Different Degrees Of Familiarity Research Articles

P187: A patient with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease presenting with a unique form of Capgras syndrome

Background:Capgras syndrome is a delusion in which the patient believes that a particular individual has been replaced by an imposter. It is observed in patients with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia but also occurs in patients with a neurodegenerative disease including Lewy body disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Here we report a patient with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease who presented with a unique form of Capgras syndrome.Case presentation:An early 60’s right-handed woman with 12 years of education, visited our outpatient clinic for evaluation of her memory impairment. Neurological examination was not remarkable. A MMSE score was 25/30 and a neuropsychological examination indicated mild impairment of attention and episodic memory, and relatively preserved visuospatial function. Six months after the initial visit of our clinic, she started to claim that she met several imposters of her husband. She called each imposter in different name, described each as a slightly different appearance, and expressed different level of sense of familiarity. An additional examination of face recognition using photographs of her husband revealed that there was a difficult to recognize her husband especially viewed from the side of his face. In addition, she showed a difficulty in discriminating between two different unknown faces and in judging approximate age of face in photographs. Brain MRI showed no significant atrophy and IMP-SPECT showed an extensive hypoperfusion in the bilateral, right-side dominant temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Both FP-CIT SPECT and MIBG scintigraphy were negative. Florbetapir PET was positive. Thus, a diagnosis of early-onset Alzheimer's disease was made. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotics were used to treat her Capgras syndrome, but the symptom lasted for more than a year.Discussion:There are several possible factors that may induced patient’s unique Capgras syndrome: (1) psychodynamic background- the patient and her husband had been in a long-term common-law relationship; (2) mild impairment in face recognition; (3) dysfunction of right hemisphere, which is known to be strongly related to Capgras syndrome. The combination of these factors may result in the occurrence of multiple imposters of her husband with different degrees of familiarity.

Effects of Inquiry-Based Teaching on Learning Efficiency in an Augmented Reality Environment

Virtual reality (VR) creates a realistic learning environment to immerse users, meet scenario requirements and natural interaction of learning media, and offer learners a highly immersible virtual-real mixed environment. To analyze the effects of inquiry-based teaching on learning efficiency of learners in an augmented reality (AR) environment, a questionnaire survey was given to 278 undergraduates in 4 grades from 6 universities in Wuhan. Contextual learning theory and flow theory were used as the theoretical basis to analyze the effects of the four aspects of inquiry-based teaching on learning efficiency of learners in AR environments. Differences in learning efficiency caused by different degrees of familiarity of learners with AR equipment were measured using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that Cronbach’s α of the questionnaire, which was developed based on existing research questionnaires, is 0.909 and the KMO value is 0.869, indicating that the questionnaire has very good reliability and validity. Posing problems, collecting evidence, and proposing explanations for an inquiry-based teaching mode have significant influences on learning efficiency of learners: under 5%, 1%, and 1% levels, respectively. The degree of familiarity of learners with AR equipment has significant influence on learning efficiency at the 0.01% level. Results herein provide important guidance for promoting the fusion of AR and teaching activities, enriching the application of scientific teaching with AR technology in universities, and designing and developing ways to use AR teaching resources in different disciplines.

Developing a Research Tool for Investigating Religious Knowledge as Part of Religious Literacy: The Questionnaire – First Results – Possibilities for International Comparisons

Abstract This article makes international debates on religious literacy as well as forms of assessment in RE related to these debates its starting point by identifying the lack of an empirical basis for the respective discussions. A questionnaire for 15-year-old pupils with a focus on religious knowledge, based on prior studies and tried out in Finland, Germany and Sweden is introduced. The results, although not representative, allow for comparative evaluation, comparing the results at country level and in reference to different kinds of religion-related knowledge. Possible influences of the different curricula are identified by comparing different degrees of familiarity with certain topics or religions in relation to when the respective curriculum foresees them being treated. The article is meant to demonstrate that meaningful international research on religious knowledge as part of religious literacy is possible, that its results could inform RE and show the possible value of developing such efforts further.

Brain mechanism of unfamiliar and familiar voice processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis.

Interpersonal communication through vocal information is very important for human society. During verbal interactions, our vocal cord vibrations convey important information regarding voice identity, which allows us to decide how to respond to speakers (e.g., neither greeting a stranger too warmly or speaking too coldly to a friend). Numerous neural studies have shown that identifying familiar and unfamiliar voices may rely on different neural bases. However, the mechanism underlying voice identification of individuals of varying familiarity has not been determined due to vague definitions, confusion of terms, and differences in task design. To address this issue, the present study first categorized three kinds of voice identity processing (perception, recognition and identification) from speakers with different degrees of familiarity. We defined voice identity perception as passively listening to a voice or determining if the voice was human, voice identity recognition as determining if the sound heard was acoustically familiar, and voice identity identification as ascertaining whether a voice is associated with a name or face. Of these, voice identity perception involves processing unfamiliar voices, and voice identity recognition and identification involves processing familiar voices. According to these three definitions, we performed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) on 32 studies and revealed different brain mechanisms underlying processing of unfamiliar and familiar voice identities. The results were as follows: (1) familiar voice recognition/identification was supported by a network involving most regions in the temporal lobe, some regions in the frontal lobe, subcortical structures and regions around the marginal lobes; (2) the bilateral superior temporal gyrus was recruited for voice identity perception of an unfamiliar voice; (3) voice identity recognition/identification of familiar voices was more likely to activate the right frontal lobe than voice identity perception of unfamiliar voices, while voice identity perception of an unfamiliar voice was more likely to activate the bilateral temporal lobe and left frontal lobe; and (4) the bilateral superior temporal gyrus served as a shared neural basis of unfamiliar voice identity perception and familiar voice identity recognition/identification. In general, the results of the current study address gaps in the literature, provide clear definitions of concepts, and indicate brain mechanisms for subsequent investigations.

The effects of brand familiarity and product category in brand extension: An ERP study

In this paper, neural features influenced by brand familiarity and category were investigated in a brand extension experiment by using conventional event-related potentials (ERPs) and time-frequency analysis. Twenty-four participants were required to decide whether to accept the extension of one brand (stimulus 1) to a certain product category (stimulus 2) in a 2 familiarity x 2 category paradigm. Stimulus 1 consisted of household appliance brands that had different degrees of familiarity (high familiarity vs. low familiarity) to a certain participant, and stimulus 2 consisted of two categories of products (high conflict vs. low conflict). Twenty-two sets of valid data were used for data analysis. We found greater N270 amplitudes in the low-familiarity brand condition and in the high-conflict product category condition, which meant that the participants had to devote more cognitive resources when the brand was less familiar and felt more conflict when the brand was extended to the high-conflict product category. According to the time-frequency analysis results, brand familiarity and product category were found to have a significant effect on the amplitude of theta-band power (4–7.5 Hz) at frontal electrodes in the time period of 270−340 ms. This result indicated that the activity of individual nodes of the language processing networks increased when the extension product category was mismatched with respect to the brand name and that the related memory of the brand was activated and the long-term memory was extracted when the participants faced the high-familiarity brand extension. The study provides an insightful view of how brand familiarity and category influence consumers’ cognitive processes regarding brand extension.

Factors contributing to familiarity degree in family firms

This research proposes a measuring instrument to determine the intensity of family engagement in meeting the defining and distinguishing criteria of family businesses. This proposed method enables the assessment of the different degrees of familiarity of a business on a continuous scale, where the extremes represent the companies with lower and higher degree of familiarity. The instrument, therefore, allows classify firms in function of its familiarity degree. The study was conducted in 180 Spanish family businesses. We have used a latent variable model (Rasch model) which has allowed us to define the familiarity degree construct from the existence or not of a set of items. This methodology also enables managers and institutions to identify the most uncertain perceived items. The article contributes to the existence of an objective characterisation when exploring the extent to which family members are involved in the family business, identifying its degree of familiarity.

Factors contributing to familiarity degree in family firms

This research proposes a measuring instrument to determine the intensity of family engagement in meeting the defining and distinguishing criteria of family businesses. This proposed method enables the assessment of the different degrees of familiarity of a business on a continuous scale, where the extremes represent the companies with lower and higher degree of familiarity. The instrument, therefore, allows classify firms in function of its familiarity degree. The study was conducted in 180 Spanish family businesses. We have used a latent variable model (Rasch model) which has allowed us to define the familiarity degree construct from the existence or not of a set of items. This methodology also enables managers and institutions to identify the most uncertain perceived items. The article contributes to the existence of an objective characterisation when exploring the extent to which family members are involved in the family business, identifying its degree of familiarity.

Relationships Between Expertise, Crew Familiarity and Surgical Workflow Disruptions: An Observational Study.

Teamwork is an essential factor in reducing workflow disruption (WD) in the operating room. Team familiarity (TF) has been recognized as an antecedent to surgical quality and safety. To date, no study has examined the link between team members' role and expertise, TF and WD in surgical setting. This study aimed to examine the relationships between expertise, surgeon-scrub nurse familiarity and WD. We observed a convenience sample of 12 elective neurosurgical procedures carried out by 4 surgeons and 11 SN with different levels of expertise and different degrees of familiarity between surgeons and SN. We calculated the number of WD per unit of coding time to control for the duration of operation. We explored the type and frequency of WD, and the differences between the surgeons and SN. We examined the relationships between duration of WD, staff expertise and surgeon-scrub nurse familiarity. 9.91% of the coded surgical time concerned WD. The most frequent causes of WD were distractions (29.7%) and colleagues' interruptions (25.2%). This proportion was seen for SN, whereas teaching moments and colleagues' interruptions were the most frequent WD for surgeons. The WD was less high among expert surgeons and less frequent when surgeon was familiar with SN. The frequency of WD during surgical time can compromise surgical quality and patient safety. WD seems to decrease in teams with high levels of surgeon-scrub nurse familiarity and with development of surgical expertise. Favoring TF and giving feedback to the team about WD issues could be interesting ways to improve teamwork.

Chinese as a second language teachers’ cognition in teaching intercultural communicative competence

The development of intercultural communicative competence has recently emerged as one of the major foci in language education. The rise of Chinese as an international language has increased demand for studies exploring how Chinese language teachers teach intercultural communicative competence. This study investigated: (1) Chinese language teachers' pedagogical cultural knowledge and objectives in teaching intercultural communicative competence; and (2) the contextual factors (i.e., overall university surroundings, computer accessibility, academic atmosphere, and colleagues and superiors) influencing their pedagogical cultural knowledge and objectives in teaching intercultural communicative competence. Based on a survey of 43 university teachers from China, it shows that the participants had different degrees of familiarity with pedagogical cultural knowledge and that contextual factors affected their pedagogical cultural knowledge development. Moreover, the participants’ objectives in teaching intercultural communicative competence were more skill-than knowledge- and attitude-oriented, and had different relationships with different contextual factors. The findings inform the development of in-service and pre-service teacher education programmes to help Chinese language teachers become effective intercultural language teachers.

Can listeners hear the difference between children with normal hearing and children with a hearing impairment?

ABSTRACTAcoustic measurements have shown that the speech of hearing-impaired (HI) children differs from that of normally hearing (NH) children, even after several years of device use. This study focuses on the perception of HI speech in comparison to NH children’s speech. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adult listeners can identify the speech of NH and HI children. Moreover, it is studied whether listeners’ experience and the children’s length of device use play a role in that assessment. For this study, short utterances of 7 children with a cochlear implant (CI), 7 children with an acoustic hearing aid (HA) and 7 children with NH were presented to 90 listeners who were required to specify the hearing status of each speech sample. The judges had different degrees of familiarity with hearing disorders: there were 30 audiologists, 30 primary schoolteachers and 30 inexperienced listeners. The results show that the speech of children with NH and HI can reliably be identified. However, listeners do not manage to distinguish between children with CI and HA. Children with CI are increasingly identified as NH with increasing length of device use. For children with HA, there is no similar change with longer device use. Also, experienced listeners seem to display a more lenient attitude towards atypical speech, whereas inexperienced listeners are stricter and generally consider more utterances to be produced by children with HI.

Route-Choice Modeling for Pedestrian Evacuation Based on Infrastructure Knowledge and Personal Preferences

In recent years, pedestrian simulation has been a valuable tool for the quantitative assessment of egress performance in various environments during emergency evacuation. For a high level of realism, an evacuation simulation requires a behavioral model that takes into account behavioral aspects of real pedestrians. In many studies, however, it is assumed that simulated pedestrians have a global knowledge of the infrastructure and choose either a predefined or the shortest route. It is questionable whether this simplification provides realistic results. This study addresses the problem of human-like route-choice behavior for microscopic pedestrian simulations. A route-choice model is presented that considers two concepts: first, the modeling of infrastructure knowledge to represent the variations in the decision-making processes of pedestrians with different degrees of familiarity with the infrastructure (e.g., regular commuters versus first-time visitors). Second, for each pedestrian the internal preference for selecting a certain path can be calibrated to allow the choice for the fastest routes or the ones that are most convenient for the agent (e.g., by avoiding stairs). The approach here uses a hybrid route-choice behavior model composed of a graph-based macrolevel representation of the environment, which is augmented with local information to avoid obstacles and dense crowds in the vicinity. This method was applied with different parameter sets in an evacuation study of a multilevel subway station. The results show the impact of these parameters on evacuation times, use of infrastructure elements, and crowd density at specific locations.

Is subtitling equally effective everywhere? A first cross-national study on the reception of interlingually subtitled messages

Recent research on the reception of interlingual subtitling revealed that it is cognitively effective: watching a subtitled film results in a good understanding of the film content, it does not require a significant tradeoff between image processing and text processing, and it leads to a good performance in the recognition of the words and expressions contained in the subtitles. To date, the studies that revealed the effectiveness of subtitle processing have been conducted mono-nationally — e.g. d’Ydewalle and De Bruycker (2007) in Belgium; Wissmath et al. (2009) in Switzerland; Perego et al. (2010, 2015) in Italy; Hinkin et al. (2014) in the US. However, it has not yet been demonstrated empirically whether subtitle effectiveness varies depending on the familiarity of viewers with subtitles. The cross-national study described in this paper aims to fill this gap and appraise the cognitive performance and overall appreciation of a moderately complex subtitled film by viewers with different degrees of familiarity with subtitles, i.e., viewers living in countries (Italy, Spain, Poland and Dutch-speaking Belgium) with different audiovisual translation traditions. The main findings reveal that subtitling is effective irrespective of users’ familiarity with it, although it is not enjoyed equally among the tested populations.

The Role of Familiarity on Viewpoint Adaptation for Self-Face and Other-Face Images.

An adaptation method was used to investigate whether self-face processing is dissociable from general face processing. We explored the viewpoint aftereffect with face images having different degrees of familiarity (never-before-seen faces, recently familiarized faces, personally familiar faces, and the participant's own face). A face viewpoint aftereffect occurs after prolonged viewing of a face viewed from one side, with the result that the perceived viewing direction of a subsequently presented face image shown near the frontal view is biased in a direction which is the opposite of the adapting orientation. We found that (1) the magnitude of the viewpoint aftereffect depends on the level of familiarity of the adapting and test faces, (2) a cross-identity transfer of the viewpoint aftereffect is found between all categories of faces, but not between an unfamiliar adaptor face and the self-face test, and (3) learning affects the processing of the self-face in greater measure than any other category of faces. These results highlight the importance of familiarity on the face aftereffects, but they also suggest the possibility of separate representations for the self-face, on the one side, and for highly familiar faces, on the other.

The effect of motor familiarity during simple finger opposition tasks.

Humans are more familiar with performing (and observing) index-thumb than with any other finger to thumb grasping and the effect of familiarity has not been tested specifically with simple and intransitive actions. The study of simple and intransitive motor actions (i.e. simple actions without need of object interaction) provides the opportunity to investigate specifically the brain motor regions reducing the effect of non-motor aspects that are related with more complex and/or transitive motor actions. The aim of this study is to evaluate brain activity patterns during the execution of simple and intransitive finger movements with different degrees of familiarity. With this in mind, a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study was performed in which participants were asked to execute finger to thumb opposition tasks with all the different fingers (index, middle, ring and little) with a fixed frequency (1 Hz) determined by a visual cue. This movement is considered as the pantomime of a precision grasping action. Significant activity was identified in the Sensory Motor Cortex (SMC), posterior parietal and premotor regions for all simple conditions (index-finger>control, middle-finger>control, ring-finger>control and little-finger>control). However, a linear trend contrast (index<middle<ring<little) demonstrated that there was a linear increase of activity in the SMC (mainly in the Precentral Gyrus) while the finger used to perform the action was further from the thumb. Therefore, the execution of less familiar simple intransitive movements seems to lead to a stronger activation of the SMC than familiar ones. Posterior parietal and premotor regions did not show the aforementioned stronger activation. The most important implication of this study is the identification of differences in brain activity during the execution of simple intransitive movements with different degrees of familiarity.

Dogs and their human companions: The effect of familiarity on dog–human interactions

There are few quantitative examinations of the extent to which dogs discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar persons. In our study we have investigated whether dogs show differential behaviour towards humans of different degrees of familiarity (owner, familiar person, unfamiliar person). Dogs and humans were observed in eight test situations: (1) Three-way strange situation test, (2) Calling in from food, (3) Obedience test, (4) Walking away, (5) Threatening approach, (6) Playful interaction, (7) Food inhibition test and (8) Manipulation of the dog's body.Dogs distinguished between the owner and the two other test partners in those tests which involved separation from the owner (Test 1, 4), were aversive for the dog (Test 5) or involved playing interaction (Test 6). Our results revealed that the owner cannot be replaced by a familiar person in situations provoking elevated anxiety and fear.In contrasts, dogs did not discriminate between the owner and the familiar person in those tests that were based on obedient behaviour or behaviour towards an assertive person (Tests 2, 3, 7 and 8). Dogs’ former training experience reduced the difference between their behaviour towards the owner and the familiar person in situations requiring obedience but it did not mask it totally. The dogs’ behaviour towards each of the humans participating in the tests was consistent all over the test series.In summary, dogs discriminated between their owner and the unfamiliar person and always preferred the owner to the unfamiliar person. However, the discrimination between the owner and the familiar person is context-specific.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior.

Observation of Simple Intransitive Actions: The Effect of Familiarity

IntroductionHumans are more familiar with index – thumb than with any other finger to thumb grasping. The effect of familiarity has been previously tested with complex, specialized and/or transitive movements, but not with simple intransitive ones. The aim of this study is to evaluate brain activity patterns during the observation of simple and intransitive finger movements with differing degrees of familiarity.MethodologyA functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study was performed using a paradigm consisting of the observation of 4 videos showing a finger opposition task between the thumb and the other fingers (index, middle, ring and little) in a repetitive manner with a fixed frequency (1 Hz). This movement is considered as the pantomime of a precision grasping action.ResultsSignificant activity was identified in the bilateral Inferior Parietal Lobule and premotor regions with the selected level of significance (FDR [False Discovery Rate] = 0.01). The extent of the activation in both regions tended to decrease when the finger that performed the action was further from the thumb. More specifically, this effect showed a linear trend (index>middle>ring>little) in the right parietal and premotor regions.ConclusionsThe observation of less familiar simple intransitive movements produces less activation of parietal and premotor areas than familiar ones. The most important implication of this study is the identification of differences in brain activity during the observation of simple intransitive movements with different degrees of familiarity.

Policy Stakeholders' Perceptions of Carbon Capture and Storage: A Comparison of Four U.S. States

Over the past decade, the United States (US) has demonstrated strong and evolving interest in the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS), an emerging set of technologies with potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. Given the many technical, economic, and environmental uncertainties about the future of CCS, the political salience of this technology is high. In the US, states make key decisions about deploying energy technology projects, but variation in statelevel energy context (both technical and socio-political) is substantial. This research assesses variation in the state-level energy context for CCS development by exploring energy policy stakeholders’ perceptions of CCS in four geographically and demographically diverse states. Policy stakeholders have different degrees of familiarity with CCS, and the goal of this research is to understand and compare the perceptions of CCS among stakeholders who shape state-level energy policy. Semi-structured interviews with 84 energy policy stakeholders across government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations active in four different states (Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana and Texas) were analyzed to compare perceptions of CCS risks and benefits. Negative associations of CCS were mentioned more frequently than positive attributes in each state, and technical, political and economic risks are more dominant than environmental or health and safety risks. Content analysis of the interviews provides insight on emerging sub-national discourse regarding CCS, on state-level variation in familiarity with CCS, and on sub-national variation in the socio-political context for energy technologies. The variation in state and stakeholder energy priorities and perceptions revealed in this study highlights challenges in the development and implementation of national-level energy policy and also specific challenges in the deployment of CCS.

Visual Lateralization in Wild Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in Response to Stimuli with Different Degrees of Familiarity

BackgroundApart from findings on both functional and motor asymmetries in captive aquatic mammals, only few studies have focused on lateralized behaviour of these species in the wild.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this study we focused on lateralized visual behaviour by presenting wild striped dolphins with objects of different degrees of familiarity (fish, ball, toy). Surveys were conducted in the Gulf of Taranto, the northern Ionian Sea portion delimited by the Italian regions of Calabria, Basilicata and Apulia. After sighting striped dolphins from a research vessel, different stimuli were presented in a random order by a telescopic bar connected to the prow of the boat. The preferential use of the right/left monocular viewing during inspection of the stimuli was analysed.ConclusionResults clearly showed a monocular viewing preference with respect to the type of the stimulus employed. Due to the complete decussation of the optical nerves in dolphin brain our results reflected a different specialization of brain hemispheres for visual scanning processes confirming that in this species different stimuli evoked different patterns of eye use. A preferential use of the right eye (left hemisphere) during visual inspection of unfamiliar targets was observed supporting the hypothesis that, in dolphins, the organization of the functional neural structures which reflected cerebral asymmetries for visual object recognition could have been subjected to a deviation from the evolutionary line of most terrestrial vertebrates.

Meaning differences in the use of the null vs. the definite articles

In this paper we present the results of a comparison analysis (quantitative and qualitative) of the rates of occurrence of the null article Ø2 against the definite article the referring specifically to the five names of the seasons. Instances of Ø2 in authentic contexts have previously only been minimally described; Chesterman (1991) places Ø2 at a higher level of definiteness than the while Master (1997) describes the choice between Ø2 and the as different degrees of familiarity. A revision of the latter, this paper’s findings — derived from corpus-linguistic analysis using MICASE (spoken) and the Brown corpus (written) — demonstrate that, very generally, when preceding the name of a season, Ø2 indicates a specific point in time or the start of a season while the indicates a period of time. The findings also reaffirm the strength of postmodification in determining the need for the definite article. One implication for English language teaching is discussed.

Keynes Meets Markowitz: The Tradeoff Between Familiarity and Diversification

We develop a model of portfolio choice to nest the views of Keynes---who advocates concentration in a few familiar assets---and Markowitz---who advocates diversification across assets. We rely on the concepts of ambiguity and ambiguity aversion to formalize the idea of investor's ``familiarity towards assets. The model shows that when investors are equally ambiguous about all assets, then the optimal portfolio corresponds to Markowitz's fully-diversified portfolio. In contrast, when investors exhibit different degrees of familiarity across assets, the optimal portfolio depends on (i)~the relative degree of ambiguity across assets and (ii)~the standard deviation of the estimate of expected return on each asset. If the standard deviation is low and the difference between the ambiguity about the familiar and unfamiliar assets is small, then the optimal portfolio is composed of a mix of both familiar and unfamiliar assets; moreover, an increase in correlation between assets causes investors to increase concentration in the assets with which they are familiar (flight to familiarity). Alternatively, if the standard deviation of the expected-return estimate is high and the difference between the ambiguity of familiar and unfamiliar assets is large, the optimal portfolio contains only the familiar asset(s) as Keynes would have advocated. In the extreme case in which the ambiguity about all assets and the standard deviation of the estimated mean are high, then no risky asset is held (non-participation). The model also has empirically testable implications for trading behavior: in response to a change in idiosyncratic risk the Keynesian portfolio always exhibits more trading than the Markowitz portfolio, while the opposite is true for a change in systematic volatility. In the equilibrium version of the model with heterogeneous agents who are familiar with different assets, we find that the risk premium of stocks depends on both systematic and idiosyncratic volatility, and that the equity risk premium is significantly higher than in the standard model without ambiguity.