Different Contexts Of Use Research Articles

TOWARDS A HYBRID APPROACH FOR ADAPTING WEB GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES TO HETEROGENEOUS DEVICES USING CONTEXT

Ubiquitous Computing promises seamless access to a wide range of applications and Internet-based services from anywhere, at anytime, and using any device. In this scenario, new challenges for the practice of software development arise: Applications and services must keep a coherent behavior, a proper appearance, and must adapt to a plenty of contextual usage requirements and hardware aspects. Especially, due to its interactive nature, the interface content of Web applications must adapt to a large diversity of devices and contexts. In order to overcome such obstacles, this work introduces an innovative methodology for content adaptation of Web 2.0 interfaces. The basis of our work is to combine static adaption — the implementation of static Web interfaces; and dynamic adaptation — the alteration, during execution time, of static interfaces so as for adapting to different contexts of use. In hybrid fashion, our methodology benefits from the advantages of both adaptation strategies — static and dynamic. In this line, we designed and implemented UbiCon, a framework over which we tested our concepts through a case study and through a development experiment. Our results show that the hybrid methodology over UbiCon leads to broader and more accessible interfaces, and to faster and less costly software development. We believe that the UbiCon hybrid methodology can foster more efficient and accurate interface engineering in the industry and in the academy.

Combination of information retrieval methods with LESK algorithm for Arabic word sense disambiguation

In this paper, we propose to use Harman, Croft and Okapi measures with Lesk algorithm to develop a system for Arabic word sense disambiguation, that combines unsupervised and knowledge based methods. This system must solve the lexical semantic ambiguity in Arabic language. The information retrieval measures are used to estimate the most relevant sense of the ambiguous word, by returning a semantic coherence score corresponding to the context that is semantically closest to the original sentence containing the ambiguous word. The Lesk algorithm is used to assign and select the adequate sense from those proposed by the information retrieval measures mentioned above. This selection is based on a comparison between the glosses of the word to be disambiguated, and its different contexts of use extracted from a corpus. Our experimental study proves that using of Lesk algorithm with Harman, Croft, and Okapi measures allows us to obtain an accuracy rate of 73%.

Towards the automated verification of semi-structured documents

The semantic consistency of context-dependent documents is an important problem in the fields of document databases and web information systems. While techniques for adapting documents to different context of use are well investigated, the consistency maintenance of context-dependent documents remains a challenge. Existing methods are specialized on specific document formats or domains, or are cumbersome and costly to apply. In this paper, we present a new approach focusing on user support by a pattern-based specification methodology. We combine temporal logic, ontologies, and a pattern-based specification approach for reaching high expressiveness, flexible applicability, and yet a high degree of usability.

SETTING THE STANDARD: USAGE LABELS IN ADVANCED MONOLINGUAL LEARNERS' DICTIONARIES OF GERMAN

ABSTRACTUsing lexical items from Martin Durrell's classification of register variation as a sample, the study investigates how the current advanced monolingual learners' dictionaries of German as an additional language treat such variation and indicate to their users what they consider to be standard usage: how do they set the standard? Abbreviated usage labels as conventionally found in dictionaries for first‐language users are the primary indications, and the dictionaries seldom go beyond such labels. German Standard German is the norm. At its core are unmarked or unlabelled items, while its range extends to include less formal items from everyday use, especially spoken, which are typically labelled umg. or gespr., and more formal items, more particularly found in written usage, which are labelled geh. or geschr. Non‐standard items, if entered as headwords, may be labelled derb or vulgär, veraltet or lit. No one dictionary stands out from the others as setting the standard in terms of treating register variation, and it must be questioned whether learners of German as an additional language would not be better served by more detailed, discursive information on different contexts of use and stylistic levels.

Testing Website Usability in Spanish-Speaking Academia through Heuristic Evaluation and Cognitive Walkthroughs

Fil: Gonzalez, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Bahia Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenieria de la Computacion. Instituto de Ciencias e Ingenieria de la Computacion; Argentina

The dimensionality of customer privacy concern on the internet

PurposeThis study attempts to carry out an approximation both to the conceptual delimitation and to the measuring of customer concern for privacy on the electronic market.Design/methodology/approachTo complete the objective of this research, an overview of the literature is made in an attempt to summarise the main proposals as regards dimensions of the construct analysed. Furthermore, two studies were carried out with the aim of evaluating the instruments to measure concern for privacy on the internet and which support the conclusion concerning the construct's dimensionality, reached following the aforementioned literature overview.FindingsFrom the main results reached, we can highlight that the concern for privacy on the internet construct has a structure consisting of two dimensions, which are confirmed through the scales evaluated for different contexts of use of the internet. These dimensions are: concern for control over the collecting of personal information, and its use on the electronic market.Originality/valueThe paper's main contributions are threefold: a conceptual revision of the construct; a proposal of the dimensions for the construct; and an evaluation of two scales to measure the construct in different situations.

Inventing Use for a Novel Mobile Service

Multimedia rich mobile broadband services are expected to be used widely in the near future. To become commercially successful, meaningful uses for them need to be invented. We approached the takeup of such novel mobile services from the perspective of user innovations. Mobile phones with video capability were handed out to test users in order to discover what kinds of meaningful contexts they might find for watching streaming mobile video. There were two different contexts in which users considered it natural to view mobile video. First, they were able to alleviate boring situations by entertaining themselves. Second, mobile video made it possible to share experiences with other people. Although streaming video service provides little room for user innovations, users came up with two distinctly different contexts of use. This implies that early user feedback in the innovation and commercialization processes likely will promote the development of successful next-generation mobile services.

User-Centered Awareness in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work-Systems: Structured Embedding of Findings from Social Sciences

An increasing number of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) software systems try to provide users with awareness information-information about the presence, activities, and availability of members of a community. However, most of these software systems are designed from a feature-oriented, rather than a human-oriented, point of view. In this article, a structured embedding of findings in social sciences is proposed. It reveals the variety of approaches in technology-driven CSCW developments featuring awareness, as well as the variety of empirical evidence in small-group research with respect to awareness. The authors have been looking at different aspects of awareness: the terminology used in both disciplines, the concepts that have been developed, and the different constructs that have evolved from empirical research. Finally, operational instances of awareness have been revisited. From these findings it can be concluded that awareness addresses different constellations of group settings, different types of individual behavior, and different contexts of use. These findings can be used by CSCW software system developers for postevaluation-that is, to identify empirical evidence for awareness features already implemented and to identify those already implemented features still lacking empirical evidence. The findings should also encourage social scientists to empirically investigate the usage of existing and envisioned software features in CSCW settings. Overall, the results should help to achieve a shift from technology-driven development toward human-centered design of collaborative communities, due to the envisioned integration of understandings and concepts.

Negotiating Sociocultural and Institutional Contexts: The Case of Spanish–American Telecollaboration

This paper reports on a telecollaborative exchange between university language learners in Spain and the USA and analyses the effects of the different institutional and sociocultural contexts on its development. While the socioinstitutional dimension of German–American exchanges has already benefited from extensive study in the literature, this paper focuses on the particular issues and problems which arise in the Spanish–American context and illustrates the strategies available to teachers in these countries to overcome these constraints. The outcomes of the research carried out here illustrate the need for telecollaborative models of exchange to be adaptable to different contexts of use. Furthermore, the research also underlines the necessity for online exchanges to offer learners the opportunity to explore with their partners the stereotypes and prejudices which each group may hold about the target culture.

The Resource Generator: social capital quantification with concrete items

In research on the social capital of individuals, there has been little standardisation of measurement instruments, and more emphasis on measuring social relationships than on social resources. In this paper, we propose two innovations. First, a new measurement method: the Resource Generator; an instrument with concretely worded items covering ‘general’ social capital in a population, which combines advantages of earlier techniques. Construction, use, and first empirical findings are discussed for a representative sample ( N = 1004 ) of the Dutch population in 1999–2000. Second, we propose to investigate social capital by latent trait analysis, and we identify four separately accessed portions of social capital: prestige and education related social capital, political and financial skills social capital, personal skills social capital, and personal support social capital. This underlines that social capital measurement needs multiple measures, and cannot be reduced to one total measure of indirectly ‘owned’ resources. Constructing a theory-based Resource Generator is a challenge for different contexts of use, but also retrieves meaningful information when investigating the productivity and goal specificity of social capital.

Adaptation des interfaces homme-machine à leur contexte d'usage Plasticité des IHM

Mobility coupled with the development of a wide variety of access devices has engendered new requirements for HCI such as the ability of user interfaces (UI) to adapt to different contexts of use. By context of use, we mean the triple . This paper first analyses the problem space of adaptation then proposes a reference framework covering both the development and execution of plastic UI. This framework helps in structuring the state of the art. It emphasises two open issues that we propose to address by an agent and conceptual graphs-based approach. The paper is illustrated on a running example CamNote that supports the presentation of slides in different contexts of use.

Comments on Jason Stanley's ``On the Linguistic Basis for Contextualism''

1.1. JS’s Section 1. Motivating Contextualism The most direct argument for contextualism about know is “that it explains certain relatively clear intuitions about the truth-conditions of various knowledge-ascriptions” (JS, p. 120). (Scenarios: Mary and John and the flight itineraries; Hannah and her husband and the bank opening hours; Prof. X and the student in the philosophy classroom.) In core examples, we frequently see a contrast between an assertion “I know that P”, followed after some discussion of doubt-inducing factors by an assertion by the same speaker of “I guess I don’t really know that P.” Can both be true? And if so, on what basis? The contextualist argues, contrary to the skeptic, that both can be true in their respective contexts. The key feature of the contextualist account is said to be that the verb know has context-dependent content, is covertly indexical: “Relative to different contexts of use, it expresses different relations between persons and propositions” (JS, p. 120). The role of the adverbial really comes up for further discussion in JS’s next section, and in Section 4.2 of these comments.

Playground Panopticism

In this article, the author invokes Michel Foucault's analysis of panopticism to understand the performance of mothering in the suburban playground. The mothers in the ring of park benches symbolize the suggestion of surveillance, which Foucault describes as the technology of disciplinary power under liberal ideals of governance. However, the panoptic force of the mothers around the suburban playground becomes a community that gazes at the children only to ultimately gaze at one another, seeing reflected in the children the parenting abilities of one another. The author analyzes the elaborate rules of playground etiquette and social competition that occupy the mothers, linking their social discourses to the public neighborhood playground as a symbol for child-centered (suburban) ideology. The author then compares the mothers at suburban playgrounds with the parents that she observed at McDonald's PlayPlaces, which affords different context of use, design and social opportunities. She argues that maternal social worlds need to be understood in relation to the play of children on playgrounds and the increasing appeal of commercial playplaces.

Multi-devices “Multiple” user interfaces: development models and research opportunities

Today, Internet-based appliances can allow a user to interact with the server-side services and information using different kinds of computing platforms including traditional office desktops, palmtops, as well as a large variety of wireless devices including mobile telephones, Personal Digital Assistants, and Pocket Computers. This technological context imposes new challenges in user interface software engineering, as it must run on different computing platforms accommodating the capabilities of various devices and the different contexts of use. Challenges are triggered also because of the universal access requirements for a diversity of users. The existing approaches of designing a single user interface using one computing platform do not adequately address the challenges of diversity, cross-platform consistency, universal accessibility and integration. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new integrative framework for modeling, designing and evaluating multi-device user interfaces for the emerging generation of interactive systems. This paper begins by describing a set of constraints and characteristics intrinsic to multi-device user interfaces, and then by examining the impacts of these constraints on the specification, design and validation processes. Then, it discusses the research opportunities in important topics relevant to multi-device user interface development, including task and model-based, pattern-driven and device-independent development. We will highlight how research in these topics can contribute to the emergence of an integrative framework for Multiple-User Interface design and validation.

When is a noun string a phraseological unit ?

The present article focuses on one small subset of the multi-faceted and complex phraseological universe, that of noun + noun formations. After discussing the various types of nominals and describing their semantic, lexical, psycholinguistic and functional characteristics, I analyze two sets of nominals drawn from two different textual varieties (a work of fiction and news articles from the daily press) and attempt to answer the following questions : is it possible to distinguish stable N+N constructions functioning as phraseological units from other types of nominals, either non-lexicalized ad hoc or fully transparent phrasal collocations, and on the basis of what criteria ? Do different types of nominals fulfill distinct functions in different contexts of use ? The hypothesis underlying this study is that the functional roles and stylistic properties of noun strings will provide more fruitful definitional criteria than semantic classifications, and I propose a functional classification of the N+N units drawn from the fictional text.

To Work or Play? Junior Age Non‐fiction as Objects of Design

This paper examines change and variation in the design of non‐fiction texts which have a junior‐age readership. Using a multimodal analysis, which draws from Kress and Van Leeuwen’s work, it argues that different forms of presentation of non‐fiction offer different ways of reading non‐fiction texts, which as yet are neither fully described nor recognised. Using the contrasts between linear and non‐linear design, the paper suggests that non‐fiction texts can be more or less firmly orientated towards reading as work or reading as play, contrasts which readers’ own choices in different contexts of use make apparent. From this point of view, the eclecticism of the National Literacy Strategy’s references to non‐fiction texts provides a starting point for renewed exploration of what non‐fiction is and how it really works for its readers.

CIS6/413: Design of a Computer-Based Patient Record System (ARISTOPHANES) for Medical Departments: Implementation for Surgery Wards

IntroductionToday, the demand for computer-based patient records to improve the quality of patient care and to reduce costs in health services is generally recognized. The new electronic patient record system (ARISTOPHANES) is based on a self-developed relational data model with a star-shaped topology. An hierarchical structure has been chosen for the user interface. ARISTOPHANES has been developed for use in clinical workstations taking into account varied requirements, user acceptance, and future extension.MethodsFor the design of the electronic patient records was used the software "Oracle Forms 5.0". An Oracle database has been generated and loaded with test data. The designed forms are currently being implemented using "SQL*Plus 8.0" by Oracle.ResultsWe used a self-developed star-shaped relational data model, which is highly flexible with regard to the modification and extension of the data structure. The design of the electronic patient records has taken into account the varied demands of the medical partners in order to guarantee user acceptance. The hierarchical topology that has been chosen renders the designed electronic patient record system flexible and efficient, such that further departments and regulatory changes can be integrated within a short time. General functions required by all departments are contained in the main menu. These include patient data, case details, medical documentation, care documentation, personnel details, and business partners. Specific functions are included at lower levels for the demands of the surgery departments, such as anaesthesia record, operation record, present status record.DiscussionThe complexity of user acceptance is reflected by (i) the different groups of users of Electronic Healthcare Record systems (physicians, nurses, managers, researchers) together with their various requirements, and (ii) the different contexts of use (e.g., support in normal or emergency situations, access for research, and mobile access). Commercial providers have developed electronic patient record systems, that often turn out to be too inflexible for the requirements of a university setting and need to be customized considerably. To ensure user acceptance, we analyzed the demands together with clinical partners from the surgery departments. It is expected that the ARISTOPHANES system will also be attractive to other medical departments in light of the overall advantages such as paperless documentation, reliable patient data transfer, improved settlement of accounts, and easing the burden on care personnel.

Electrical instruments in 19th century France, between makers and users

Having quickly described new historiographical approaches to scientific instruments, this paper explores some characteristics of the evolution of the relationship between scientific instrument makers and French physicists in the 19th century. Artisans without a scientific culture at the dawn of the century, a certain number of instrument makers were integrated into the scientific community by its end, sharing their practices and their values. These builders served as mediators between different physicists, between physicists and members of other disciplines like physiology and, finally, between savants and the world of technology (telegraphy and then industrial electricity). Symmetrically, a significant number of French physicists left mathematical physics for a physics based on instruments and their development. The emergence, extension, and eventual disappearance of the different contexts of use of an instrument (amateurs, public performances, teaching, research, medicine, telegraphy, industry, etc) illustrate both the boundary crossings between these different domains and the major role that use played in successive reconfigurations of instruments.

The Shifting Content of Knowledge Attributions

In Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions, Keith DeRose defends a contextualist theory of knowledge.' He claims that his theory is superior to some earlier relevant alternatives theories in respect of its proper handling of issues concerning the meaning of knowledge attributions. I think that some of DeRose's key claims on this score are mistaken. DeRose wants to distinguish two sorts of factors that can affect the truth values of knowledge attributions: subject factors are features of the putative knower's situation, and attributorfactors concern the linguistic and psychological of the attributor of knowledge, who may well be distinct from the putative knower. (918-19) Attributor factors, but not subject factors, affect the truth values of knowledge attributions by affecting the truth conditions-in particular, the content, in David Kaplan's technical sense-of the knowledge-attributing sentences. The sentence 'This room is hot' has a constant character in different contexts of use, though its content shifts when I first utter it in my bedroom and later utter it in my kitchen. The character of a sentence is a function from contexts of utterance to contents, and the content is, what is said in a context of utterance (what I say differs from room to room in the above example).2 According to DeRose, the context-invariant character of 'S knows that p' is, roughly, that S has a true belief that p and is in a good enough epistemic position with respect to p. (922) However, the content of a knowledge-attributing sentence can shift when the context of attribution shifts in certain ways. DeRose says, What the context fixes in determining the 'content' of a knowledge attribution is how good an epistemic position S must be in to count as knowing that p. (922)

Interacting between a generalized tense semantics and register-specific semantic tense systems: a bi-stratal exploration of the semantics of French tense

In this paper, I will discuss the semantics of French tense from a contextual view point and present a number of situation-specific semantic tense systems. Such a polysystemic approach to the semantics of French tense serves to bridge the gap between the monosystemic tense grammar which realises the temporal meaning of tense and different contexts of use. A context-based polysystemic semantics of French tense reflects the diversification of context and highlights variability both in the uses and semantic “valeurs” of a tense. Thus, viewed from context, the semantics of a tense is interpreted in terms of the different uses that it may have in different contexts. This approach reveals particular “valeurs” for each tense in specific contexts of use. It shows that the “valeurs” that a tense may have are variable according to use, whilst its signification (temporal meaning realised by the grammar) is constant across uses. The specific nature of the systems I will be presenting means that only certain grammatical features are preselected for the realisation of particular semantic tense potential. This shows that the semantics has control over the grammar in that it has the power of rejecting parts of the grammar by projecting a situation-specific image onto the general tense grammar by means of preselections. This image constitutes a restricted subpotential selected from the total grammatical potential. As grammatical features of the subpotential occur in different situation-specific semantic environment, they are endowed with different semantic valeurs. The situation-specific French tense systems I will be discussing also indicate that the restricted semantic subpotentials of particular situation types they embody are drawn from a core semantic potential that reflects a general context. This empirical observation has theoretical implications as to the core semantic tense system and the situation-specific semantic tense systems. How can this relationship be modelled theoretically? Alternative answers will be suggested.