Different Levels Of Water Salinity Research Articles

Cultivo fertirrigado de mini melancia submetida à níveis de salinidade e aplicação foliar de silício

ABSTRACT The application of silicon (Si) represents one of the alternatives that can be used to mitigate the deleterious effects caused by salinity on plants in fertigated cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water salinity, associated with the use of sodium silicate on the production parameters and nutrient levels in the leaf and stem of mini watermelon in a protected environment. To conduct the experiment, a randomized block design was adopted, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions, with six levels of irrigation water salinity (1.05; 2.12; 3.26; 4.41; 5.91 and 7.32 dS m-1) and two types of Si application: without Si and in foliar solution. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf and stem fresh and dry mass; biometric variables and total soluble solids content in the fruits; and nutrient contents in leaves and stem. The use of Si associated with fertigation with different salinity levels promoted a positive response for peel thickness, ºBrix, fresh and dry mass of leaves, and Si accumulation in leaves and stem. Salinity alone promoted an increase in pulp weight, ºBrix of the fruits and potassium content in the stem, besides increasing the manganese content and inhibiting the zinc content in the leaves. There was a significant interaction for the manganese content in the stem, with a positive response in the absence of foliar-applied Si and a negative response in the presence of foliar-applied Si under different levels of salinity.

Effects of Different Levels of Water Salinity on Plant Growth, Biochemical Content, and Photosynthetic Activity in Cabbage Seedling Under Water-Deficit Conditions

Effects of Different Levels of Water Salinity on Plant Growth, Biochemical Content, and Photosynthetic Activity in Cabbage Seedling Under Water-Deficit Conditions

Productive characteristics of sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of saline water

Sunflower is suitable for family farmers from Northeast Brazil who are benefited by the production of grain and oil and is adequate for crop rotation and for honey production. The need for irrigation in this region leads to the realization of this study for evaluating the production components of four sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of water salinity. The study was carried out in the municipality of Remigio, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block with split plots experimental design in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of five electrical conductivity levels of the irrigation water at 25 °C (L1 - 0.14 (reservoir water), L2 - 1.50, L3 - 2.50, L4 - 3.50, and L5 - 4.50 dS m- 1), and four sunflower genotypes (C1 - Embrapa 122-V2000, C2 - Olisun 03, C3 - AG 963, and C4 - Multissol) with three replicates. The irrigation water salinity levels tested did not influence the variables studied. Different values of the variables among sunflower genotypes were due to characteristics inherent to each genotype. Sunflower genotype Olisun 03 presented the highest oil content, while the lowest content was observed in Multissol.

The effect of irrigation water salinity on the morph-physiological and biochemical properties of spinach under deficit irrigation conditions

The quality and quantity of the water used in agriculture are important factors to ensure sustainable agricultural production. It is crucial to determine the responses of plants under deficit irrigation conditions in the arid and semi-arid areas to varying salinity of irrigation water. The responses of spinach were investigated in terms of agronomic and physiological aspects to different water salinities and water stress levels. In this study, a total of 15 experimental treatments were carried out, including five different levels of water salinity (S1, 0.3 dS/m; S2, 1.5 dS/m; S3, 3.0 dS/m; S4, 4.5 dS/m and S5, 6.0 dS/m) and three different irrigation levels (I100; full irrigation, I75; 25% water deficit, and I50; 50% water deficit). The salinity of irrigation water had statistically significant effects on the fresh and dry weight, leaf area, membrane damage, color pigments, and carotenoid values in spinach. Similarly, irrigation water salinity has a significant effect on enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as proteins, proline, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Furthermore, the application of different irrigation levels in spinach; resulted in a significant difference in the fresh and dry weights, the number of leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf water content, and color pigments. Additionally, enzyme activities such as CAT, SOD, and MDA, as well as protein and proline content, were significantly affected by different irrigation levels. The highest yield response factor (ky) calculated in different irrigation water salinity applications was 1.79 in the S1 application, followed by 1.32 in the S2 (1.5 dS/m) application. It was found that ky values in spinach were less than 1.00 in irrigation with an EC of 3.0 dS/m and above; thus, making it tolerant to water shortages. In the case of irrigation with saline water such as 4.5 and 6.0 dS/m, the yield at I75 (25% water stress) irrigation level was found closely related to the treatments of full irrigation or even slightly higher. Therefore, in the water shortage regions with saline irrigation water, 25% water restriction on spinach has been proposed as an important strategy for the protection of water resources as well as control of soil salinity.

Response of yield, growth traits, and leaf nutrients of garden cress to deficit saline irrigation waters

abstract Food sustainability is continuously restricted by water shortage and poor water quality in water-scarce regions. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out under rain shelter conditions to quantify the impact of the different levels of water salinity on the yield, leaf nutrients, and growth traits of garden cress under different water-deficit levels. Twelve treatments included three water-deficit (WD) levels (I0, I1, and I2 indicating 100, 80, and 60% of field capacity, respectively) in combination with four saline irrigation water levels (IWS) (S1, S2, S3, and S4, indicating 0.38, 2, 4, and 8 dSm−1, respectively). Also, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict garden cress yield using WD, IWS, and soil salinity (ECe) parameters in different combinations. The results showed that yield, leaf area, stomata, chlorophyll content, leaf Ca2+, K+, K+/Na+, and Ca2+/Na+ markedly decreased under water deficit and water salinity interaction. The highest and lowest ECe values were observed at the I2S4 (8.67 dSm−1) and I0S1 (0.88 dSm−1) treatments. The highest yield was found at I0S1 (166.1 g pot−1), and it was 49.8% and 62.0% higher than I1S4 and I2S4 treatments. The developed models have R2 larger than 0.92, showing that they could provide a valuable tool for evaluating and estimating the garden cress productivity under different WD and IWS conditions. Finally, we conclude that WD (80% of FC or lower) combined with a higher IWS of 0.38 dSm−1 is not recommended for irrigating garden cress, which will cause considerable yield and commercial quality reduction of garden cress plants.

Mathematical Modeling of the Phytoplankton Populations Geographic Dynamics for Possible Scenarios of Changes in the Azov Sea Hydrological Regime

Increased influence of abiotic and anthropogenic factors on the ecological state of coastal systems leads to uncontrollable changes in the overall ecosystem. This paper considers the crucial problem of studying the effect of an increase in the water’s salinity in the Azov Sea and the Taganrog Bay on hydrobiological processes. The main aim of the research is the diagnostic and predictive modeling of the geographic dynamics of the general phytoplankton populations. A mathematical model that describes the dynamics of three types of phytoplankton is proposed, considering the influence of salinity and nutrients on algae development. Discretization is carried out based on a linear combination of Upwind Leapfrog difference schemes and a central difference scheme, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy of solving the biological kinetics problem at large values of the grid Péclet number (Peh > 2). A software package has been developed that implements interrelated models of hydrodynamics and biogeochemical cycles. A modified alternating-triangular method was used to solve large-dimensional systems of linear algebraic equations (SLAE). Based on the scenario approach, several numerical experiments were carried out to simulate the dynamics of the main species of phytoplankton populations at different levels of water salinity in coastal systems. It is shown that with an increase in the salinity of waters, the habitats of phytoplankton populations shift, and marine species invasively replace freshwater species of algae.

Performance of the Nanobio-Based Reagent for Visualising Wet Fingerprints Exposed to Different Levels of Water Salinity

Introduction: Recovery of evidence such as murder weapons in waterways has been commonly reported. However, visualising latent fingerprints on the immersed substrates may prove challenging due to its obliteration by physicochemical parameters (e.g. pH, temperature, salinity) as well as the mechanical effect of water. Although the use of Small Particle Reagent (SPR) for visualising latent fingerprints on wet non-porous substrates has been suggested, it contains molybdenum and titanium that are toxic, and their utilisation must be reduced. Furthermore, no study verifies the chemical and/or physical interaction between SPR and the lipid constituents of wet latent fingerprints that leads to the visualisation of ridge details. Methods: The SPR and newly developed nanobio based reagent (NBR) i.e. Candida rugosa lipase-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CRL-MWCNTs) were used for visualising latent fingerprints on glass slides immersed in water with salinitylevels representing those of estuary and swimming pool for up to 15 days. Results: It was observed that the quality of the visualised fingerprints using NBR was comparable with that of SPR. Characterisations via instrument and bioinformatics analyses have also verified the incorporation of CRL onto MWCNTs and the chemical interaction between NBR and lipid constituents of wet latent fingerprints. Conclusions: Therefore, the newly developed NBR may prove a promising relatively greener alternative for substituting SPR for visualising latent fingerprints on glass slides immersed in different levels of water salinity.

Effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on plant growth

This study aims at evaluating the effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on growth of sunflower plant. Three different levels of water salinity were used to irrigate this plant. The electrical conductivity of these three different salinity irrigation were 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m. The lower limit of the electrical conductivity represents the salinity of tap water. A magnetic treatment device was used to treat the irrigation water with two intensities of 1000 and 3000 Gauss. Replicated pot experiment sets were conducted in a field conditions environment. These experiments include irrigation sun flower plant with magnetically treated and untreated irrigation water. The experiments continued for 20 days after seeding. In general, the results showed that the low limit of EC of the used untreated irrigation water is the best for the plant growth in all its life stages among other used irrigation water. The growth of the sunflower is affected negatively by the salinity of the untreated irrigation water. Exposing the used irrigation water to a magnetic field has valuable effects on the sunflower growth. These effects are in different levels that depend on the salinity of used irrigation water. For the irrigation water of the three EC values of 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m, the achieved maximum increase in germination was 7.2%, 57.3%, and 150.4%, the root depth increased by 14.3%, 10.2%, 16%, the stem height was increased by 29.6%%, 60%%, and 28%%, respectively, when compared to the sunflower plant irrigated by untreated water. Moreover, the maximum increases in the wet weight of the green part of the plant were 79.7%, 53.5%, and 82.7%, and that for the wet weight of the root part were 79.4%, 46%, and 3.8% for the three types of water, respectively. Finally, the overall conclusion that was achieved is that it is possible to use a magnetic field to treat salty water that can improve sunflower growth.

DEVELOPMENT OF FORAGE PEAR VARIETIES UNDER DIFFERENT WATER SALINITY LEVELS

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of water salinity in the development of two varieties of cactus pear (Opuntia and Nopalea). The spineless cactus is native from Mexico, but nowadays can be found in many places throughout the world. The experiment was performed at the Federal Institute of Ceará – IFCE/Campus Sobral. The experimental design was a randomized factorial 5 x 2, with five levels of salinity in the irrigation water (0.0; 5.0; 10; 15 and 20 dS m-1) and two varieties of cactus pear Small or sweet (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dick) and ‘elephants ear’ (Opuntia sp) with four replications. Variables studied were: plant height (cm), length and circumference of the paddle (cm), cladode thickness (cm) fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g). The variety “elephants’ ear” is more suitable for cultivation under irrigation with saline water, because it presented a better vegetative performance compared to the small variety, being more tolerant to saline stress in different levels of salinity. The effect of the interaction between salinity and varieties showed a decrease for all variables analyzed, with reduction in forage development of palm varieties for higher salinity levels.

CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ARTEMIA CRUSTACEAN POPULATION AND THEIR PRODUCTION INDICATORS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPERHALINE LAKES OF THE ALTAI TERRITORY

Long-term data (2002–2019) on the conditions of the formation of Artemia populations in different types of hyperhaline lakes of the Altai Territory are analyzed. The boundaries of individual fecundity and average fecundity were calculated, the influence of abiotic factors on the quality content of ovisak was shown. The peculiarities of their changes at different levels of water salinity during the growing season have been investigated. The average number of litters (clutches) for Altai populations was calculated, the influence of environmental factors on this indicator was analyzed.

Effect of water salinity on enzymatic and hormonal indices of (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings

Salinity is one of the stressful environmental factors, which affects life, metabolism, and distribution of aquatic animals. In this study, the effects of different levels of water salinity were investigated on serum biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. For this, the fish (5.53±0.057 g) were exposed to 0, 5, 13, 20 or 30 ppt water salinities for 60 days; then blood samples were taken from all treatment for hormonal and enzymatic studies. All fish died at 30 ppt water salinity, during adaptation. The results showed that there was a tendency to triiodothyronine (T3) elevation along with water salinity levels, although the changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Increase in water salinity significantly increased serum thyroxine (T4), cortisol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and protease levels. Among the water salinities, 20 ppt led to a significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. There was no significant difference in serum glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the fish reared at 5 and 13 ppt salinities; both treatments exhibited lower values compared to the 0 and 20 ppt salinities. Water salinity induced no significant changes in serum lipase activity. In conclusion, the results indicate that increase in water salinity causes elevation in cortisol and thyroid hormones, which are necessary for energy production and osmoregulation. Moreover, rainbow trout may face organ damage in saltwater, particularly at 20 ppt.

Enhancement of Releasing Phosphorus from Bone Char in Calcareous Sandy Soil Under Applying Different Levels of Water Salinity

The high cost of phosphate fertilizers, as well as pollution with heavy and radioactive elements, motivated us to find clean alternatives for phosphate fertilizers to conserve the environment such as bone char. Also, the groundwater used in the agricultural activity of desert soils is considered to be saline. Therefore, the specific objective of this incubation experiment was to investigate the application of bone char with different levels of water salinity on changes of phosphorus (P) availability and some soil quality indicators of calcareous sandy soil. The results of this study revealed that applying bone char (BC) combined with saline water significantly increased the available P (Olsen-P) in calcareous sandy soil compared to the control (unamended soil) and bone char with distilled water treatment. The P release from bone char increased with increasing water salinity levels. The increase of incubation time results in an increment of Olsen-P concentration at a high level of saline water. Soil pH values declined with the addition of bone char combined with saline water, while the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil in this study increased gradually with increasing the water salinity level in the presence of bone char. The soluble sulfate (SO42−) increased by applying bone char and saline water. Based on this, we can suggest the use of bone char under the presence of saline water as an alternative to phosphate fertilizer, especially in sustainable agriculture because it is economically and environmentally friendly. The bone char can be a substitute for chemical fertilizers produced from rock phosphate.

Preservation by lactic fermentation and physicochemical characterization of okra produced underwater salinity and potassium fertilization

The use of saline water in agricultural production will be increasingly necessary in the next decades. However, postharvest quality may be compromised, as in okra, due to salt stress and/or factors inherent to storage and transportation. In this context, developing alternative methods of preservation, including lactic fermentation, may be a promising way to maintain and even improve the nutritional quality of okra. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the production components of okra subjected to different levels of water salinity and doses of potassium fertilization, and further to evaluate the preservation by lactic fermentation of okra fruits produced under water salinity. The first experiment was carried out in lysimeters under field conditions in Neossolo Regolítico (Psamment) of sandy loam texture in Pombal-PB, in a randomized block design in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, testing 5 levels of irrigation water salinity (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and 5 doses of potassium fertilization (75; 112.5; 150; 187.5, and 225 mg of K2O kg-1 of soil), with three replicates. After that, the okra fruits produced under the different salinity levels were stored in six mixtures of salts present in lactic fermentation brine (100-0-0, 0-100-0, 0-0-100, 50-50-0, 0-50-50, and 50-0-50 of NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl, respectively), under a 5 x 6 factorial, with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. The post-harvest quality, after fermentation, was evaluated based on their physicochemical characteristics. Irrigation water salinity negatively affected the average length, average weight, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, and pH of the okra fruits. Potassium doses increased the average diameter of okra fruits, minimizing the deleterious effects of irrigation water salinity. The vitamin C contents of pickled okra fruits were not compromised by salt stress. Among the lactic fermentation brines, the formulation containing the proportion NaCl:CaCl2 stands out as promoting the highest titratable acidity and soluble solids content in pickled okra fruits.

Peculiarities of generative activity of populations of artemia in hyperhaline lakes of Altai Region

Results of long-term data (2000–2019) on the fertility of female Artemia from different types of hyperhaline reservoirs in the Altai region in the framework of the monitoring is analyzed in this work. A mandatory condition for determining the generative activity of female Artemia on live material has been established. The limits of individual fertility and average fertility are calculated, and the influence of abiotic factors on its volume is shown. The features of changes in the qualitative content of the egg SAC of female Artemia in reservoirs with different levels of water salinity and the course of its change during the period of vegetation are studied. The average number of litters (broods) for Altai populations was calculated, and the influence of environmental factors on this indicator was analyzed.

SOME CATIONS MOVEMENT IN CALCAREOUS SOIL COLUMNS UNDER EFFECT OF SALINE WATER MIXED WITH HUMIC ACID

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the impact of humic acid with different levels of saline water on the movement of Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium, and the kinetics of Sodium adsorption ratio in calcareous soil with a texture clay loam using the mixing displacement techniques. The soil was taken from the surface layer (0-30 cm), air dried and passed through a 2 mm diameter sieve. It was filled in columns of polyethylene. A fixed column of water was placed above the surface of the soil column of different salinity water (0.72, 3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 dSm-1), in accordance with humic acid levels of 0.00, 0.25 and 0.50 g L -1. The process of washing and collecting leachate continued daily. The amount of Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium in the water filtered over time. The results showed that the amount of Sodium released increases with the levels of added humic acid and any levels of saline water used. The amount of Calcium and Magnesium released decreases with time and increases the added levels of the humic acid and any levels of saline water used. Diffusion equation is the best equation described the movement of salt.

Saline water and biofertilizer from bovine and goat manure in the Lima bean crop

The use of organic fertilizer may attenuate the deleterious effects of saline stress. This study aimed to evaluate the response of the lima bean crop at different levels of saline water in the soil, with and without bovine and goat biofertilizer. The experiment was conducted in the period from March to April 2017, at the experimental area of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará. The experimental design was a completely randomized treatment in a 5x3 factorial arrangement, with five replications. The treatments were composed by five levels of electrical conductivity from the irrigation water – Ecw: 0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1, applied in vessels without and with bovine and goat biofertilizer. The following variables were analyzed: the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. Goat biofertilizer attenuated the saline stress with more efficiency for the growth and dry weight variables. Plants fertilized with bovine biofertilizer have higher values of photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance than the plants with goat manure.

Tolerance to salinity and dehydration in the Sahara Desert blue-eyed turtle, Mauremys leprosa saharica (Testudines: Geoemydidae) from a brackish pond in the Lower Draa basin, southern Morocco

ABSTRACTThe marginal populations of the Sahara blue-eyed pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa saharica, in the southern-most species distribution range in the pre-Saharan areas of north-west Africa, are faced with extreme environmental conditions of arid climate and anthropogenic and climate change mediated water and land salinisation. In the current study, we investigated a small and isolated population of M. l. saharica at Sidi El Mehdaoui oasis in the Lower Draa River, southern Morocco, in order to assess its osmo- and iono-regulatory abilities and tolerance to salinity and dehydration. Upon capture, turtles were weighed and measured for shell dimensions and blood and voided urine were taken. Tests of exposure to different levels of water salinity (0%, 35%, and 50% seawater) and maintenance out of water (estivation simulation) were carried out. Osmolalities and Na+, Cl−, K+, and urea concentrations were determined in plasma and voided urine, and glycaemia was measured in blood, before and after tests. Turtles were able to survive in brackish waters with a salinity as high as 24% seawater (8.4 ppt). Their voided urine was hypotonic to plasma, which indicated that they could use their bladder water reserves for osmo- and iono-regulation until the iso-osmocity level beyond which osmotic and ionic anhomeostasy can occur. Experimental tests showed that the osmo- and iono-regulatory capacities of these turtles are relatively limited, and not enough effective to allow them to survive for long-term periods in brackish/saline waters or out of water, because of dehydration indicated by progressive weight loss to a critical threshold. The increased drought, water salinisation and habitat fragmentation related to anthropogenic activities and climate change, represent great threats that can create habitats exceeding the species’ threshold for a long-term persistence of the vulnerable small marginal populations of the Saharan pond turtle. So, conservation measures of these populations and their habitats are urgently needed.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING WITH POTASSIUM SILICATE AND IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER IN SANDY SOIL ON Calendula officinalis L.

Two pots experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of El-Qassasin Horticultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during two successive seasons of 2016/2017 – 2017/2018, to investigate the effect of potassium silicate at (0, 4, 6, and 8 cm3/l) as a foliar spray under different levels of water salinity (tap water, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) on Calendula officinalis L. plant. The experiment was performed in complete randomized block design as factorial experiment with 3 replicates. The obtained results cleared that using salinity levels decreased growth parameters (plant height, number of branches/plant, fresh and dry weights of herb/plant), flowering parameters (flower diameter, number of flowers/plant, fresh and dry weight of flowers (g/plant) during eight cuts and fresh and dry weight of flowers (g/plant/season)) and chemical constituents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carbohydrate and carotenoid contents) compared to control. Moreover, the highest values in these parameters were registered by potassium silicate at 8 cm3/l concentration. Proline content increased in leaves with using saline water at 3000 ppm + potassium silicate at 8 cm3/l. Generally, it could be concluded that potassium silicate at 8 cm3/l, showed a uniform impact in alleviating inhibition of Calendula officinallis L. plant growth and productivity under moderate salinity stress condition.

TROCAS GASOSAS NA CULTURA DA FAVA IRRIGADA COM ÁGUAS SALINAS

TROCAS GASOSAS NA CULTURA DA FAVA IRRIGADA COM ÁGUAS SALINAS1
 
 
 GEOCLEBER GOMES DE SOUSA2; CARLOS HENRIQUE CARVALHO DE SOUSA3; MARIA VANESSA PIRES DE SOUZA2; MÁRCIO HENRIQUE DA COSTA FREIRE2 E GIOVANA LOPES DA SILVA4
 
 1 Projeto financiado pela Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 
 2Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Caixa Postal 03, CEP: 62.790-000, Redenção, CE. Fone (85)987244390. E-mail:sousagg@unilab.edu.br; vanessa.pires1993@gmail.com; marciohcfreire@gmail.com
 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE. Fone: (85) 8724-4390. E-mail: carloshens@hotmail.com;valdeciorodrigues@hotmail.com
 3 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Maranhão, Campus de Codó, Estrada Puraque - Zona Rural, Codó - MA, 65400-000 Telefone: (99) 3669-3029, E-mail: giovana.silva@ifma.edu.br
 
 
 1 RESUMO
 
 A salinidade afeta as trocas gasosas da cultua da fava. Avaliou-se com este trabalho as trocas gasosas da cultura da fava sob diferentes níveis de salinidade. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, no período de setembro a outubro de 2017 na fazenda experimental Piroás da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Redenção-CE. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (1,0 dS m-1; 2,0 dS m-1; 3,0 dS m-1; 4,0 dS m-1 e 5,0 dS m-1) e quatro repetições. Aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram avaliadas a fotossíntese, a transpiração e a condutância estomática em folha de fava. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação reduziu os valores de transpiração e condutância estomática em plantas de fava.
 
 Palavras-Chave: estresse salino, fotossíntese, Phaseolus lunatus L.
 
 
 
 SOUSA, G. G. DE; SOUSA, C. H. C. DE; SOUZA, M. V. P. DE; FREIRE, M. H. DA C.; SILVA, G. L. DA
 GAS EXCHANGES IN THE LIMA BEAN CULTURE IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER
 

Effects of different levels of saline water on infection of tomato by Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of NaCl salt on tomato upon B. cinerea infection the causal agent of gray mold disease. The disease assessment was recorded after inoculation by using the scale based on percentage leaf area affected, and the growth of the plants was recorded for each treatment. Three weeks after inoculation by conidial suspension, the estimated disease severity on plants of tomato was 35.18% compared to the control. The highest incidence disease increase of gray mold (39.21%) was obtained with using 300 mM of NaCl after inoculation with B. cinerea compared with the other concentrations and as well as distilled water. Under severe salt stress (150 and 300mM) increased susceptibility of gray mold disease severity were observed in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, while under mild salt stress (50mM of NaCl) this effect was reversed. The treatment of plant by B.cinerea has reduced the growth of the aerial part of tomato plants (39.06%) after three weeks inoculation compared to the control. Three levels of NaCl (50, 100 and 150mM) increased respectively the plant height from 12.73 to 29.84%, 0.28 to 27.16% for the fresh eight and 5.75 to 33.35% for dry weight compared to the plants inoculated and irrigated by distilled water. NaCl addition at 300mM on plants inoculated with B. cinerea decreased the height, fresh weight and dry weight at 0.99, 4.45 and 11.01% respectively.