Different Modes Of Transport Research Articles

SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SPEED

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article assesses the influence of speed of transportation on formation and development of human society. It is shown that the emergence of modern high-speed transport has led to cardinal social changes, namely to acceleration of urbanization, intensification of interregional and intercontinental migration flows, improving the quality of life. It is noted that directions and intensity of spatial displacements of people can be regarded as a social indicator aggregating individual ideas about attractiveness of certain places of residence. To quantify the spatial and temporal accessibility, the concept of «territory of isochronous accessibility» was introduced, and for socioeconomic assessments it was suggested to use a set of indicators as population size, gross domestic product, and the volume of production of services within the isochronous availability territory. Further acceleration of transportation speed implies both an increase in speed of transportation by different modes of transport, and elimination of time losses at the «junctions» between them, which should be supported by the development of multimodal logistics. Key words: transport communication, speed, society, humanity, urbanization, migration, space-time accessibility, territory of isochronous accessibility.

Integrated network design of wheat supply chain: A real case of Iran

This study proposes designing the integrated supply chain of wheat products that includes long-term decisions of supplier selection and locating new silos and mid-term decisions of assignment and distribution of the wheat and its products. The proposed model aims at selecting the suppliers, determining amount of the import, distribution of wheat, and production of its products. The model is developed by considering blending of different types of the wheat for producing different products, locating new silos and different modes of transportation in all levels of the chain, and also adding the export sector. Unlike the most of previous researches, the current research proposes an integrated planning model that is able to consider all effective levels and factors on the chain. The application of this model is surveyed in a case study for Iran that demonstrates considerable cost savings. By solving the model, the results illustrate the significant reduction in transportation costs. Meanwhile, the sensitivity analysis has been performed on changing of the most important parameter values of the model to show the effect of them on objective function. Finally, practical suggestions from the output results are brought in conclusion.

Personal Exposure to Ultrafine Particles According to Different Environments and Modes of Transport in Schoolchildren: Results from a Spanish Cohort in Valencia

Background Combustion, especially in diesel engines, emits a complex mixture of gases and particles that could be harmful for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Daily personal exposure to the smallest particulate matter (less than 0.1 µm and usually called nanoparticles or ultrafine particles – UFP) has been studied to a lesser extent compared to coarser particles. In this study we aim to assess personal exposure to UFP in different environments and transport modes among schoolchildren from a Spanish birth-cohort in the province of Valencia. Methods The study population consisted of 114 children aged 10-11 years. For each of them, personal exposure to UFP was measured continuously during two successive school days (24 hours) by means of a small backpack equipped with a UFP active sampler (DISCmini). The first day, a technician delivered the required material to the child’s home and instructed them on the monitoring period. The second day, families came to the health center where children underwent health examinations and parents answered questionnaires about time-activity patterns, sociodemographic factors, and other exposures. Median UFP exposure levels (numbers of particles per cm 3 – N/cm 3 – were obtained for the overall period, for different environments (at home and school) and during journeys by different modes of transport (active transport – walking or cycling – or passive transport – car, bus, metro or tram). Results Around 90% (N=101) of the schoolchildren had valid exposure data (at least at home and school). Mean monitoring time was 24 hours [range: 22-27 hours]. Participants spent 15 hours at home, 6 hours at school, 28 minutes in active transport, and 60 minutes in passive transport on average during the monitoring period. Passive transport in our study was over-represented since on the second day of the visit most families drove to the health center. Over this period, DISCmini obtained valid data for 98.5% of the time [interquartile range: 80.1%-100.0%]. Global personal exposure level was 9368 N/cm 3 [interquartile range: 5514-17607 N/cm 3 ], being higher during the cold season. Personal exposure levels were higher during journeys (especially in passive transport) than in other environments. Comparing exposure levels at home and school, UFP levels were higher at home, probably due to burning appliances (e.g., gas cooker). Conclusions Schoolchildren were exposed to a wide range of UFP levels. Personal exposure levels varied across the studied environments, being higher during journeys and especially in passive modes of transport.

Transport policy planning in Germany - An analysis of political programs and investment masterplans

IntroductionIn Germany, the most recent comprehensive transport policy program of the federal government was published in the year 2000, followed by several sector specific programs. Aims, strategies, and priorities specified in the different governmental transport policy documents are discussed in the paper, with a particular focus on the modal split between road and rail. Apart from the fiscal and the regulatory framework, the most important policy area for the federal government is the provision of transport infrastructure. In 2016, the federal government enacted a new investment masterplan. Therefore, the experience with the former plan is described and key elements of the new masterplan are presented. The overall investment into transport infrastructure as well as the share of the different modes of transport are analyzed in more detail.MethodsGermany’s transport policy is analyzed based on the aims, strategies, and priorities which are expressed in the published programs (text analysis). Data on modal split and user costs is used to assess transport policy developments. The infrastructure masterplans are analyzed based on the planned allocation of investment for different modes of transport and types of investment. Moreover, for the past masterplan actual budget data is used for the analysis.ResultsWith respect to transport policy programs, a shift in the priorities can be observed, closely linked to the changing political majorities. Whereas the comprehensive program published in 2000 stresses the importance of a sustainable development and calls for a modal shift, more recent programs focus on the competitive situation of German transport service providers. Moreover, more emphasis is put on the implementation of specific measures. With respect to infrastructure provision, in particular investment into road infrastructure was below the planned values. The recently enacted plan allocates more funds to the maintenance and replacement of infrastructure, and to inland waterways.ConclusionsAlthough the priorities set by the government in published transport policy programs have changed, the effects on the overall traffic development remain rather limited. With respect to the federal transport infrastructure masterplan, an overestimation of the number of projects which might be completed within the given timeframe has been criticized several times. Although the political progress is providing some incentives to include a high number of projects in the masterplan, a more realistic approach appears to be suitable, also signaling the need for a larger budget. In the past, budget increases have been the result of macroeconomic considerations rather than of transport policy requirements. It remains to be seen whether these deficits will be at least partially eliminated during the lifespan of the recently enacted masterplan.

Preschool children’s knowledge about the environmental impact of various modes of transport

ABSTRACTThis study explored Swedish preschool children’s knowledge about the environmental impact of various transport modes, and investigated whether or not eco-certification has any role to play in relation to this knowledge. Additionally, this study examined children’s perceived sources of knowledge. Using illustrations and semi-structured questions, 53 children, aged five to six years, from six eco-certified and six non-eco-certified preschools were interviewed. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using content analysis and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), respectively. Findings revealed that most of the children had acquired some knowledge about the environmental impact of various transport modes, although some children were not familiar with the word ‘environment’. Although the complexity of children’s justifications for the environmental impact of different modes of transport tended to be higher at eco-certified preschools compared to non-eco-certified preschools, no statistically significant differences were found. Parents were reported to be a major source of knowledge.

Cockroach Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Travel Planning

In transport planning, one should allow passengers to travel through the complicated transportation scheme with efficient use of different modes of transport. In this paper, we propose the use of a cockroach swarm optimization algorithm for determining paths with the shortest travel time. In our approach, this algorithm has been modified to work with the time-expanded model. Therefore, we present how the algorithm has to be adapted to this model, including correctly creating solutions and defining steps and movement in the search space. By introducing the proposed modifications, we are able to solve journey planning. The results have shown that the performance of our approach, in terms of converging to the best solutions, is satisfactory. Moreover, we have compared our results with Dijkstra’s algorithm and a particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Better Hold Your Breath: London's Killer Air

E&T reporter Tereza Pultarova takes part in a King's College London experiment to find out what Londoners inhale. Each of the study's eight volunteers uses a different mode of transport to get to and from their offices in the city. The detectors are measuring black carbon - a type of particulate matter which generally comes from diesel exhaust. It's mostly related to exposure to traffic, but can also be found underground as it can come from brake wear. The participants are also wearing a GPS watch, which will allow exposure tie exactly to the location to picture how exposure on routes differs. The study runs over two weeks, and during the first week the volunteers use their regular routes. After that, Andrew Grieve, King's College air quality analyst, will analyse the data and propose a different, quieter and less polluted route to see how much exposure could be reduced by avoiding the worst air hotspots.

The carrier’s liability for damage to cargo in multimodal transport, with special focus on the Rotterdam Rules

One of the most striking manifestations of the development of international transport is the increased importance of multimodal transport. Its characteristic feature is the use of at least two different modes of transport on one journey between different countries. One of the most distinctive legal problems in this context is the overlapping of legal regimes of the carrier’s liability regarding different types of transport, for example, by sea and by road. In maritime transport, attempts have been undertaken to solve this specific problem by adopting the Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, commonly referred to as the Rotterdam Rules (RR), in 2008. This paper focuses on the development of maritime conventions as well as regulations related to the problems indicated. Another essential issue is the relation of the RR to the unimodal conventions governing the carrier’s liability in other modes of transport, especially in transport by road, by rail and by inland waterways. The impact of the RR on the Polish legislation and potential changes in the case of the RR’s ratification by Poland shall be also outlined.

The Research on Coordination for Regional Comprehensive Transportation Corridor Based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm

At present, the studies of regional integrated transport corridor mainly focus on the planning and construction of transport corridor. Fewer studies investigate harmonious operations among different modes of transport after the completion of transport corridor construction. Regional comprehensive corridor takes on the characteristics of heavy transport demand, supply and travel modes. Meanwhile, competition is severe among different travel modes. In order to avoid vicious competition among different travel modes that negatively impact the transportation market, multi-objective and nonlinear programming model is established with the purpose to maximize the unity of traveler. The objective of this model is to realize mutual adaptation between transport demand volume and supply volume. Tournament selection is applied to weeding out the inferior solution with the concept of non-inferior solutions. The solution that does not meet the nonlinear constraints is obsoleted in the selection process by using the penalty function. Solutions that do not meet the linear and boundary constraints after crossover and mutation process are transferred to feasible solution space via repair algorithm. Pareto optimal solution set is obtained through continuous selection, crossover and mutation. At last, a numeric example demonstrates validity and feasibility of the model.

A Research on Smart Transportation Using Sensors and Embedded Systems

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are advanced applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks. Highway travel is the lifeblood of modern industrial nations. The larger roads are sorely over burdened: around the major cities, heavy usage slows most peak-hour travel on freeways to less than 60 kilometers per hour. In all excessive traffic causes more than five billion hours delay every year; it wastes countless gallons of fuel and needless multiplies exhaust emission. The main goal of this paper is to make the experience of driving less burdensome and accident less, especially on long trips. This can be achieved by making the highway itself part of the driving experience and integrating roadside technologies that would allow the overburdened highway system to be used more efficiently. The automobile will have automatic throttle, braking and steering control.

Review of Regulatory Emphasis on Transportation Safety in the United States, 2002-2009: Public versus Private Modes.

The U.S. Department of Transportation is responsible for implementing new safety improvements and regulations with the goal of ensuring limited funds are distributed to where they can have the greatest impact on safety. In this work, we conduct a study of new regulations and other reactions (such as recalls) to fatal accidents in several different modes of transportation implemented from 2002 to 2009. We find that in the safest modes of commercial aviation and bus transport, the amount of spending on new regulations is high in relation to the number of fatalities compared to the regulatory attention received by less safe modes of general aviation and private automobiles. Additionally, we study two major fatal accident investigations from commercial aviation and two major automotive recalls associated with fatal accidents. We find differences in the cost per expected fatality prevented for these reactions, with the airline accident investigations being more cost effective. Overall, we observe trends in both the automotive and aviation sectors that suggest that public transportation receives more regulatory attention than private transport. We also observe that the types of safety remedies utilized, regulation versus investigation, have varying levels of effectiveness in different transport modes. We suggest that these differences are indicative of increased public demand for safety in modes where a third party may be held responsible, even for those not participating in the transportation. These findings have important implications for the transportation industry, policymakers, and for estimating the public demand for safety in new transport modes.

PPGIS approach for defining multimodal travel thresholds: Accessibility of popular recreation environments by the water

It is essential to ensure equal accessibility to services, such as sport and recreation facilities or green and water environments. Differences in accessibility can potentially cause negative health and social welfare implications. Accessibility and service area analyses from the perspective of access equality are typically rather simple. They are often based on arbitrary travel-distance thresholds and made only with a single mode of transport in mind. Thus, they exclude the multidimensional nature of accessibility where individuals' travel behavior and perceived accessibility also play an important role. In this paper, a PPGIS method was used to empirically investigate distances and durations that respondents travel with different modes of transport to access popular water environments. Service area analyses were built on person-based and objectively measured threshold values that not only take into account the spatio-temporal elements of transport networks and a land use component but also recognize the requirements and preferences of individuals and their capacity to access and participate. The results showed that the most common mode of transport to access waters is walking. Generally, the residents travel by foot for 1.7 km to access water environments. Cars were found as the second most common mode of transport used, and most of the popular water environments are accessible by car from every corner of the study area in a given travel threshold time. The results demonstrate the importance of deriving local parameters and the potential of the PPGIS approach for accessibility and service area delineation.

A hybrid approach to the problem of journey planning with the use of mathematical programming and modern techniques

Abstract In the last decades, products and services concerning the transportation of individuals have made the world more interconnected than ever before. Although this fact has enabled people to perform travel-related activities more effectively, neglecting the ecological footprint of those transports has created environmental problems, and as a consequence, for our societies. This study introduces a novel approach for the multi-modal journey planning problem (MMJP) and specifically proposes a hybrid solution algorithm that solves the problem of Environmental MMJP, based both on heuristic and exact algorithms. The algorithm delivers as solutions multi-modal paths that a person can follow and produce the minimum Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) from the different modes of transport that he or she will use while travelling. Given a set of public transport operation schedules, emission calculation models and public network data, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was developed for the problem, which is solved in combination with the Dijkstra’s algorithm in order to deliver the optimal journey. The research is still ongoing for the improvement of the algorithm and the goal is to integrate it in an online platform.

Контрейлерный габарит погрузки, проблемы и процесс внедрения

Analysis of freight traffic development abroad has revealed the trend of intensive growth of the freight transport centers to create optimal logistic links for the purpose of the interaction between different modes of transport and further development of piggyback transport. The article thoroughly describes two stages of the preparatory work for the organization of piggyback transport on the network of the Russian railways. The first stage outlined the need for piggyback loading gauge. Piggyback loading gauge - is the minimal transverse (perpendicular to track axis) outline in which, considering the mounting, the load (road vehicle) should be placed on a specialized platform as part of piggyback train. Such loading gauge was developed in 2012.Measures to prepare the routes for running regular piggyback trains were discussed in the second stage. Introduction of piggyback loading gauge and training routes linked to the development of normative-methodical documentation. The results of both analytical and experimental development become the basis of this document. In order to evaluate the main possibility of input piggyback trains on routes covering the entire network of railways of the Russian Federation, global analysis of the actual dimensions of infrastructure clearance was made to determine whether they meet minimum structural clearance to that required for the safe handling of piggyback trains. Studies confirm the fundamental possibility of the piggyback transport almost on the entire network of the Russian railways.

Port and hinterland network: a case study of the Crescent Corridor intermodal freight program in the US

Abstract Continued rapid growth of globalization and international trade is increasing the importance of global freight transport and logistics management around the world. In particular, intermodal transport using two or more different modes of transport is extremely important to implement efficient logistics networks from ports to the hinterland. The Crescent Corridor Intermodal Freight Program is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) launched the Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) discretionary grant program on June 17, 2009 and solicited applications for innovative, multi-modal and multi-jurisdictional transportation projects intended to provide significant economic and environmental benefits. Norfolk Southern's Crescent Corridor Program was awarded a TIGER grant in the amount of $105 million, split evenly towards the construction of two regional intermodal facilities in Tennessee and Alabama, on February 17, 2010. The program is essentially a public-private partnership with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation and will be completed in 2030. This empirical and qualitative study is based on analysis of published U.S. government documents, state and regional legislative documents, freight railroad company documents and the PIERS data. This study focuses on the Crescent Corridor Intermodal Freight Program from the Gulf Coast to the Northeast as an example intermodal project in the U.S., describes the individual projects and evaluates the effectiveness of the various projects to obtain strategic insights for application to other regions.

Основные направления и особенности развития транспортной системы Северо-Запада России во второй половине XX – начале XXI веков

The process of formation of the transport system of the North-West of Russia from the middle of the 20th century is considered. until now. Characterized by the impact of World War II on the technical development of different modes of transport. It is argued that the spatial basis for the development of the transport system was formed several hundred years ago, and new transport routes pass in the same directions as the older ones. The processes of forming a network of communication routes for various types of transport (rail, road, air, inland water, sea, pipeline) are described. The possibilities of transport construction impact on regional development are analyzed

Research of Influence of Dynamic Characteristics for Options Controlled Intersection

The paper analyzed the traffic flow on the regulated crossroads given the heterogeneity of the composition of the traffic flow. The influence of different modes of transport on the duration of a traffic signal, found that freight belonging to the same category, but having different dynamic characteristics influence in the selection of a certain duration enable signal, which is especially important when applying traffic signalization in the environment of intelligent transport systems (ITS). During the research, a group of authors developed a method of taking into account the dynamic characteristics of a utility vehicle, which account in determining the duration of the enable signal, will provide an effective time required for vehicles using the traffic light control. In order to determine the positive result of the proposed method performed model experiment on a regulated intersection in an urban environment.

Structural and logical basis for support of the decision making by a crossed movement members of different types of a transport

The article deals with the basic structural and logical foundations, which form a support for decision-making members of the movement of different modes of transport through the crossings of roads and railways. In their essence laid a differentiated analysis of the information about the mobile units approaching railway transport and vehicles to move, on the basis of which carried out the formation of information flows to ensure the production of recommendations for action of traffic participants.Based on the analysis of research in the subject area is set in the first place, the lack of information impact existing resources crossing signaling and based on her work means regulating traffic road to meet the challenges of its rationalization and ensure uniformity. In addition, information and analytical support of the movement applied to the existing transport and infrastructure network, does not provide adequate assistance to both the drivers of vehicles and locomotive crews, which had a negative impact on traffic safety, as well as the capacity of roads and railways.Accordingly, the materials of the study developed structural-logic, displaying a set of measures on formation of information and analytical system of support of decision-making members of the movement of different modes of transport through the crossings. This system, built on an extensive hierarchical principle, will provide as informing road users indicating its rational parameters and transmit the necessary control and accounting information in all the necessary technological and organizational authority, taking into account the initial motion parameters of railway mobile units through the crossings.Further studies in the intended direction will allow to develop a clear mathematical, organizational and technical provision of the proposed information-analytical system that will eventually realize its practical implementation on the transport road and rail network.

How do user experiences with different transport modes affect the risk of traffic accidents? From the viewpoint of licence possession status

Road accidents between different modes of transport—such as between automobiles and pedestrians, automobiles and bicycles, or automobiles and motorcycles—are frequent. In such cases, it is important to consider the other side’s perspective. This involves the ability to correctly judge, for every given situation, how other people on the road perceive their surroundings and what they intend to do next. In this paper, we conduct two types of studies assuming that this kind of ability to consider perspectives is higher when the person is licenced to drive the mode of transport used by the other party. For Study 1, we analysed accidents involving senior citizens between the ages of 65 and 74 years, who collided with automobiles as pedestrians or cyclists (1656 and 3192 cases respectively), in terms of the accident category and type of road at the accident spot. The results indicate that possession or non-possession of a licence was irrelevant for accidents involving cyclists, but for accidents with pedestrians, senior citizens who did not possess a licence are likely to be involved in a greater number of accidents in places that require interaction with automobiles, such as while crossing at crosswalks or at intersections. For Study 2, we reviewed 875 ordinary first-class licence practical test examinees, categorised them according to their licence possession status (motorcycle licence, moped licence, or no licence), and made a category-wise comparison of the test instructor’s assessment of their ability to make a left turn. The results showed that those who had a motorcycle or moped licence tended to make a left turn more safely. Thus, the results indicate that experience with different modes of transport is likely to reduce the risk of accidents. These findings may be used to popularise educational interventions encouraging users of various transport modes to consider the perspective of others (i.e. via perspective-taking).

Construção e validação de um índice para o planejamento da mobilidade com foco em polos geradores de viagens

Abordagens de planejamento destinadas a enfrentar os problemas de mobilidade associados aos grandes Polos Geradores de Viagens (PGVs) devem considerar as fases de diagnóstico, planejamento e avaliação das ações propostas. Esta é a estrutura da metodologia de sete etapas apresentada neste estudo, em que um índice de mobilidade sustentável é concebido para satisfazer necessidades locais. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as diretrizes e procedimentos adotados para a construção e validação deste índice, estruturado em forma de um modelo hierárquico, bem como os resultados obtidos com a sua apli-cação em um campus universitário. A abordagem permitiu a identificação e avaliação dos principais fatores que afetam as condições de mobilidade do campus, além da associação destes aos diferentes modos de transporte. A importância da estra-tégia de validação foi evidenciada pela identificação de lacunas na estrutura do índice. Alguns ajustes foram então sugeridos, o que parece ser essencial para fazer do índice uma ferramenta também mais efetiva de planejamento.