Different Concentrations Of Leachate Research Articles

Looking beyond the obvious: the ecotoxicological impact of the leachate from fishing nets and cables in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Once in the marine environment, fishing nets and cables undergo weathering, breaking down into micro and nano-size particles and leaching plastic additives, which negatively affect marine biota. This study aims to unravel the ecotoxicological impact of different concentrations of leachate obtained from abandoned or lost fishing nets and cables in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under long-term exposure (28 days). Biochemical biomarkers linked to antioxidant defense system, xenobiotic biotransformation, oxidative damage, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity were evaluated in different mussel tissues. The chemical nature of the fishing nets and cables and the chemical composition of the leachate were assessed and metals, plasticizers, UV stabilizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, intermediates and photo initiators were detected. The leachate severely affected the antioxidant and biotransformation systems in mussels’ tissues. Following exposure to 1mg·L-1 of leachate, mussels' defense system was enhanced to prevent oxidative damage. In contrast, in mussels exposed to 10 and 100mg·L-1 of leachate, defenses failed to overcome pro-oxidant molecules, resulting in genotoxicity and oxidative damage. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Weight of Evidence (WOE) evaluation confirmed that mussels were significantly affected by the leachate being the hazard of the leachate concentrations of 10mg·L-1 ranked as major, while 1 and 100mg·L-1 was moderate. These results highlighted that the leachate from fishing nets and cables can be a threat to the heath of the mussel M. galloprovincialis.

Abatement effects of different soil amendments on continuous cropping of Codonopsis pilosula.

Codonopsis pilosula is widely sought-after in China as a substitute for the more expensive ginseng. Continuous cropping of C. pilosula supports a vibrant health-supplement industry but requires significant inputs of fertilizers which increase production costs and degrade the environment. Here, three environmentally-friendly natural fertilizers, including biochar, bacterial fertilizer, and vermicompost, were used at different concentrations (undiluted, diluted 10 times, diluted 50 times) to determine their efficacy in seed germination and growth physiology of C. pilosula in continuous cropping. The results showed that biochar, bacterial fertilizer, and vermicompost with different concentrations of leachate could all increase the germination rate, germination potential and germination index of C. pilosula seeds treated with inter-root soil leachate of continuous C. pilosula; increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) in C. pilosula seedlings under the stress of inter-root soil leachate of continuous C. pilosula, reduce the over-accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increase the resistance of C. pilosula seedlings. After transplanting, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by an average of 16.1%. Peroxidase (POD) levels showed an average increase of 16.4%. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in the MDA content, with an average decrease of 50%, and the content of osmotic-regulating substances (free proline content and soluble protein content) exhibited a significant increase. In conclusion, biochar, bacterial manure, and vermicompost have the potential to overcome the challenges of extensive fertilizer use in continuous cropping of C. pilosula.

Effect of leachate on the growth of marine and freshwater microalgae consortia

Objective. This study evaluated the growth kinetics of marine and freshwater microalgae consortia in different concentrations of leachate extracted from a landfill. Materials and Methods. An experimental design was carried out for each consortium (marine Chlorella marina and Nannochloropsis oculata and freshwater Chlorella vulgaris and Ankistrodesmus falcatus) in leachate concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and control (0%), with one main experiment and three replicates for each concentration (K=4), in batch culture. Results. Significant differences were found in the microalgal growth at different concentrations of leachate for both consortia (H=12.9768; p<0.05 for marine microalgae and H=20.0097; p<0.05 for freshwater microalgae), attributed to higher growth in the control sample. A significant negative correlation (p<0.01) was also found between leachate concentration growth rate and cell division. A lower growth was observed at concentrations above 5% in both consortia. Conclusions. The marine consortium generated higher cell density, which may increase the effectiveness of the pollutant bioremediation process despite the negative effect observed at higher amounts of the compound.

Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi olahan air lindi terhadap kelimpahan Chlorella sp

Leachate, as liquid waste is rich in nutrients, can be used as organic material for the microalgae culture such as Chlorella sp. This study aims to determine the effect of different concentrations to of leachate on the abundance of Chlorella sp populations. The observation was conducted at the laboratory of Microalgae, Agriculture faculty, Islamic University of Riau. The method used in this study was an experimental method using a randomized design; one factor, namely the different concentrations of leachate with five levels, were  5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%/l of water and three replications. The testing organism in this study was phytoplankton Chlorella sp. The culture container used was a gallon with 20 L of capacity and a water volume of 16 L. The measured parameters were cell abundance, specific growth rate, and water quality. The obtained results showed that the highest abundance of Chlorella sp at a concentration of 25% at 7,322,222 cells/ml, and the peak on day 16, the lowest concentration of 5%, was 2,580,556 cells/ml. On the sixth day, the highest specific growth rate was at a concentration 5% at 0.195/day, and the lowest was 20% at 0.077/day. 

Toxicological Impact of Leachates from Lemna Refuse Dump Site on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1882) Fingerlings Under Laboratory Condition

Aim: The study investigated the toxicological effects of Calabar municipal dumpsite leachate on the fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus.
 Experimental Design: The study was set-up in a 6 × 2 Complete Randomized Block Design.
 Methodology: During the studt 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings were used. Each group was made up of 10 fingerlings. The fingerlings were exposed to 0% (control group), 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% of leachate in duplicate. Histopathology was also carried-out on the gills and liver of the fingerlings of each exposure group.
 Results: The temperature, pH, conductivity, and BOD increased with increasing leachate concentration, while the DO decreased with concentration. 5.17 ± 0.66 cm and 1.09 ± 0.40 g mean length and weight respectively of fingerlings were determined. Mortality depended on concentration. The 96 hours LC50 value with 95% confidence limit of C. gariepinus fingerlings exposed to leachate was 22.5% ± 0.89, and was significant with a determination coefficient (r2) of 0.93 at P<0.05. Leachates altered the orientation of gills and liver of the fingerlings.
 Conclusion and Recommendations: The low LC50 value of fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of leachate indicates a high toxicity of the leachate and altered the gills and liver of fingerlings. To this end, we recommended dumpsites are sited at a distance far from water bodies and areas inhabited by human, to mitigate the leeching of leachate into nearby aquatic systems. Law against indiscriminate discharge of waste into drainage channels and any aquatic system should be enforced by Government, to prevent mortality of biological organisms, extinction of species, contamination of organisms in nearby aquatic systems, changes in the physical properties, and health risk to humans that depends on resources from these aquatic systems for food.

Characterization and toxicological evaluation of leachate from Bacolod city sanitary landfill using tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a preliminary study

This study was carried out to characterize and assess the toxicity of Bacolod City Landfill leachate using Tilapia as bio-indicator species. Acclimatized Oreochromis niloticus fishes (length of 14 cm ± 2.0 cm and weight of 11.8 g ± 0.9 g) were introduced into each treatment tank containing three different concentrations of leachate in duplicates (10 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) and a control group. Physical reactions were observed such as erratic swimming, loss of reflex, hyperactivities, and surfacing. Reactions and mortality rate increased with increasing concentration and duration of exposure. Mortality rate using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) revealed a significant difference between treatment groups and exhibited 100 ppm as the most potent concentration. Heavy metal analysis of Cu and Pb as well as physicochemical analysis of color, Chimecal Oxygen Demande (COD) and Total dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeded the country’s environmental standard set by DENR. The 96 h bioassay stemmed the median lethal concentration (LC50) at 57.688 ppm. The study provides a biomarker database in taking action for the responsible enactment and enforcement of laws to upgrade, enhance and install framework for proper treatment of sanitary landfill leachate in cities and municipalities in the country.

Electrochemical extraction of tin and copper from acid leachate of printed circuit boards using copper electrodes

This paper presents new results for the recycling of electronic waste, specifically those from printed circuit boards (PCBs) of obsolete computers of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The main objective of this study is the comprehension of the extraction process of tin and cop per from PCBs by a hydrometallurgical route followed by electrodeposition using copper electrodes. PCBs powder were leached using 1N HNO3 and 3N HCl (aqua regia) aqueous solutions. The process permitted the extraction of all tin present on the PCBs. The electrodeposition processes were performed with currents from 0.5 to 1.5 A, at a constant time of 60 min, with and without mechanical stirring, and with different concentrations of leachate. The results showed that diluting the leachate favors the extraction of tin from the solution. At certain conditions we were able to extract approximately 100% of the tin, copper and lead present in the leachate.

Recovery of landfill leachate as culture medium for two microalgae: Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.

The microalgae culture medium should contain essential nutrients for their optimal growth. However, landfill leachate contains these nutrients; merely, the use of leachate in the cultivation of microalgae is not conceivable because of its high toxicity. This survey proposes to demonstrate the growth performance in terms of biomass production, chlorophyll contents and cell morphology of two microalgae, namely Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp., in different concentrations of leachate (10%, 30%, 50%, 80% and 100% (v/v) crude leachate). Changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+–N) and salinity content were also monitored. Results showed that when the two algae were mixed, the culture medium containing 10% (v/v) of leachate caused an optimal and selective growth of Chlorella and a total mortality for Scenedesmus cells. Also, this culture medium containing 10% (v/v) of leachate promoted the cell growth of Chlorella sp., of around 2 times in terms of cell density and 10 times in terms of chlorophyll content as compared to the result obtained for the standard culture medium “Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM).” Abatement rates of COD, NH4+–N and salinity of 60%, 100% and 10% were, respectively, achieved by pure cultures of Chlorella sp. Therefore, the strain of Chlorella sp. appeared resistant in this unfriendly environment as compared to the strain of Scenedesmus sp. As a perspective, the tested landfill leachate could be convenient for culturing Chlorella sp. for leachate purification and biofuel production.

Effects of Dumpsite Leachates on Soil Biological Sentinels in Benin City, Nigeria

In this study, an attempt was made to examine the effects of dumpsite leachate on soil biological sentinels by collecting leachate samples from Ikhueniro and Otofure dumpsites in Benin City Nigeria, and analyzed using standard methods. The parameters include pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, phosphate, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, chromium, cadmium and lead. The mean results showed pH (8.30 ±0.14), BOD (566 mg/l), COD (1713 mg/l), Phosphate (7.73 ± 0.14 mg/l), Sulphate (22.40 ± 0.75 mg/l), Chloride (187.5 ± 1.12 mg/l), Nitrate (1.47 V 0.06 mg/l), Chromium (0.06 ± 0.1 mg/l), Cadmium (0.20 ± 0.1 mg/l), Lead (1.03 ± 0.04) for Ikhueniro and pH (8.0 ± 0.1), BOD (315 mg/l), COD (1095 mg/l), Phosphate (5.85 ± 0.19 mg/l), Sulphate (31.70 ± 0.73 mg/l), Chloride (135.25 ± 1.59 mg/l), Nitrate (0.93 ± 0.09 mg/l), Chromium (0.06 ± 0.1mg/l), Cadmium (0.109 ± 0.1mg/l), Lead (0.015 ± 0.005 mg/l)for Otofure respectively. Different concentrations of leachate ranging between 25% and 100% was used and the growth of Nitrosomonas sp reduced from 6.4×10 4 (cfu/ml) – 2.9×10 4 (cfu/ml), when compared to the control which increased from 6.4×10 4 (cfu/ml) – 1.0×10 5 (cfu/ml). The percentage survival of Lumbricus terrestris was 2.19%,  1.14%, 3.42%, 6.69%, with varying concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. The method implored for analysis shows the leachate sample was toxic to both test organisms. Nitrosomonas sp and Lumbricus terrestris may be used as indicator organisms for leachate toxicity in the soil. Keywords : toxic leachate effects, heavy metals leachate, soil sentinels, earthworm assay

Shear and compressibility characteristics of leachate based MSW using geotextile reinforced stone columns

AbstractThis study is an attempt to enhance local municipal solid waste (MSW) of Ahmedabad city to be first used as engineering fill material based on its shear characteristics and to understand its compressibility behaviour and pore‐leachate interaction infusion of geotextile reinforced stone columns is carried out through model test set‐up. Focusing on the effect of leachate on compressibility and shear strength parameters, box shear test and consolidation test are performed on the MSW with addition of different concentrations of leachate at 25%, 50%, and 75% of OMC. Further to remediate compressibility issues due to post leachate‐MSW interaction, stone columns will be infused. Load ‐ settlement characteristics of surface submerged MSW by infusing stone column with L/D ratio 3.75 and 2.5 and position of lateral geotextile circular disc at a distance of L/2, L/3 and L/4 respectively from the top is obtained and experimental results are compared with theoretical approach. Overall results strongly recommended to use Pirana MSW as engineered fill material.

Leachate pollution index as an effective tool in determining the phytotoxicity of municipal solid waste leachate

Phytoremediation is a promising option for the treatment of municipal solid waste leachate. Combining the leachate pollution index with the phytotoxicity data will be useful in predicting the suitable concentration of leachate for the phytoremediation applications. Understanding the tolerant mechanisms of plants to leachate stress will further help to select the appropriate dose. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of leachate on germination, growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in the plant Vigna unguiculata. The crude leachate has an LPI value of 31.99 with high concentration of organic matter, ammonia and dissolved solids. The results of the phytotoxicity study suggest that at lower concentrations the leachate enhanced the germination and promoted plant growth. Up to 5% concentration (v/v) of the leachate which had a LPI value of 11.84 the growth promotion was observed in V. unguiculata. This was made possible by the controlled modulation of reactive oxygen species through the enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. However at higher concentration, the pollutants in leachate disrupt the enzyme activities and leads to the peroxidation of membrane lipids and significantly affected the plant growth. The study suggest that phytotoxic effects in plants are directly related to the LPI value and leachate with LPI values less than 10 are likely to promote plant growth and LPI values greater than 10 are likely to exert detrimental effect on the plant.

English

Swiss chard cultivar was raised in greenhouse and irrigated with different concentrations of leachate obtained from the municipal landfill in Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa. The greenhouse experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design (CRD) replicated three times. Soil and crops sample were taken weekly after transplant and analysed to assess soil properties, growth and mineral contents of Swiss chard, post-irrigation. The leachate samples had a high electrical conductivity (mean = 383 mS cm -1 ) and high soluble salts content (mean values, Na: 714.5 mg/L, K: 56.8 mg/L, Ca: 133.7 mg/L, Mg: 68.8 mg/L, Cl: 983 mg/L); while the composition of heavy metals in the wastewater leachates were of low concentrations. The application of different concentrations of leachates as source of irrigation resulted in increased soil cation concentrations, particularly Na ions (increased sodicity). Similarly, an increase in electrical conductivity and pH were recorded in the soils after irrigation with leachates. The soil metal concentrations were low and there was no significant (p<0.05) difference in soil heavy metal concentrations between the soils irrigated with leachate and the controls. The result also shows significant (p <0.05) reduction (up to 50%) in Swiss chard growth (plant height) with application of all the three concentrations (100, 50 and 25%) of leachate as sources of irrigation water compared with the growth observed in leachatefree (control) irrigation systems. This reduction in growth was best attributed to the high cations content in plant tissue, picked up from the soil, which was high in these cations as a result of leachate irrigation. A study of the ultra-structural leaf morphology of the species using SEM revealed possible closure of the stomata opening induced by osmotic pressure, deposition of elements and reduced photosynthesis which would have limited carbon dioxide uptake and ultimately yield. The implication of this study on the possible agronomic improvement of Zn content in Swiss chard species tested is discussed. © 2016 Friends Science Publishers

Inhibitory effects of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on germination and growth of Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium glaucum

Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium glaucum L. are two widely distributed destructive weeds. Their strong adaptability and massive seed production make them the hardest weeds to deal with. This present study intended to investigate the effect of leachate from Eupatorium adenophorum on the growth of these weeds and explore the potential to develop an environmental friendly strategy to use the leachate to control the weeds. Seeds of A. retroflexus L. and C. glaucum L. were soaked in solutions containing 0%, 0.6%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% leachate from E. adenophorum leaves. A. retroflexus and C. glaucum seedlings grown in pots were sprayed with leachate solutions in the same concentration range. The effects of these leachate solutions on membrane permeability and germination of seeds, and growth and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were investigated. The highest concentration of leachate (5%) caused significant damage to the cell membrane of seeds of both weed species, whereas lower concentrations (0.6%) promoted repair of the membrane system, as reflected by higher and lower than control in relative conductivity (RC), respectively. Different concentrations of leachate showed distinct allelopathic inhibitory effects on the two weed species; lower concentrations showed weak inhibitory or even positive effects, whereas higher concentrations showed stronger inhibitory effects. Higher concentrations of leachate (2.5% and 5%) delayed germination and significantly decreased the emergence rate of the seeds, survival rate, and dry matter accumulation of the seedlings. When treated by 5% leachate, the emergence date of A. retroflexus was delayed by 3.6 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 69.1% and 70.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 48.6% less than the control; In the case of C. glaucum, the emergence date was delayed by 2.7 d, emergence rate of the seeds and survival rate was 45.1% and 58.6% of the control, respectively, seedling dry matter was 44.7% less than the control. There were significant interactions among the different concentrations of leachate and the length of treatment period with respect to activities of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and chlorophyll contents. Seedlings treated with 0.6%, 1.25%, or 2.5% leachate solution for 24–72 h showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities. When seedlings were treated with leachate solutions for 96 h, antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content decreased in A. retroflexus, but only CAT activity decreased in C. glaucum. When seedlings of the two weed species were treated with 5% leachate solution, CAT activity and chlorophyll content decreased and MDA content gradually increased with longer treatment times (from 24 to 96 h). The two weed species showed different allelopathic responses to E. adenophorum; A. retroflexus was more sensitive than C. glaucum. Based on the investigation, it could be speculated that the delayed germination and low germination rate of the weeds after treatment by leachate could be due to the fact that leachate damaged the membrane system of the seeds. By delaying germination, lowering the germination rate of the weeds and inhibiting seedling growth, leachate from E. adenophorum could provide an effective way of controlling the weeds.

Application of a micro-respirometric volumetric method to respiratory measurements of larvae of the Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigas

The application of a simple, fast and reliable volumetric microrespirometric method to assess respiration of bivalve larvae is discussed. As a model, C. gigas larvae of various sizes were used. Metabolic activity of veliger larvae was assessed by measuring respiratory rate for use in ecophysiological modelling. As an example of the application of this approach, additional measurements of veliger respiratory rates were carried out to assess the effect on larval metabolism of different concentrations of leachate from wood treated with chromated copper-arsenate (CCA). Veligers of Crassostrea gigas (length from 95 to 331 µm) were fed with a mixture of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros pumilum cells. Experiments were performed in a 20 ◦ C constant seawater temperature. The wet and dry weight of four length (L ,i nµm) classes of larvae were obtained from which the relationship between total dry weight and veliger length was derived {DW = e (3.27+L×0.0154) } (R 2 = 99%). Moreover, tissue dry weight (TDW ;i nng) was calculated according to Gerdes (1983). Since the mathematical model between larval length and respiratory rate explained 88% of the total variability, a more conservative approach using oyster larval dry meat weight (in ng) and respiratory rate (in µlO2 h −1 ) was developed to establish a linear model explaining 94.5% of the variability: Resp. = −3.849 × 10 −4 + 5.211 × 10 −6 × TDW. These experiments provided updated figures of C. gigas larval respiratory rates for use in ecophysiological models. The relationship between tissue dry weight and respiratory rate was close to previous estimates obtained by Gerdes (1983) and Hoegh-Guldberg and Manahan (1995) at 25 ◦ C and 20 ◦ C respectively. Our experiments demonstrate that volumetric microrespirometry is suitable for assessing larval respiratory rate and therefore can be used to assess impacts of pollutants on an early larval stage. Oysters exposed to leachates from chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated timber at 5 kg m −3 showed initially highly variable respiratory rates while those rates decreased drastically for a1 5 kg m −3 CCA treatment exposure. Among bioindicators using physiological response to assess pollutant effects, swimming activity and respiratory rates can be compared, the later showing a significant response at a lower pollutant concentration.

Heavy metal removal from wastewater and leachate co-treatment sludge by sulfur oxidizing bacteria

Heavy metal concentration in sludge is one of the major obstacles for the application of sludge on land. There are various methods for the removal of heavy metals in sludge. Using sulfur oxidizing bacteria for microbiological removal of heavy metals from sludges is an outstanding option because of high metal solubilization rates and the low cost. In this study, bioleaching by indigenous sulfur oxidizing bacteria was applied to sludges generated from the co-treatment of municipal wastewater and leachate for the removal of selected heavy metals. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were acclimated to activated sludge. The effect of the high organic content of leachate on the bioleaching process was investigated in four sets of sludges having different concentrations of leachate. Sludges in Sets A, B, C and D were obtained from co-treatment of wastewater and 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% (v/v) leachate respectively. The highest Cr, Ni and Fe solubilization was obtained from Set A. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were totally inhibited in Set D that received the highest volume of leachate.

Stratégies adaptatives dans les systèmes stratigraphiques

Allelopathic effect of neem leaf leachate and extract of different concentrations studied on germination and early seedling growth, showed that on germination of gram, effect was non significant, while significant on mustard. Differential allelopathic effect was exhibited by different concentrations of leachate and extract on seedling growth parameters of both test crops. The overall magnitude of allelopathic effect was found more on mustard than gram.