Different Generations Of Women Research Articles

Exploring the Influence of Age at Menarche on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Across Different Women's Birth Cohorts.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the primary cardiovascular risk factor, making it a global issue. Our objective was to assess the association between the age at menarche (AAM) and MetS and its components in different generations of women. In this cross-sectional study, 5500 eligible women aged ≥ 20 who participated in the Tehran lipid and glucose study in 2015-2017 were selected. Participants were divided into groups by birth cohorts (BC) (born ≤ 1959, 1960-1979, and ≥ 1980) and AAM (≤ 11, 12-15, and ≥ 16 years, early, normal, and late, respectively). The status of MetS and its components were compared amongst participants using logistic regression. Normal AAM (12-15 years) was considered the reference group. The adjusted model revealed that AAM ≤ 11 is associated with a higher risk of 34% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.71) in MetS, and the prevalence of MetS in the early menarche group was higher in BCI, and BCII (odds ratio (OR): 1.87; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.36 and OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.89, respectively). Those with late menarche demonstrated a lower risk (OR:0.72; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.91) of abdominal obesity, and early menarche showed a higher risk (OR: 1.45; CI: 1.14, 1.86). This higher risk in early menarche was observed in BCI and BCII (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.66 and OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.64, respectively). However, the protective effect of late menarche was observed in BC II and BC III (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.00 and OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.96, respectively). The influential effect of AAM on metabolic disturbances varies amongst different generations.

Documentary as Memory Archive and Feminist Practice

This essay reflects on the significance of documentary filmmaking in the context of Latin American documentaries, in general, and Chilean films, in particular. It also reflects on how Latinas’ diasporic memories of place affect identity and how we think of the past through language and images. Feminist film activism is a way to build an archive of women’s lives and voices revealing how gender shapes them. The short documentary La chispa en la pradera (Spark in the Meadow, 2023) displays feminist activism and feminist memories that cut across different generations of women fighting for equality and justice in contemporary Chile.

Different Forms of Violence in Farībā Vafī’s Writing: The Case of The Secret in the Alleys and The Grimace

Abstract Readers frequently come across signs—both hidden and manifest—of violence perpetrated against women in Farībā Vafī’s novels. Vafī’s work is characterized by narrative heterogeneity as well as a multivarious vocabulary that is both ironic and sardonic. Her writing is situated within the volatile domesticity of “normal” Iranian families. In this setting, she describes the encounter, contrast, and melding between tradition and modernity in the broadest sense and different generations of women. This article examines how the author portrays violence against women in her writing, analyzing both the psychological and sociological factors that contribute to this depiction.

Women Writers’ Perspective on War

Abstract This article presents a comparative analysis of a specific corpus that centers around women writers (translators and artists) as heroines, within the so-called ‘female continent’ in the post-Yugoslav fiction (a concept defined by Tijana Matijević in 2020). The analysis is centered around three different generations of women writers’ perspectives on the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, in three contemporary novels published in the 2010s: Svetlana Slapšak’s Ravnoteža (2016, Engl. Equilibrium), Ivančica Đerić’s Nesreća i stvarne potrebe (2012, Engl. Misfortune and Real Needs), and Lana Bastašić’s Uhvati zeca (2018; Engl. translation Catch the Rabbit, 2021). The comparative analysis is done with respect to three ‘circles’ of interpretation: a) the literature on anti-war women’s writing; b) the literature on the theme of exile in post-Yugoslav fiction and c) the literature on the history of anti-war feminist organizing during the nineties.

O SERVIÇO SOCIAL NO ENFRENTAMENTO À VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA MULHER: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA DE ESTÁGIO NO CAMPO SOCIOJURÍDICO

This present work aims to contemplate the activities carried out by the Social Service intern in the field of socio-legal internship, in one of the Courts Specialized in Combating Domestic and Family Violence Against Women, particularizing the role of Social Service and the Court. Social Services proposes to act in the expressions of the social issue, analyzing gender violence based on the processes that emerged with the capitalist system and the struggle of different generations of women who face this form of violence.

Genital Cosmetic Surgery in Women of Different Generations: A Qualitative Study.

Individuals from different generations are interacting more and more today, and while each generation exists with its own characteristics, this situation causes intergenerational differences in every issue in social life. Considering the characteristics of different generations, it is predicted that individuals' views on genital cosmetic surgery may differ. This study was conducted to examine the views of women of different generations on genital cosmetic surgery and to determine their perspectives on genital cosmetic surgery. The population of the study consists of women from different generations. The sample of the study was formed using typical case sampling from purposive sampling methods. Data saturation was reached by conducting qualitative interviews with 15 women by selecting the snowball sampling method. Data were collected using a semi-structured individual interview form, and data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2020. The opinions of women of different generations about genital cosmetic surgery were analysed under four themes and 13 categories as "Perception of Beauty", "Perception of Health", "Perception of Society" and "Perception of Need". The opinions of women of different generations about genital cosmetic surgery differ. It is thought that these differences may be caused by factors such as psychosocial, economic, environment, media, technological developments and culture. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

‟FERRIS WHEEL”: FEMALE SOCIAL MEMORY OF THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF HYDRAULIC WORKERS IN SIBERIAN CHERYOMUSHKI IN THE 1970S

The article is devoted to the analysis of female social memory about the life of the village of hydraulic builders and hydropower workers in Cheryomushki, Khakassia Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in the 1970s. The authors consider their main scientific task to be a special study of women’s memories of the life of that time as more topical and representative, than the men’s ones, in the study of the history of everyday life. Correlating memory of life in a new township in the 1970s with the memory of women who lived and worked in similar cities built at hydroelectric power stations a decade and a half earlier (Volzhsky, Kakhovka, Kuybyshev), revealed a number of differences in the axiosphere of different generations of women, as well as the severity of the reaction of residents of Siberian Cheryomushki to social transformations in Russia at the late 1980s and the 90s. Their local symbol was the destruction of the Ferris wheel, which had been built under Soviet rule in a local park, – a sign of lost hopes.

Khanty urban women in the second half of the 20th — early 21st century: continuity of ethnocul-tural traditions, a view from the “inside”

Ethnicity is a dynamic category based on ethnic background. Most clearly it is expressed in the traditional environment, natural for the preservation of cultural traditions, which is associated with ancestral places, rural areas. In recent years, the number of representatives of indigenous peoples of the North living in the cities of Yugra has increased significantly. The main force of national intelligentsia is concentrated in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk, public institutions have been created there that became a part of the modern ethnic culture of the Ob Ugrians. The most representative part of this community are women, they clearly show their creative nature. The purpose of this work is to capture the features of the expression of ethnicity among Khanty women of different generations living in urban conditions, to trace its changes and continuity using the example of resi-dents of Khanty-Mansiysk. To assess this topic, a “look from the inside” is characteristic, the author places herself in the center of the study, as she belongs to this community. The stories of famous Khanty women who were born in the 1930s in a traditional environment but became citizens, as well as stories of their daughters and granddaughters born in the city, serve as a “refe-rence”. The author concludes on the natural “blurring” of ethnic identity in city environment. This is a natural process caused by the environment itself, as well as by metisation of urban residents. The process of assimilation of ethnic cultures in urban condi-tions is faster. The “true” representatives of traditional culture in urban environment are those born in rural areas. The first gen-eration of urban women (“mothers”) keeps in touch with the traditional environment, usually speaks their native language and appears as representatives of ethnic culture. The second generation (“daughters”) takes a marginal position in relation to their native culture and the urbanized environment, they are able to perceive their native culture, but at a different level; they rather carry a universal identity. Representatives of the third generation (“granddaughters”), as a rule, are not speakers of their native language and bearers of the culture, and their ethnic identity is expressed in preserving the memory of their ancestors.

I Need to Pee! Gender Inequalities and (In-)Accessibility of Public Restrooms in London

When analysing how cities and public facilities – especially public bathrooms – are designed, gendered perspectives are often neglected. This paper investigates the eff ects of the inaccessibility of public bathrooms on women's lives in London. Informed by a feminist lens, the research shows that many public bathrooms are inaccessible and unsafe, making it women's priority to avoid bathrooms throughout the day. This has effects on women's health and their understanding of bodily sensations. This inaccessibility leads women to plan ahead, limiting their ability to be spontaneous within public spaces, and using 'just in case' visits to bathroom facilities before leaving a place to minimize the risk of having to look for one later in the day. (In-)accessibility of public bathrooms is a long-lasting issue which has been translated into the creation of a cross-generational, non-formal bathroom education between women of diff erent generations. Overall, tensions and difficulties arising from women's (in-)accessibility to decent bathroom facilities means that their basic human rights are often denied, and their everyday life signi ficantly aff ected. As a response to such intersectional inequalities, women develop adaptative strategies, fostering their resilience as they reclaim their urban and public life.

Filling the Hollow

Chorus of Mushrooms tells the story of a Japanese family that immigrated to the small city of Nanton, in Canada. It depicts the challenges of three women of different generations - a grandmother, a mother and a granddaughter - and also a father, engaged in the ongoing process of surviving and (re)constructing identities and memories in a foreign environment, which constantly challenges the characters to deal with blurred and overlapping geographies of home. Thus, this essay analyzes briefly the narrative strategies employed by Hiromi Goto in the light of postcolonial studies. The analyses of the narrative act in Chorus of Mushrooms reveals not only how the identities of these three generations of women are (re)constructed in the novel, but also how the story – or stories – is/are creatively told and memories resignified in the process. Before analysing Goto’s novel, a brief account of the author’s and the novel’s sociocultural and historical backgrounds is provided. Then, some narrative strategies are highlighted in the light of Suzan Lanser’s (1982) categories, mainly because of the importance of understanding how memory culture unfolds in the novel via these strategies. Finally, further issues of memory and identity are identified and examined in view of Astrid Erll (2011), Vijay Agnew (2013) and Doreen Massey’s (2014) and Linda McDowell’s (1999) theoretical approaches to space, place and gender. The present study shows not only the role of memories in the narrative and their impact in the characters’ lives, but also Hiromi Goto’s creative and sharp writing skills.

Neoliberal feminism and intergenerational relations at work: an analysis of media representations of feminist mentorship in popular culture

ABSTRACT Generational conflict is often understood as central to social change, and more so concerning the development of feminism, as expressed through the mapping of feminist history in opposing waves. The opposition between younger and older women is also a common trope in popular culture, often aimed at describing the conflict between different generations of women and their understanding of gender and gender relations. However, since the emergence of the #MeToo phenomenon in 2016, new representations of intergenerational female relationships have emerged, specifically in the workplace. In this context, conflict does not necessarily foreclose dialogue, but is part of a more rounded relationship that encompasses solidarity and growth, taking the shape of feminist mentorship. Through the analysis of three popular shows (The Good Fight, The Bold Type, Hacks), I investigate the emergence of the trope of feminist mentorship in popular culture and argue that, while these texts offer more positive representations of intergenerational feminist relations, they expand neoliberal feminism’s focus on workplace success for female empowerment by making work the preferred site of feminist activism.

RETRACTED: Indigenous businesses in Australia: A supply chain management perspective

The article presents the current position of supply chain management (SCM) of indigenous businesses in Australia and the approaches to connect it to the broader business. A comprehensive literature review was carried out on SCM of indigenous business practices across four organisations identified in the Whanu Binal Entrepreneur Programme. A deductive approach was used in analysing the literature to express the business operations of four organisations in SCM concepts and theoretical perspectives. Indigenous businesses are managing their SCs without formally addressing the tools, techniques and systems, and are of small scale often less than AUD 5.0 million. The mainstream businesses with less than 5 million sales were found to have SC collaboration, and tools and systems used in the SCs. Indigenous businesses are strongly guided by its culture, supported by the Yarning in transferring knowledge across different generations of women supported by the Indigenous Standpoint Theory (IST). JEL Classification: J15, L26, L60

Of bodies and politics: towards a body of work in the documentaries of Raja Amari

ABSTRACT Raja Amari is best known for her fiction features Red Satin (2002), Buried Secrets (2009) and Foreign Body (2016), in which she dissects the mythologisation of mother and daughter relationships by underlining difficult communication and co-dependence. Her less well-known documentaries Seekers of Oblivion (2004) and She Had a Dream (2020) likewise explore the bonds between women of different generations and across geographical, religious and political borders. In this article, I investigate Amari’s transnational documentary strategies that foreground the multitude of women’s voices, storytelling strategies, performative identity formation, and female agency. These two documentaries focus on the body of work of extra-ordinary women, who force us into an analytical engagement with diverse voices and politics. The documentaries offer insight into the gendered, racial and generational boundaries that are constantly crossed by two young women who lived more than a century apart. This leads to the article’s central argument that transnational documentary studies offer an opportunity to realign transnational screen studies with its subject, the transnational human experience.

“Deutschland ist auch Frauensache”. NPD-Frauen im Kampf für Volk und Familie 1964–2020

In this enlightening and carefully researched book, Valérie Dubslaff explores the history of the right-wing extremist Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschland (NPD) with a focus on its female members and officials. Dubslaff offers a unique insight into the various ways in which women of different generations have actively influenced the NPD’s political and ideological development during the last six decades. Throughout the book, the author presents a thorough analysis, based on an impressive number of primary sources, ranging from internal party documents, manuscripts and letters, through party programmes, leaflets, contributions in the NPD’s party newspaper, and records of right-wing extremist networks and actors in antifascist archives, to content published on NPD websites or posted on social media. Moreover, by continuously reflecting on the historical and socio-political context of the NPD women’s manoeuvring, Dubslaff makes a remarkably insightful contribution to the exploration of the postwar Federal Republic’s gender history. In the first section, ‘Women in the NPD’s Heyday (1964–1969)’, the author focuses on the role the NPD’s (few) female members played in the consolidation and foundation of the party in 1965 as well as during the party’s most successful years in the late 1960s. The NPD’s founding mothers are presented as women from the ‘Experience Generation’ (Erlebnisgeneration), who had actively supported the National Socialist regime, refused to accept the FRG’s postwar order and continued their ideological and political engagement in the NPD. Here, Dubslaff explores how the three most prominent female members strove for more influence and actively contributed to the elaboration of ideological standpoints. Among other examples, in the field of family and social policy, they promoted an ideal of the German family strongly reminiscent of the Nazi regime’s ideology. Overall, however, Dubslaff describes the political status of women in the male-dominated NPD as characterized by a double marginalization. On the one hand, they were relegated to a subordinate role in the patriarchally structured NPD, while on the other, due to their Nazi past, NPD women could not escape the party’s overall pariah status in the FRG’s political system, despite the attempt to present themselves as a constructive and constitutional opposition.

Women Auteurs, Western Promises

In this essay, Patricia White discusses the ways in which directors Kelly Reichardt, Chloé Zhao, and Jane Campion contend with the legacy of the Hollywood Western in the context of global cinema in their recent films First Cow (2019), Nomadland (2020), and The Power of the Dog (2021) respectively. Representing three different generations of women directors working within the American feature-film space, Campion, Reichardt, and Zhao all reference genre to question the masculinist Western ideology of rugged individualism, even as they use these works to distinguish themselves as individuals within the cinematic marketplace of auteurism.

Carrying the Family in the Body: Family Trajectories of Paraguayan Women in the Paraná Tri-Border Area

This article discusses the results of ethnographic case studies on female cross-border experiences in the Paraná Tri-Border Area (between Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay) conducted in 2018 and 2019. Reclaiming the life histories of thirty Paraguayan women, we will analyze the tensions that lie between family trajectories, female transgenerational acquisition of cultural and social capitals, rural-urban and transborder mobility, and labor insertion. Our analysis will explore more in-depth the impact that productive and reproductive work overloads have on different generations of women who share family bonds, showing how their care responsibilities are intrinsically related to their agency strategies.

“Our Antient Friends … Are Much Reduced”: Mary and James Wright, the Hopewell Friends Meeting, and Quaker Women in the Southern Backcountry, c. 1720–c. 1790

Although the existence of Quakers in Virginia is well known, the best recent surveys of Virginia history devote only passing attention to them, mostly in the context of expanding religious freedoms during the revolutionary era. Few discuss the Quakers themselves or the nature of Quaker settlements although notably, Warren Hofstra, Larry Gragg, and others have studied aspects of the Backcountry Quaker experience. Recent Quaker historiography has reinterpreted the origins of the Quaker faith and the role of key individuals in the movement, including the roles of Quaker women. Numerous studies address Quaker women collectively. Few, however, examine individual families or women of different generations within a single family, and Robynne Rogers Healey has argued for “more biographies of less well-known Quaker women”. This essay uses a four-generation genealogical case study of the Quaker Bowater-Wright family to analyze the development of the Quaker faith in the Virginia backcountry and the lower South and its spread into the Old Northwest. In the backcountry environment, with its geographically isolated settlements and widely dispersed population, early Quaker migrants found fertile ground for both their economic and religious activities. The way of life that developed there differed significantly from the hierarchical Anglican structure of the Tidewater region and the more vocal evangelical groups with their independent congregational structure in the southern backcountry. This article argues that Quaker women played a critical role in shaping Quaker migration and institutional growth in eighteenth and nineteenth century America. It also suggests that the Quaker institutional structure reinforced family connections by creating a close bond that united southern Quakers across a great geographical area.

Gender and intergenerational challenges to Women’s economic empowerment initiatives in Rwanda

Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) based approaches to social justice have attracted increasing attention among scholars and development-based organisations as a means of improving women’s access to economic resources and increasing women’s empowerment. A growing literature discusses the degree to which women’s economic empowerment initiatives have been successful. Most of these studies have tended to rely on the use of economic proxies that capture the level of income earned by women. Based on qualitative information collected in five rural districts of Rwanda between July 2016 and January 2017, this paper explores how existing gender relations at the household level in rural Rwanda stimulate, promote/impede robust participation in WEE initiatives and explores the strategies used by rural women involved in WEE to challenge power relations at the household level. The research used a social justice and transformative approach, employing an interpretivist methodology and qualitative methods. Overall 126 women and 48 men participated in the research. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the information collected and three main themes were identified: cultural norms, expectations and women’s participation; women’s voice and agency from their engagement in economic activities; and the different generations of women who use different coping mechanisms and strategies to deal with adverse gender power relations. The research shows that if WEE initiatives are to reach their full potential, they must address cultural and structural norms that underpin gender inequality at the household and community levels. Thus WEE initiatives, as well as providing economic opportunities for women (and also men) must also address social justice issues that are harmful and affect women’s participation in such initiatives and should support a transformative environment with respect to gender power relationships in rural households and communities.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ БИОГРАФИЙ ЖЕНЩИН-ДЕПУТАТОВ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПАРЛАМЕНТОВ РФ: ПОКОЛЕНЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The relevance of the study is related to the need to identify fault points and intersections in the mechanisms of recruitment and promotion to the level of political decision-making of various age cohorts of the female segment of the deputy corps of regional parliaments of the Russian Federation. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors analyze the political biographies of two age groups of deputies of regional legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation formed during the electoral cycles of 2011-2015: the first group – deputies under the age of 30; the second group is female deputies over 30 years old. The data sources are the websites of regional legislatures, specialized portals dedicated to deputies of various levels, media materials, network communities. The author analyzes such features of the socio-political portrait of female deputies as education, profession, experience of socio-political activity, etc. The authors propose a typology of the female segment of the deputy corps and identify the main career trajectories of women of different generations entering the public sphere. The conducted research shows that the fault lines in the sources of recruiting women of different generations reveal differences in the ways of representing age and gender groups in the system of parliamentarism, and the intersection lines indicate that gender is a stable institution of the Russian political system.

How do Slovak Women Perceive Their Opportunities on the Global Labor Market? Generational study

Research background:Despite European labor market offers wider opportunities of employment also for Slovak women, it is characterized by notable gender disparities too. Except for the 12% employment gap, the 16% wage gap still occurs. Study examines generational differences in attitudes of Slovak woman according to their opportunities on the global labor market with the respect of fact that, women’s own views on the need for such activities differ across generations.Purpose of the article:The aim is to point out that views of Slovak women on their opportunities at the global labor market is perceived differently by women of diverse generations.Methods:The research was conducted using the questionnaire method on a sample of 361 respondents, who were exclusively women of economically active age already incorporated in the labor market. For this reason, stratified randomization was performed and members of Generations X, Generation Y, and Generation Z were approached to participate in the online survey. The assumptions of differences were set for 6 chosen variables and statistically tested according to the age through Kruskal-Wallis test using XL stat. As a post hoc test the Bonferroni correction was computed to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons between variables.Findings & Value added: The uniqueness of our study is primarily in targeting at women of different generations and looking for differences in their generational attitudes.