Different Levels Of Water Salinity Research Articles

Physiological alterations and production of guava under water salinity and nitrogen fertilizer application

Adequate management of saline water irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application in agriculture can contribute substantially to expanding guava cultivation in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate gas exchange and production of ‘Paluma’ guava cultivated with different levels of water salinity and N. The experiment was carried out in drainage lysimeters under field conditions in an experimental area of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus of Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with five levels of water salinity – ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four doses of N (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the recommendation) with three replicates. The dose relative to 100% corresponded to 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil. The following production components were evaluated: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, polar and equatorial diameter of fruits, and polar diameter/equatorial diameter ratio. In addition, the following physiological variables were evaluated at 180 days after fruit pruning: stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration and transpiration rate. CO2 assimilation and transpiration rate were used to calculate instantaneous water use efficiency. The interaction between water salinity and N doses did not cause significant effects on any variable studied. Irrigation water salinity above 0.3 dS m-1 hampered gas exchange at 180 days after fruit pruning and negatively affected production components.

Effect of different levels of water salinity and biochar on wheat yield under greenhouse conditions

Effect of different levels of water salinity and biochar on wheat yield under greenhouse conditions

Response of Jatropha integerrima Plants Irrigated with Different Levels of Saline Water to Nano Silicon and Gypsum

An open field experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 seasons at the experimental nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano silicon with different concentrations and gypsum soil application on growth, flowering and chemical constituents of Jatropha integerrima plants irrigated with different levels of saline water. The concentrations of saline water were (1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm), in addition to tap water (270 ppm) as a control, simultaneously plants were received monthly foliar application of nano silicon 1 and 2 mM or soil application of gypsum at 20 g/plant, either applied individually or in combination.The results showed that, elevating salt concentration in irrigation water decreased vegetative growth characteristics, flowering traits, leaves anatomy and chemical constituents. In contrast, increasing salinity of irrigation water boosted contents of proline, Ca%, Na%, Cl%, total phenolic and flavonoids. On the other hand, foliar application of nano silicon and soil addition of gypsum treatments either individually or in combination had favorable effects on enhancing vegetative parameters and chemical constitutes, meanwhile decreasing accumulation of Na%, Cl%, total phenolic and flavonoids in leaves. It can be concluded that, foliar spray of nano silicon combined with soil addition of gypsum was the best effective and economic treatment recommended for mitigating the harmful effect of salinity stress on Jatropha plants irrigated with saline water at concentration up to 4000 ppm.

Initial Development and Tolerance of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Cultivars Irrigated with Saline Water

The objective was to study the initial development and tolerance of lettuce cultivars subjected to different levels of water salinity in the seedling production stage in order to determine the genotypes of the cultivars that are most sensitive and tolerant to saline water. The experiment was carried out in protected environment at the Center of Sciences and Agri-food Technology-CCTA of the Federal University of Campina Grande-UFCG, located in Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil, from August to September 2014. The study evaluated five lettuce cultivars (C1-’Simpson Semente Preta’, C2-’Alba’, C3-’Mimosa Vermelha’, C4-’Veneranda’ and C5-’Mônica Sf 31’) and five levels of irrigation water salinity (0.6 (control), 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1), arranged in a factorial scheme 5 × 5, in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. Plants were grown on trays for 20 days after sowing, period in which irrigations were daily applied, and evaluated for emergence, growth, phytomass accumulation and tolerance index of the lettuce cultivars. The increase in irrigation water salinity reduced emergence, growth and dry matter accumulation in the lettuce plants, and the cultivars C2-’Alba’ and C4-’Veneranda’ were the most tolerant to salinity. Tolerance to salinity occurred in the following order C2-’Alba’ = C4-’Veneranda’ > C1-’Simpson Semente Preta’ > C3-’Mimosa Vermelha’ = C5-’Mônica Sf 31’.

IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF WILD MINT (Mentha longifolia L.) PLANTS BY USING HUMIC ACID UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITIONS

This study was carried out on Mentha longifolia L. Fam. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) at the Farm of North Sinai Research Station, El-Sheikh Zwaid city during the two successive seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 to improve growth, productivity and oil production as well as chemical composition of Mentha longifolia L. plant under North Sinai conditions by using humic acid (0, 3 and 6 Litre.fed-1) under different levels of saline water (Tap water, 2048 ppm and 4224 ppm). Generally the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, oil production and chemical composition were obtained by using tap water and fertilizing with humic acid at 6 l.fed-1 in first experiment. But under arid and semi-arid conditions like North Sinai Governorate, humic acid could offer an economical and simple application to salt sensitive plant, it can be use saline water at 2048 ppm + humic acid at 6 l.fed-1 to decrease water salinity stress without decreasing in yield or oil production of Mentha longifolia L.

Organic amendments decomposability influences microbial activity in saline soils

ABSTRACTOrganic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water. Soil samples were taken from a long-term experimental field plots irrigated with normal water and saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 6 and 12 dS m−1, respectively. Finely ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM) and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Cumulative respiration (CR), microbial biomass carbon and available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were negatively correlated with EC, irrespective of the source and amount of added carbon (C). Compared with non-saline soil, at EC 12, relative decrease in CR was lowest with glucose (21.0%) followed by RS (32.0%), FYM (46.0%) and biochar (55.0%). Dissolved organic carbon was positively correlated with salinity and its concentration was higher in treatments with higher rate of C addition (2.5% C). This study showed decomposability of organic amendments and their rate of addition determines microbial activity in saline soils. Further, lower nitrogen (N) release from amendments under saline conditions limits microbial ability to utilize available C for satisfying their energy needs.

Effect of Irrigation with Different Levels of Saline Water Type on Husk Tomato Productivity

This investigation was carried out in a private farm located at Shebeen El-Qanatir city, El-Qaliubiya governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 A.D.) to study the response of husk tomato plants (Physalispubescens L.) cv. (local variety) to different levels of saline water. To test the growth ability of salt tolerance with best fruit yield and their quality under saline condition. Plants was irrigated with salty water with concentration of 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm. The control pot was irrigated with tap water at the level of 260 ppm. The results found that all water saline treatments significantly decreased the vegetative growth parameters & total chlorophyll content, NPK in husk tomato leaves, early and total yield. On the contrary, irrigation with saline water significantly increased sodium and proline contents in husk tomato leaves, fruit firmness, total soluble solids and total sugars as compared with the control. The fruit yield productivity was decreased, while the fruit quality was increased under saline irrigation.

Responses of Nile tilapia to different levels of water salinity

A 45 day experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of water salinity on the performance, haematological parameters and histological characteristics of the gills of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The water salinity levels evaluated were: 0, 7, 14 and 21 g L-1. Nile tilapia specimens (1.62 ± 0.01 g), distributed into 20 fibreglass tanks (100 L) at a density of 15 fish per tank. There were no significant differences of the water salinity levels on daily feed intake; however, there were differences (P < 0.05) on the daily weight gain, feeding conversion rate and survival. The best results were observed for the water salinity levels of 0 and 7 g L-1. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between these levels. Regarding the haematological parameters, it was observed that the percentage of the haematocrits and the erythrocyte count were influenced (P < 0.05) by the water salinity level, which was not observed for the leukocyte count. The observed histopathological alterations were chloride cell hypertrophy, epithelial lifting, structure alteration, telangiectasia, primary lamellae cells aggregation, fusion and occurrence of aneurisms of different sizes in some secondary lamellae. Regarding the frequency of gills infection intensity, there were slight changes between the salinities of 0, 7 and 14 g L-1 and moderate changes at 21 g L-1. It is concluded that Nile tilapia can be reared in water salinities of up to 7 g L-1 without damage to the parameters evaluated in this work.

English

A study was conducted during 2014 to 2015 seasons on olive orchards; cultivars (Koroneki, Dolce and Manzanillo) grown on sandy soil under drip irrigation and irrigated with different levels of water salinity from 0.95 to 4.3dS/m-1, in various locations in Cairo-Alexandria road, to evaluate the nutritional status through soil testing and leaf analysis. The soils had very high pH and low organic matter, potassium, iron and manganese, different levels of EC, CaCO3, P, Na concentrations ranged between low and high, and different levels of Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu ranged between low and medium. Significant negative correlation was found between pH and Zn in soil. In olive leaves, the levels of N, P, Na, Fe and Cu concentrations ranged between low and high, K and Ca concentrations were between low and sufficient; Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations were sufficient. A highly significant positive correlation between leaf Mg concentrations and yield was found. Olive trees showed that minerals of needle ranked from greatest to least as K > Ca > Mg indicating that olive trees have more ability (preferability) to take up K in higher quantities than Ca and Mg. Olive varieties differ also in ability (preferability) to take up micronutrients. Key words: Olive orchards, soil testing, plant analysis, nutrient status.

Effect of betaine as an osmolyte on broiler chickens exposed to different levels of water salinity

Abstract. This trial was conducted to examine the effect of betaine on performance, humoral immunity, small intestinal morphology and blood osmotic pressure parameters of broiler chicks consumed different levels of water salinity. Total of 520 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used with 2×4 factorial arrangement in completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were consisting of 2 levels of betaine supplementation (0 and 1.5 g/kg) and 4 levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) (250, 1 500, 3 000, 4 500 ppm). In this trial daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on days 14, 28 and 48. Small intestinal morphology was evaluated at the age of 28. Humoral immunity was assessed by evaluation of antibody titre against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and also Newcastle and influenza antigens. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken and concentration of plasma Na, K, Cl and haematocrit blood percentage was determined. Results showed that DWG significantly decreased and FCR increased in 4 500 ppm of water TDS in growing, finishing and whole period of broilers production (P<0.05). Furthermore increased plasma Na and blood hematocrit percentage observed in 4 500 ppm of water salinity (P<0.05). Betaine significantly increased DFI during growing phase (P<0.05). Betaine supplementation substantially increased antibody titre against influenza and also bursa of fabricius relative weight (P<0.05). Additionally, betaine inclusion increased villi height in ileum (P<0.05). In conclusion, increasing trend of water TDS affect chickens performance and betaine supplementation is able to improve antibody titre against influenza.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF FOUR SELECTED TREE SPECIES

Salt affected soils are widespread in different parts of the world. In recent years significantamount of land extent were affected due to salinity rendering them biologically unproductive.The use of specific techniques for tnc amelioration of these lands for agriculture is taking placecontinuously. Reforestation of salt affected soils is possible given proper site preparation, choiceof suitable salt tolerant species and their proper nursery and cultural practices are achieved. Thepotentials of these soils for growing trees and woody vegetation have not been fully exploredyet.Therefore, four different pot experiments were conducted by using four selected tree speciesmainly available in the salt affected areas (i.e, Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Katuandara(At:acia /eucop/oea), Castor (Ricinus communis) and Wood apple (Feronia /imonia) at theFaculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna Mapalana, Kamburupitiya during April to October200 1 to assess the influences of different levels of saline water (i.e. 0.13,2,4,6,8 and 12mmhos/cm) on growth and development of above four tree species. All the experiments wereconducted by using a Randomized Complete Design with four replicates. One month oldseedling raised in 6"x8" size polythene bags were used for the experiment. Seedlings weretransferred to lager Polythine bags (lO"x 12") at 2 months after planning without damage to theroot system to ensure enough space for root development. Plant height, shoot and root biomassyield were measured at every 2 weeks interval.The result revealed that the plant height, shoot and root biomass yield were not affectedsignificantly by different levels of saline water up to 12 mmhos /cm compared to the controlwhere normal water (O.13mmhosl em) is applied in all crop species. Therefore all four-treespecies, which were used for the experiment, may be recommended as salt tolerant tree speciesup salinity to the level of 12rnmhos/cm.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY ON SEED GERMINATION OF FOUR SELECTED TREE SPECIES

Salinity is one of the most adverse factors, which restrict the economic utilization of availableland resources in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The salt affected area in Sri Lanka is estimatedabout 223,000 ha, which comprises 3% of the land area of the Island, found mainly in the dryzone (Vivekanandan, 1989). The most of the salt affected lands are generally barren, with littlewoody vegetation of salt tolerant bushes and herbaceous flora. This resulted in serious soilerosion and land degradation problems, which spreads into adjoining productive agriculturallands too. Therefore it is very important to restore these lands for useful agricultural purposes. Inthis context, the present study was mainly focused to determine the effect of salinity on seedgermination of four selected tree species, namely Castor (Ricinus communis), Ipil-ipil (Leucenealeucocephala), Wood apple (Feronia limonia) and Kottamba (Terminalia catappa) in order tostudy the possibility to regenerate these tree species by direct seeding in salt affected lands.Four separate pot experiments were conducted by using above four tree species in sand trays. Allexperiments were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design with 5 replicates. 100 seeds wereplanted in each tray for germination. Trays were kept moist with different levels of saline water(i.e. 0.13 (normal water) 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, and 40 (Seawater) mmhos/cm) by diluting seawateras assigned in different treatments throughout the experimental period.Result revealed that seed germination in control treatments was higher in Wood apple (100%)and Castor (72%) than Kottamba (31%) and Ipil-ipil (13%). Seed germination was decreasedwith increasing level of saline level in Kottamba and Castor. In Kottamba, no germination wasobserved at all when at salinity level increased up tc 16 mmhos/cm while in Castor germinationwas nil when salinity level increased up to 40mmhos/cm. In Wood apple, more than 80% ofgermination was recorded even up to the salinity level of 24 mmhos/cm. Germination was poorin Ipil-ipil even in control treatment and not significantly decreased up to the salinity level of 40mmhos/cmTherefore, the species can be ranked in order to tolerance to salinity in terms of germination asfollows: Ipil-ipil>Wood apple>Castor>Kottamba.

Effect of salinity level of irrigation water on cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) growth

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different levels of saline water on some cowpea characteristics by using randomized complete block design with three replicates. Plant growth, nutrient concentration and protein content were studied. In addition, some soil chemical properties were investigated. Three levels 0, 2500 and 3500 ppm of saline water (sodium chloride) were used for irrigation in two types of soil. Results indicated that increasing salinity levels significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves, nutrients uptake, protein yield of cowpea, and ions concentration in the soil after harvesting. Vegetative growth was affected by increasing salinity levels of irrigation water. Increase in salinity of irrigation water above 3500 ppm reduced plant height and number of leaves by 38% and 66% respectively in Khabat soil. On the other hand, the result shows that the ions accumulated significantly in soil with increasing water salinity levels. A rapidly increase in chloride concentration was observed with increasing water salinity levels but other ions gradually increase in both soils.

Changes in plasma melatonin levels and pineal organ melatonin synthesis following acclimation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different water salinities

Melatonin has been suggested to play a role in fish osmoregulation, and in salmonids has been related to the timing of adaptive mechanisms during smolting. It has been described that acclimation to different environmental salinities alters levels of circulating melatonin in a number of fish species, including rainbow trout. However, nothing is known regarding salinity effects on melatonin synthesis in the pineal organ, which is the main source of rhythmically produced and secreted melatonin in blood. In the present study we have evaluated, in rainbow trout, the effects of acclimation to different salinities on day and night plasma melatonin values and pineal organ melatonin synthesis. Groups of freshwater (FW)-adapted rainbow trout were placed in tanks with four different levels of water salinity (FW, 6, 12, 18 p.p.t.; parts per thousand) and maintained for 6 h or 5 days. Melatonin content in plasma and pineal organs, as well as the pineal content of serotonin (5-HT) and its main oxidative metabolite (5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid; 5-HIAA) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, day-night changes in pineal organ arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT2) activity and aanat2 gene expression were studied. Plasma osmolalities were found to be higher in rainbow trout exposed to all salinity levels compared with the control FW groups. A salinity-dependent increase in melatonin content was found in both plasma and pineal organs. This effect was observed during the night, and was related to an increase in aanat2 mRNA abundance and AANAT2 enzyme activity, both of which also occurred during the day. Also, the levels of indoles (5-HT, 5-HIAA) in the pineal organ were negatively affected by increasing water salinity, which seems to be related to the higher recruitment of 5-HT as a substrate for the increased melatonin synthesis. A stimulatory effect of salinity on pineal aanat2 mRNA expression was also identified. These results indicate that increased external salinity promotes melatonin synthesis in the pineal organ of rainbow trout by enhancing synthesis of AANAT protein independently of its regulation by light. The possibility that pineal melatonin is a target for hormones involved in the response of fish to osmotic challenge is discussed, as well as the potential role of melatonin in the timing of osmoregulatory processes.

The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on minerals of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) irrigated with different levels of saline water

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on minerals of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) irrigated with different levels of saline water. Salt concentration of water for treated were 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl and 200 mg/L gibberellic acid (100 mg/L as seed pre-soaking and 100 mg/L as foliar application) were used. Results showed that plants treated with saline water had higher content of sodium and chlorine and lower content of potassium and magnesium. The highest content of Cl- of roots and shoots (10.82 and 16.40 mg mineral ion/gr dry weight, respectively) and Na+ of roots and shoots (16.55 and 46.15 mg mineral ion/gr dry weight, respectively) were gained from treatment number 4 (150 mM NaCl + 0 mg/L application of gibberellic acid) that significantly differed from other's (p ≤ 0.01). Also, results indicated that different levels of saline water (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) caused marked decreases in content of positive cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and salt stress has also been found responsible for an increase of mineral distribution. At last we found that irrigation with saline water adversely affects growth and productivity of plants and application of gibberellic acid hormone overcome the effects of salt stress and improved the growth parameters. Key words: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), saline water, gibberellic acid (GA3), seed pre-soaking, foliar application.

Desenvolvimento inicial do milho-pipoca irrigado com água de diferentes níveis de salinidade

Popcorn is an alternative crop for low income farmers on Brazilian Northeast, mainly due to its high value. A trial was carried in a greenhouse at the Environmental Sciences Department of Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, in Mossoró, RN, Brazil, to evaluate initial growth of popcorn irrigatedwith different levels of saline water (0.5; 2.3; 3.3; 4.3, and 5.0 dS m-1). Experimental design was entirely randomized with three replicates. Plants were harvested forty days after seeding, when the following characteristics were evaluated: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter. All parameters evaluated were influenced by salinity, with stem diameter having the more expressive effect.

Can Exogenous Betaine Be an Effective Osmolyte in Broiler Chicks under Water Salinity Stress?

A CRD experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different exogenous betaine levels (0.000, 0.075, 0.150 and 0.225 percent) on 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) under water salinity stress. Different levels of water salinity were made by adding 3 levels of NaCl (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L) to drinking water. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Betaine increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, and decreased packed cell volume (p<0.05). Water salinity promoted body weight over the whole period, increased feed intake (11 to 21 and 29 to 42-d) and also improved feed conversion ratio in grower and finisher periods (p<0.01). Breast weight, water consumption (28-d and 42-d) and excreta moisture (28-d) were increased by elevating the level of water salinity (p<0.01). Interaction between dietary betaine and water salinity was significant on plasma osmolarity as well as epithelial osmolarity of the duodenum at 28-d. Epithelial osmolarity was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The data imply that betaine is involved in the protection of intestinal epithelia against osmotic disturbance which can be caused by saline water, but further research is needed to investigate the effects of betaine with higher levels of water salinity.

Effect of drinking saline water on food and water intake, food digestibility, and nitrogen and mineral balances of rusa deer stags (Cervus timorensis russa)

AbstractThe salinity tolerance of Javan rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) was investigated with seven stags, aged 4·5 years. Animals were offered a medium-quality chaffed lucerne hay and given five different levels of water salinity: (a) control (570 mg/kg of total dissolved salts (TDS)) and (b) ‘saline’ water with TDS contents of 1000, 3500, 6000 and 8500 mg/kg. Food intake, food digestibility and nitrogen balance were not affected by increasing salt concentration in drinking water, however the drinking water (DW) intake, the total (food plus drinking) water intake and the DW:dry-matter ratio increased with increasing salt concentration. Some deer given water containing 8500 mg TDS per kg showed signs of stress which included large between-day fluctuations in water intake, opening of the orbital gland, head shaking, and rapid breathing. Rusa deer can tolerate drinking water containing 6000 mg TDS per kg for at least 9 days without harmful effect but may be unable to tolerate water with 8500 mg TDS per kg.

Effect of different levels of water salinity on the decomposition of organic manures in a brackish water fish pond soil

Effects of different water salinity levels on the decomposition of the two organic manures cowdung and poultry manure were studied under laboratory condition. Application of the manures increased the free CO2 content and decreased D.O. levels of water. pH values of soil and water declined slightly on addition of the manures. The amount of nitrogen, released from the organic manures to water and soil phases, increased gradually with the period of incubation but decreased with increase in water salinity levels. NH4+ was found to occur in comparatively higher amount than NO3−, due to prevailing anaerobic environmental conditions. The amount of added organic carbon remaining in the soil decreased gradually as the decomposition proceeded, but recorded slightly higher values with increase in water salinity levels.