Different Modes Of Vibration Research Articles

Structural, dielectric, impedance, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, energy harvesting, and optical properties of Ca1-xZnx(Fe0.5V0.5)O3 ceramics

The present work mainly describes the fabrication and characterization (structural, micro-structural, dielectric, piezoelectric, optical, and energy-harvesting) of Ca1-xZnx(Fe0.5V0.5)O3 with x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 complex perovskite. All four compounds are prepared by using the solid-state reaction method (calcination temperature = 1100 °C (6 h) and sintering temperature = 1150 °C (7 h)). The room temperature XRD data analysis confirms all four compounds' single-phase orthorhombic structures. Different modes of vibrations are confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The grain size increases from 1.09 μm to 2.53 μm with increased zinc concentration. The variation of dielectric constant with frequency has been explained based on Maxwell-Wagner polarization. The effects of grain and grain boundary have been confirmed by impedance spectroscopy, which contributes to the conduction and relaxation mechanism of the compounds. The d33, g33, and energy harvesting performance gradually increase with an increase in zinc concentration, confirming the enhancement of the compounds' piezoelectric properties. The decrease in the band gap from 3.58 eV (x = 0) to 3.00 eV (x = 0.15) confirms the enhancement of optical properties.

Objective Function Distortion Reduction in Identification Technique of Composite Material Elastic Properties

In studies of structural mechanics, modal analysis, presented in this paper, is an important tool for analyzing the vibration of an object and its frequencies. In modal analysis, different modes of vibration and the frequencies that generate them are considered. The study covers the nondestructive identification of the elastic characteristics of materials, which involves stochastic algorithms and the application of reverse engineering (i.e., the comparison of reference eigenfrequencies with the results of mathematical models). Identification is achieved by minimizing the objective function—the smaller the value of the objective function, the higher the identification accuracy obtained. By changing the parameters of a material’s mathematical model during identification, certain (usually higher order) modes can change places in a natural frequency spectrum. This leads to the comparison of different order eigenfrequencies, slow convergence and poor accuracy of the identification process. The technique involved in this work is the mode-shape recognition of a specimen of material with an “incorrect” set of elastic properties. The results prove that the identification accuracy of a material’s elastic properties can be increased if an “incorrect” set of elastic properties is removed from the identification process. The research covers only numerical research, with a physical experiment simulation.

Methods and Applications of Raman Spectroscopy: A Powerful Technique in Modern Research, Diagnosis, and Food Quality Control

Background:Raman spectroscopy has evolved into an important fast, rapid, direct, and non-destructive technique that has recently been applied in different fields.Objective:The present work aims to study the theoretical bases and the experimental techniques relate to Raman spectroscopy and highlight the performance as well as the different applications of the technique.Methods:Spectroscopy, in general, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, which corresponds to the emission or transmission of energy in the form of a wave at a given frequency. Raman spectroscopy is based on the inelastic diffusion of photons on electrons. The change in electron energy level leads to different modes of vibration of a molecule. These different vibration modes occur at specific frequencies for each molecule.Results:Raman spectroscopy is used in chemistry as a tool to identify molecules in a sample. Indeed, each Raman peak is associated with a vibration mode of a molecule; it is considered as a more useful approach to monitor the chemical parameters of samples tested in several fields, especially in food safety.Conclusion:This review covers the current research status and prospects of Raman spectroscopy. The Raman effect is considered from the time of its discovery as a great gift for chemists because it contributes to a better characterization of the structure of matter.

State-of-the-art with the prospects of cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks for solar cell applications

The characteristics of metal–organic framework (MOF) composites make them the most significant materials for energy conversion applications. MOFs are hybrid molecular frameworks synthesized using metal ions like Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Nickel, etc and organic ligands such as BTC, NDC, etc. To meet and fulfill futuristic energy demands and needs, it is feasible to expand cost-effective energy conversion solar cell devices using MOF materials, therefore in the present work, the Cobalt-based MOFs (Co-MOF) are synthesized by coordinating Cobalt nitrate and 1,3,5 Benzene tricarboxylic acid (BTC or Trimesic acid) ligand using the Solvothermal method. To study the physiochemical properties of synthesized Co-BTC MOFs, these have gone through a variety of characterization processes where the structural exploration unveils that the intensity of the dominant peak obtained at 18.7° gradually decreases with a decrease in the concentration of trimesic acid ligand. First and second weight losses, corresponding to release of the solvent molecules and breakdown of the frameworks, respectively, were detected by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements. In the FTIR spectra, metal-oxide, modified benzene, carboxylic, and hydroxyl groups with different modes of vibrations are observed. Analysis of surface morphology demonstrated creation of rod-like geometry to the synthesized materials, whereas elemental studies inveterate effective formation of the Co-BTC MOFs. Additionally, the optimized Co-BTC MOF is applied as a potential interfacial layer in solar cells and the outcome implies that the device designed with 10 Co-BTC LBL cycle evolutions provided relatively desirable solar cell performance parameters. The present findings recommended that material progression is necessary to develop cost-effective and high-performance MOF-based solar cell devices.

Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, Molecular Docking Studies, RDG Analysis, and DFT Computations on Structural Vibrational and Electronic Spectra of 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-Triazolinium Picrate

In this study, the antifungal compound 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-Triazolinium picrate (3,5-DTAZPA) crystals were fully grown and characterized using FT-Raman and FT-IR experiment techniques. Computational methods of 3,5-DTAZPA were performed up to B3LYP with a 6–311++G (d, p) basis set. The Optimized geometry and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis were been carried out with the help of density functional theory (DFT). The vibrational assignments related to different modes of vibrations were built up by normal coordinate analysis (NCA). Frontier molecular orbital theory (HOMO-LUMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and Fukui functions were computed. reduced density gradient (RDG), the electron density’s topology and hydrogen bonds were analyzed. The Kirby–Bauer method was employed to assess 3,5-DTAZPA compound’s in vitro antifungal properties against fungal strains. The docking calculations were also carried out with the target protein.

Vibrational study and effect of copper substitution on the electrical properties of the (C2H5NH3)2CdCl4 hybrid compound

In this paper, elaborated samples (C2H5NH3)2CdCl4 and (C2H5NH3)2Cd0.5Cu0.5Cl4 have been studied by X-ray powder diffraction patterns, Raman and impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction indicates that these compounds crystallize at room temperature in the orthorhombic system. The values of lattice parameters and volume were determined. Raman spectroscopy (RS) analysis was used to identify the different modes of vibration between atoms. This technique confirms the presence of the organic and inorganic chain of the hybrid compounds. The morphological analysis was carried out, and the size of the grain was ascertained using the Image J application. The electrical measurements were performed in the 5 Hz – 10 MHz frequency range and 0–6 V bias voltage interval. The capacitance behavior as a function of frequency is explained by the interface states effect. It is noted that the capacitance increases with the introduction of copper in (C2H5NH3)2CdCl4 hybrid compound. The C–V curves show three regions of electronic charge distribution: (a) inversion, (b) depletion and (c) accumulation. The frequency dependence of the conductivity is interpreted in term of Jonscher law. The increase of the conductivity is attributed to the incorporation of copper in (C2H5NH3)2CdCl4 compound.

Synthesis, functional group analysis (experimental and theoretical), solvent –Solute interactions, structural insights of (E)-3-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) imino) indolin-2-one–In-vitro Antimicrobial activity

(E)-3-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) imino) indolin-2-one (4CTFI) has been synthesised and its structural features have been investigated by spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV–vis) techniques. 4CTFI was optimized in gas phase, PA (polar aprotic), PP (polar protic) and NP (nonpolar) solvent phases using WB97XD/6-311++G(d,p) method. Vibrational assignments pertaining to different modes of vibration with potential energy distribution (PED) have been augmented by normal coordinate analysis (NCA). Using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, the compound's electronic stability as a consequence of hyper conjugative couplings and charge delocalization has been assessed. The Fukui functions and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) surface have been utilized to provide information about the nucleophilic and electrophilic locations for the aforesaid phases. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy gap probably indicates a compound's strong chemical reactivity and enables eventual charge transfer inside the molecule. Furthermore, electron-hole distributions for four excited states and topological studies have been discussed. Moreover, this chemical adheres to Lipinski's decree, which implies that, in concept, consuming an oral intake will not be troublesome. ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity) attributes have been investigated to evaluate drug discovery initiatives of our synthetic molecule. Docking of 4CTFI with antimicrobial proteins have been performed and the minimum binding energy of -6.52 kcal/mol was obtained for 4WAS protein. Macromolecule flexibility and stability on protein-ligand interactions have been effectively studied using the molecular dynamics simulation. Tests of in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy have been performed on microbial strains.

Experiments and analysis of dynamic characteristics of liquid sloshing in horizontal Cassini tank

In this study, the sloshing behaviors and dynamic characteristics of liquid sloshing in a horizontal Cassini tank were studied. The forces and torques generated by the liquid sloshing in non-equilibrium states were experimentally measured with force transducers which have been mounted on the experiment platform. The experiments mainly focus on the sloshing forces and torques generated by liquid sloshing in the tank. And the effects of the magnitude and frequency of the external excitations and the liquid-filling ratios on the sloshing characteristics were also studied. The experiments results show that the liquid sloshing in the Cassini tank is highly correlated with the excitation frequency where small variation in the frequency leads to complex changes in the liquid sloshing characteristics. In the cases with low liquid-filling ratio, in resonance state, the rotational sloshing is easier to be excited, however, in the stable-state the amplitudes of longitudinal sloshing force and torque are more significant than those of other sloshing conditions. The transversal sloshing force and torque are very small in both, rotational and translational nonlinear sloshing of small amplitude. In small-amplitude rotational and translational nonlinear sloshing cases, the CFD simulations were in good agreement with the experimental data. However, as the transitional compound state between different modes of vibration at various orders, the dynamic ratio of longitudinal and transversal sloshing force became large and errors occurred and became obvious in CFD simulations.

Hypothetical confirmation for the anti-bacterial compound potassium succinate-succinic acid in comparison with certain succinate derivatives

The development of antibacterial medications has recently been promoted due to the non- effective usage of antibiotics and the rise in severe bacterial infections. The effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy alternatives is constrained due to the prevalence of germs that are resistant to medications. Our current study’s goal is to favor metallic compounds for antibiotic delivery in order to increase the effectiveness of the antibacterial regimen. Due to its bioactivity, potassium succinate-succinic acid is preferred because in general, the succinic acid compound has the greatest potential against microbial infections and a natural antibiotic because of its relative acidic nature. In the current study, the molecular geometry, band gap energies, molecular electrostatic interactions and potential energy distribution of the molecule were compared with those of certain succinate derivatives. The potential compound potassium succinate succinic acid was probed using FT-IR and FT-Raman analyses. Vibrational assignments pertaining to different modes of vibration with potential energy distribution have been improved by normal coordinate analysis. The chemical bond stability which is largely important for biological activity is studied using NBO analysis. The molecular docking study suggests that the molecule possesses antibacterial action and displays a minimal binding energy of −5.3 kcal/mol which can be endorsed for the prevention of any bacterial illness. From the results of our studies, the material would be stable and bioactive according to the FMO study, which indicates a band gap value of 4.35 eV and the pharmacokinetic features of the molecule, was predicted using the ADMET factors and the drug-likeness test. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Seismic evaluation of vertically irregular RC frames subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences of near-fault and far-fault ground motions

Sequential ground motions can significantly affect the seismic demands of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with irregularity along the height. In this paper, the effect of sequential near-fault and far-fault ground motion records with strong and weak aftershocks on the seismic demands of vertically irregular 10-story RC building frames is investigated. The vertically irregular frames with stiffness and mass irregularities were created by applying a modification factor of MF = 2 in three different locations along the height of the reference regular frame. Eigenvalue analysis was performed to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of the structures (i.e. the period and the effective modal participating mass ratio for different modes of vibration). In order to study the seismic demands of these structures, the non-linear response history analysis (NL-RHA), which is the most accurate method of seismic evaluation of structures, was carried out. The floor displacements, story drifts, plastic hinge rotations and residual story drifts obtained from the NL-RHAs were exhaustively studied, and the effect of seismic sequences on the seismic responses was investigated. Furthermore, the enhanced pushover analyses, including the modal pushover analysis (MPA), consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure, extended N2 (EN2) method, single-run multi-mode pushover (SMP) method and non-adaptive displacement-based pushover (NADP) procedure were implemented to consider the effect of higher modes in computing the seismic demands of the structures subjected to sequential near-fault and far-fault records as well as mainshocks. The results accentuate that the maximum seismic demands and damage of the structure for sequential near-fault and far-fault records with strong aftershocks are much greater than those for the corresponding mainshocks. Moreover, the enhanced pushover analyses in the case of sequential records have usually less accuracy in estimating the seismic demands in comparison with mainshocks only.

Structural, Spectroscopic, and C-H…O Hydrogen Bonding Interaction on Structure (Monomer and Dimer) Vibrational Spectroscopic, Fukui, NCI, AIM, and RDG Analysis Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Biological Active Pencycuron

The prospective compound pencycuron (PNC) was probed using FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR, and UV-Vis spectra and quantum chemical computation. Vibrational assignment pertaining to different modes of vibration with potential energy distribution has been augmented by normal coordinate analysis (NCA). The most stable minimum energy conformer was identified by performing potential energy surface scan (PES) along the rotational bonds at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The chemical reactivity and stability of PNC were estimated based on the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and NBO approach. The overall picture of accumulation of charges on individual atoms of the molecule was predicted by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface map which in turn identifies the nucleophilic and electrophilic region or sites. The intermolecular interaction in the PNC was confirmed by using Hirshfeld surfaces. Antifungal activity of the compound with different bacterial strains was validated by the agar well diffusion method. Ligand-protein interaction was explored by using molecular docking studies, while the pharmacokinetic aspects of the compound were probed using drug likeness and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity properties. The stability of the title compound has been investigated via molecular dynamics simulation (MDS).

The role of graphene oxide in the strength and vibration characteristics of standard and high-grade cement concrete

This study presents the results of an experimental study of the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on the static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of cement concrete. Four different dosages of GO, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% by weight of cement and two different grades of concrete, standard concrete (M30) and high strength concrete (M60) were studied. The static properties such as compressive strength and chord modulus of elasticity were determined. The impact hammer technique was used to obtain dynamic characteristics such as fundamental natural frequency, damping ratios, and mode shapes of concrete beams under free-free condition. In addition, fundamental resonant frequencies under different modes of vibration were determined. The dynamic elasticity modulus, dynamic shear modulus and dynamic poisons ratio of all concrete mixes were also determined. Experimental results revealed that the compressive strength of the concrete with the incorporation of GO was remarkably enhanced. The highest increase in compressive strength was found at GO dosage of 0.15%, and the improvement at 7 and 28 days was 58.2% and 47.7% for standard concrete and 51.2% and 24.3% for high strength concrete respectively compared to control concrete. The impact hammer test revealed that the maximum increase in fundamental natural frequency was 8.0% and 6.6%, and the maximum decreased damping ratio was 29.1% and 26.3% for standard concrete and high strength concrete respectively when compared to the control concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity results indicated that the homogeneity of the concrete with GO addition was significantly improved. SEM and EDX microstructure investigations found that the addition of GO to concrete promoted the development of improved hydration phases leads to the dense microstructure. The findings of this study demonstrated that GO nanomaterial had a potential future as a reinforcing material in cement concrete for improved microstructure, strength, and free vibration characteristics.

Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant concentrations on the novel strontium copper oxide nanostructures for enriching hydrogen evolution reaction electrochemical activity in alkaline solution

Nowadays, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has gained more attention than the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water-splitting. The OER, which involves a four-electron process, is more complex whereas the HER, which involves a two-electron process, is more easy. Hydrogen is one of the promising and efficient energy carriers for renewable and sustainable energy yield. In this work, we have successfully prepared a low-cost electrocatalyst of strontium copper oxide (SCO) through a simple co-precipitation method, followed by an annealing process. The X-ray diffraction is consistent with an orthorhombic structure of SCO. The different modes of vibrations containing Cu, Sr, and O bonds were identified by using the Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that the introduction of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant allowed to control the size and morphology of the prepared material. Electrochemical measurements indicated that 2 wt% SDS-assisted SCO material exhibited excellent HER performance and high stability. It achieved 166 mV to deliver 10 mA/cm2 and attained the low 124 mV/dec Tafel slope value, indicating that hydrogen evolution reaction followed the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism. Compared to the pure and 1 wt% SDS-SCO, 2 wt% SDS-SCO material exhibited a high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 19.3 cm2 and showed a low 0.33 Ω charge-transfer resistance, indicating the presence of supplementary active sites and enhanced electrical conductivity than the reference electrocatalysts. Hence, this work could be considered as a successful approach in exploring the performance of alkaline-based metal oxides in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions.

Structural infrasound from a barge collision with the Mississippi river bridge.

The Mississippi River Bridge in Vicksburg, Mississippi, is a seven-span cantilever bridge that is 1033 m long by 20.9 m wide and is part of the Interstate-20 corridor. On March 23, 2011, at approximately 14:30 CST, a barge moving downstream struck a pier of the bridge. An infrasound array located at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) detected the impact. Finite Element (FE) models were developed to investigate the structural behavior of the bridge due to the impact. The FE models identified events within the infrasound record that were possibly produced by the different modes of vibration of the bridge structure. The emerging technology of structural infrasound monitoring and the potential for using infrasound as a forensic tool is demonstrated with the results of the bridge-barge collision event and capability of deployment in the future.

Physical‐organic aspects along with linear and nonlinear optical properties of benzene sulfonamide compounds: In silico analysis

AbstractThe sulfonamides class of drugs is known due to superb biological and notable nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. The current study reports detailed computational and spectroscopic studies of 16 novel benzene sulfonamides compounds. Computational studies on these compounds (1–16) have been performed with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6‐31G (d,p) basis set. B3LYP with the conjunction of 6‐31G(d,p) has been used to gain optimized geometries of these compounds. Different key parameters have been performed to analyze the structural‐property relationship, stability, reactivity, charge transferability, and NLO response of these novel compounds. Electronic properties including frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) alignment, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, spectroscopic fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and NLO properties were calculated using B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) and M06‐2X/6‐31G(d,p) basis sets. Natural bonding orbital analysis confirmed the successful electron transferability between donor moiety and acceptor moiety. The molecular electrostatic potential analysis unveils the intramolecular hydrogen bonding along with different reactive sites in these compounds 1–16. Global indices of reactivity were analyzed using energies of frontier molecular orbitals of compounds 1–16, which suggested that these compounds are chemically hard and stable compounds. Absorption maxima of all compounds were estimated with aid of time‐dependent DFT at B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) basis set which disclosed the best agreement between experimental and DFT‐based recorded spectra. FT‐IR analysis (at B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p)) confirmed different modes of vibration in all the title compounds and also exhibit a concrete relation with experimentally recorded IR spectrums. Moreover, all the compounds (1–16) show good NLO response. NLO responses of 1–16 compounds were computed at the same level of B3LYP/6‐31G (d,p), which is found to be greater than the standard molecule. All these analyses suggest that 1–16 benzene sulfonamides compounds are found to be suitable candidates for biological and NLO applications.

Probing into the Outcome of Charge Transfer Interactions and Hyperconjugative Effect on the Antibacterial Molecule 4-dimethylaminopyridine using Spectroscopic Elucidations and DFT Calculations

The prospective compound 4-dimethylaminopyridine was probed using FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Visible spectra and quantum chemical computations. Vibrational assignments pertaining to different modes of vibration with potential energy distribution have been augmented by normal coordinate analysis. Electronic stability of the compound arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charge delocalization is scrutinized using natural bond orbital analysis. The frontier molecular orbital energy gap probably indicates a compound's strong chemical reactivity and enables eventual charge transfer inside the molecule. The molecular electrostatic potential map and Fukui functions reveal that electronegative nitrogen and electropositive hydrogen atoms can be attacked by electrophiles and nucleophiles. The molecule's electron-hole distribution showed a charge transfer within the molecule, and the chemical implications of the molecule were described using electron localization function and localized orbital locator. Antibacterial activity of the compound with different bacterial strains was validated by agar well diffusion method. Ligand–protein interaction was explored by using molecular docking studies, while the pharmacokinetic aspects of the compound were probed using drug likeness and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity properties.

Fast-Slow Coupling Dynamics Behavior of the van der Pol-Rayleigh System

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the van der Pol-Rayleigh system is studied by using the fast–slow analysis method and the transformation phase portrait method. Firstly, the stability and bifurcation behavior of the equilibrium point of the system are analyzed. We find that the system has no fold bifurcation, but has Hopf bifurcation. By calculating the first Lyapunov coefficient, the bifurcation direction and stability of the Hopf bifurcation are obtained. Moreover, the bifurcation diagram of the system with respect to the external excitation is drawn. Then, the fast subsystem is simulated numerically and analyzed with or without external excitation. Finally, the vibration behavior and its generation mechanism of the system in different modes are analyzed. The vibration mode of the system is affected by both the fast and slow varying processes. The mechanisms of different modes of vibration of the system are revealed by the transformation phase portrait method, because the system trajectory will encounter different types of attractors in the fast subsystem.

Controlling Resonator Nonlinearities and Modes through Geometry Optimization.

Controlling the nonlinearities of MEMS resonators is critical for their successful implementation in a wide range of sensing, signal conditioning, and filtering applications. Here, we utilize a passive technique based on geometry optimization to control the nonlinearities and the dynamical response of MEMS resonators. Also, we explored active technique i.e., tuning the axial stress of the resonator. To achieve this, we propose a new hybrid shape combining a straight and initially curved microbeam. The Galerkin method is employed to solve the beam equation and study the effect of the different design parameters on the ratios of the frequencies and the nonlinearities of the structure. We show by adequately selecting the parameters of the structure; we can realize systems with strong quadratic or cubic effective nonlinearities. Also, we investigate the resonator shape effect on symmetry breaking and study different linear coupling phenomena: crossing, veering, and mode hybridization. We demonstrate the possibility of tuning the frequencies of the different modes of vibrations to achieve commensurate ratios necessary for activating internal resonance. The proposed method is simple in principle, easy to fabricate, and offers a wide range of controllability on the sensor nonlinearities and response.

Experimental and theoretical analyses of nano-silver for antibacterial activity based on differential crystal growth temperatures.

The modulation of antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials can be achieved through various physical and chemical processes, which ultimately affect subsequent properties. In this study, the antibacterial potential of nano-silver was investigated at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0g/L, and its differential temperature synthesis was achieved at 20, 50, and 70°C using the solvent evaporation method. Nano-silver particles exhibited FCC (octahedral) crystalline structure with crystallite sizes ranging between 28 and 39nm calculated using XRD analysis. Moreover, irregular and non-uniform surface morphology was evident from SEM micrographs. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of nano-silver exhibited wave maxima at 433nm, while the FTIR analysis depicted different modes of vibration indicating the CH, OH, C≡C, C-Cl, and CH2 functional groups attached to the surface. Lastly, nano-silver caused prominent inhibition (12.5mm) in the Escherichia coli growth, particularly at 70°C synthesis temperature and 3.0g/L dose. It is concluded that both the nano-silver crystal growth temperature and dose contributed substantially to bacterial growth inhibition linked with subsequent size, shape-dependent properties.

Growth and characterization of L-tyrosine magnesium chloride single crystal: A promising NLO crystal

New single Crystal of L-Tyrosine Magnesium Chloride (LTMC) was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the grown crystal is orthorhombic system with the space group Pmn21. The grown crystals were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis to find the different modes of vibration due to various functional groups present in LTMC. The transmission spectrum of LTMC was recorded by UV–Vis spectrometer in the range between 200 nm and 800 nm which addressed the grown crystal has good optical transparency in the entire visible region and its energy band gap was determined. The thermal stability of the crystal was determined from thermo gravimetric and differential thermo analysis (TG-DTA) curve. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss has been studied as a function of frequency for various temperatures and the results were discussed in details. The frequency dependence of AC/DC conductivity studies for different temperature was carried out. The photoconductive behavior of the material is also investigated and the grown crystal has positive photoconductive nature. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by using Vicker’s hardness test. The presence of second harmonic generation (SHG) for the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz Perry powder technique. All these studies indicate that the LTMC crystal can be considered as a potential candidate for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices.