goose circovirus (GoCV) was detected by triplex PCR. The presence of GPV DNA was shown in 36 flocks. The disease was most frequently diagnosed in goslings aging 3.5 weeks (ten flocks), and 2.5 weeks (six flocks). The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of VP1 encoding region has shown close similarity of Polish GPV strains within the group which ranged from 92% to 100%. Moreover, the similarity level of these strains with GPV isolated in Europe was from 91.3% to 100%. The occurrence of GoCV DNA was shown in 25 goose flocks. The presence of GoCV DNA was found among geese aged from 2 to 6 weeks, but predominantly in those aging 3.5 (three flocks) and 5 weeks (five flocks). The sequence analysis of PCR products from the sequenced region of ORFC1 capsid protein of GoCV has shown that Polish isolates share from 85% to 91% similarity with the sequences of GoCV strains isolated in other countries. The presence of DNA of GHPV was found in 3-week-old geese. During the last 2 years the presence of GHPV was confirmed in three flocks of goslings at the age from 3 to 3.5 weeks. During the last 12 years the occurrence of co-infection with GPV and GoCV was detected in six flocks aging from 5 to 6 weeks.

Multiple-site investigation of the properties of an HF radio channel and the ionosphere using Digital Radio Mondiale broadcasting

The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), one of the new digital radio broadcasting standards, has been designed to overcome typical short wave radio channel difficulties, such as the multipath propagation and fast temporal changes of the received signal level, both related to the properties of the ionosphere along the path of propagation. In particular, some of the RF carriers used in the applied COFDM transmission technique serve to estimate the current state of the radio channel to enable the proper demodulation of the received signal. We have been detecting such RF carriers on select frequency channels (standard DRM broadcast) using a network of recording stations located in different parts of Poland in order to collect data on the HF radio channel. We have been also evaluating the usefulness of this procedure in providing information on the current state of the ionosphere in the refraction region between the transmitter and receivers. When the DRM system becomes more widespread, this method can supplement data that comes from the ionosondes, since it does not require much financial resources and the receivers can be easily scattered over a large area. This paper presents a set of experimental data and its analysis.

The Role of Parasitoids in Limiting the Harmfulness of Leafrollers in Apple Orchards

The aim of the studies was to determine significance of parasitoids as biocontrol agents against teafrollers in apple orchards. The studies were performed in different parts of Poland in 1994-2001. An average parasitization level of caterpillars amounted to ca. 8.6%, and it varied broadly up to individual orchards (from 2.4 to 32.4%). A natural parasitization level was strictly related to the in- tensity of orchards' protection against pests. Higher parasitization was observed in case of less protected orchards, and in those ones with a great number of leafrollers. The greatest share in parasitizing leafroller caterpillars was stated for hymenopterans belonging to two families: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. Populations of leafrollers were most effectively reduced by the following parasitoid species: Ascogaster rufidens, Apanteles ater, Meteorus ictericus, Macrocentrus linearis and M. thoracicus of Braconidae as well as Campoplex mutabilis, Lissonota segmenta- tor, Phytodietus segmentator, Itoplectis maculator, Diadegma armillatum and Apechthis rufata of Ichneumonidae. The results of conducted research also revealed preferences of particular parasitoids to parasitize some leafroller species. A. rufidens had the greatest share in parasitizing caterpillars of Pandemis heparana. Among hymenopterani parasitoids of Archips rosa- nus, the one most numerously occurring was C. mutabilis, also considered as the main parasitoid of Acleris rhombana. In parasitizing the leafroller Adoxophyes orana the greatest share fell to M. ictericus while in case of Spilonota ocellana - the most frequent parasitoid was A. quadridentata. Tachinid flies were found to be of a minor importance in parasitization of leafroller caterpillars. They were only raised from four leafroller species, and their largest share fell in parasitization of A. rosanus. Parasitation of A. rosanus eggs by Trichogramma sp. varied broadly depending on individual orchards and growing seasons, and ranged 0.8 to 33.9%.