Women Of Different Age Groups Research Articles

Male Body Odor Affects Emotional State, LH, and Cortisol Secretion in Women of Different Age Groups.

Hormone changes across women's menstrual cycles may lead to changes in their perceptions of chemical signals and their hormonal responses to these cues. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of menstrual cycle phase in the response to extracts of male axillary secretions (EMAS) in women. We tested healthy reproductive age and premenopausal women (n = 29). An EMAS/control solution was applied once every two hours during either the follicular or luteal phase, at which point saliva samples for luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol monitoring were collected. LH and cortisol concentrations were analyzed using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) scores were used to assess the participants' moods. For the first time, we showed that EMAS may produce opposite effects on LH secretion depending on the menstrual cycle phase of the recipient. We observed a significant increase in the number of LH peaks (p = 0.0447) and their amplitudes (p = 0.0469) when EMAS was applied during the follicular phase, while the same application in the luteal phase lowered the amplitudes of LH peaks (p = 0.0382). For the first time, we showed that EMAS application increased salivary cortisol levels in reproductive age women relative to premenopausal women (p = 0.0032). PANAS scores revealed changes in positive and negative affect after EMAS application. Our data indicate the significance of the menstrual cycle phase for EMAS' effects on LH secretion and mood, but not on cortisol secretion in women.

Характеристики демографічної резильєнтності населення України у період пандемії Covid-19

The full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation came at a time when our country had been weakened by a series of shocks in a relatively short historical period. Shocks such as a prolonged pandemic and war can disrupt and, in some cases, halt demographic development. In this context, the study of demographic resilience on the eve of a full-scale war, which became a new powerful shock for Ukraine, is relevant and necessary. The complexity of this issue does not allow us to provide all the answers in one article. The purpose of our paper is to determine the main parameters of the demographic resilience of the population of Ukraine in the Covid-19 period and to compare them with the characteristics of resilience in other periods of the greatest shocks experienced by our country, as well as with the indicators of other countries. In our study the main indicators of transient dynamics (convergence time, reactivity, population inertia, damping ratio) were calculated for the first time for the population of Ukraine. The influence of the contribution of different age groups of women to total fertility on the age structure of the population (with the same total fertility rate) was also determined for the first time. The calculations were based on the stable population model, the Leslie matrix, fertility tables, and life tables. The resilience indicators were calculated using the popdemo package. Methods of comparison, generalisation, and analogy were also used. Among the characteristics of demographic resilience, the half-life indicator stands out for its simplicity of calculation and interpretation. In Ukraine, the halving time for the population is decreasing, but it is still higher for the real population than for its stable equivalent. The age structure of the real population, formed under more favourable conditions, mitigates the negative consequences of shock periods, but the long-term preservation of the current regime of mortality and fertility will inevitably worsen the characteristics of the population. In Ukraine, advanced motherhood is an element of the adaptive cycle and requires a rethinking of its meaning and role, as it can be one of the internal mechanisms aimed at the resilience of the system in shock periods. In the conditions of the lowest-low fertility and mortality regime in Ukraine in 2021, advanced maternal age contributed to some increase in the number of births and a certain rejuvenation of the age structure of the population.

P-658 Identification of novel biomarkers for the detection of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents and adult women

Abstract Study question Can novel biomarkers be identified to distinguish between PCOS-positive cases and healthy PCOS-negative controls in women as early as adolescence? Summary answer Meteorin-like protein (METRNL), fibroblast growth factor binding protein-1 (FGFBP1) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) identified PCOS as early as adolescence, independent of PCOS phenotype. What is known already International evidence-based guidelines recommend use of the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS diagnosis. Despite this guidance, diagnosing PCOS can be extremely challenging due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, and further complicated in adolescence and young adulthood due to overlap between signs of physiologic changes during puberty and common symptoms of PCOS (e.g., menstrual irregularity, excess male hormones/androgens, multiple follicles in ovaries). Timely diagnosis of PCOS allowing for appropriate monitoring, follow up and early intervention may reduce the risk of associated comorbidities. An unmet need exists for biomarkers/alternative tools to support earlier diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents/adult women of reproductive age. Study design, size, duration This was a retrospective study (October 2020–June 2023) using banked samples from women with PCOS (confirmed per Rotterdam criteria) and healthy controls who had participated in previous studies sponsored by/in collaboration with Roche Diagnostics. Candidate biomarkers identified by exploratory proteomics analysis (Olink Proximity Extension Assay) were verified by ELISA and receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) analysis for their ability to discriminate PCOS cases and controls in women aged 15-45 years. Participants/materials, setting, methods Top-performing biomarkers from Olink discovery (n = 51 PCOS phenotype A; n = 37 controls) were selected for further validation based on AUC >0.970, biological relevance for PCOS and commercial ELISA availability. Serum biomarker concentrations/biomarker ratios were determined and ROC-AUC analysis conducted in two validation cohorts (Cohort 1: n = 90 cases [phenotype A, n = 30; B, n = 20; C, n = 20; D, n = 20]; n = 47 controls; Cohort 2: n = 240 cases [15-19 years, n = 70; 20-24 years, n = 99; 25-40 years, n = 71]; n = 48 controls, median 26.0 years). Main results and the role of chance Serum METRNL concentrations were numerically lower, and FGFBP1 and LTA4H concentrations numerically higher, in PCOS cases compared with controls. All three biomarkers distinguished PCOS cases and controls, regardless of PCOS phenotype A-D (Cohort 1: AUCs 0.91-0.99 [METRNL], 0.84-0.88 [FGFBP1] and 0.76-0.90 [LTA4H]), and across different age groups in women of reproductive age (Cohort 2: 15-19, 20-24 and 25-40 years; AUCs 0.88, 0.91 and 0.96 [METRNL], respectively; 0.90, 0.88 and 0.91 [FGFBP1], respectively; 0.74, 0.70 and 0.78 [LTA4H], respectively). Compared with results for the individual biomarkers, combining FGFBP1 with METRNL, and LTA4H with METRNL, as biomarker ratios further improved the ability to distinguish PCOS cases and controls, independent of PCOS phenotype A-D (Cohort 1: AUCs 0.95-1.00 [FGFBP1:METRNL] and 0.97-0.99 [LTA4H:METRNL]) and across age groups (Cohort 2: 15-19, 20-24 and 25-40 years; AUCs 0.91, 0.96 and 0.98 [FGFBP1:METRNL], respectively, and 0.91, 0.91 and 0.97 [LTA4H:METRNL], respectively). Findings were not impacted by adjustment for baseline body mass index. METRNL, FGFBP1 and LTA4H are linked to biological mechanisms associated with clinical manifestations and underlying characteristics of PCOS, i.e., metabolic pathways, inflammation and ovarian function. While METRNL has been described previously in adult PCOS, FGFBP1 and LTA4H findings are novel in this context. Limitations, reasons for caution These findings in retrospective samples warrant validation in additional independent prospective cohorts, particularly in adolescents and young adult women. Wider implications of the findings Reliable diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents and young adult women represents an unmet medical need. METRNL, FGFBP1 and LTA4H have potential use as biomarkers to support the detection of PCOS in adolescents and adult women, potentially shortening time to diagnosis and allowing for earlier and targeted intervention. Trial registration number not applicable

Women's skin care behaviors: how to influence sunscreen use

BackgroundIt is well known that women have been plagued by various skin problems. However, research on the characteristics of women's skin at different ages is still inadequate. In addition, there is a lack of research on the extent of women's skincare habits and skin care awareness. MethodsA cross-sectional survey on skin was carried out in Shanghai, China, which was conducted by means of a questionnaire. 3,678 women, aged 18-59 years, participated in the study. The information collected focused on the importance they place on their skin, the skin problems they have, and their use and perception of skin care products. ResultsBefore the age of 25, the most common skin problems that women face are dryness and oiliness, while after the age of 30, skin-ageing issues begin to appear and worsen with age. In addition, the higher the level of education, the higher the frequency of and compliance with sunscreen use, and the economy also affects women's use of sunscreen. Importantly, the importance women place on their skin and the level of sunscreen awareness affects women's use of sunscreen. ConclusionsThis study was conducted to understand the skin characteristics of women of different age groups as well as to determine the factors that influence the use of sunscreens, which will not only promote women's skin care practices and product development, but also provide important clues for future activities on sunscreen use and health promotion.

Predictive model for determining the indications for automated 3D ultrasound for screening patients at low risk of developing breast tumors

Automatic ultrasound examination of the breast (3D ultrasound) has become an important tool in the diagnosis of breast cancer. It is believed that 3D ultrasound has high reproducibility, low dependence on the operator, less time spent on obtaining images, and automatic three-dimensional reconstruction of the entire breast.Purpose of the study. To develop indications for 3D ultrasound based on predictive screening models for patients with a low risk of developing breast tumors based on the identification of the most significant risk factors.Patients and methods. A retro-prospective clinical study has been conducted from February 2019 to May 2023. A total of 2794 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent clinical examination, palpation, collected information on socio-demographic data and potential risk factors for breast cancer, and 2D ultrasound was also performed. The group under the age of 40 included 1,511 patients, of whom 628 underwent 3D ultrasound. The sample of 40 years and older included 1,283 patients, 655 of whom underwent 3D ultrasound. Mammography was performed in patients aged 40 and older. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of anamnesis and clinical examination, as well as MMH results in patients over 40 years old, were recorded. Based on these data, a logistic regression was compiled, followed by the selection of the most significant model by cutting off insignificant factors according to the p-level of significance and presenting the model as a ROC curve.Results. The most significant risk factors for the detection of breast cancer were identified. Based on their screening with 3D ultrasound in a group up to 40 years of age, it can be used in 95.96 % and is not indicated in 4.04 %. The presented model in the group up to 40 years worked correctly in 99.21 %. While screening with 3D ultrasound in a group of 40 years and older in 84.26 % is appropriate and not indicated in 15.74 %. The presented model worked correctly in 97.12 %.Conclusion. The study identified important pre-diagnostic factors for the choice of a diagnostic algorithm for breast examination in women of different age groups, and determined the indications for 3D ultrasound. The developed algorithms will help optimize screening and referral for additional examinations, which is of practical importance for improving diagnostics and optimizing healthcare resources.

Characteristics of the Follicular Fluid Extracellular Vesicle Molecular Profile in Women in Different Age Groups in ART Programs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular composition of follicular fluid (FF) extracellular vesicles (EVs) in women of different reproductive ages and its possible relationship to sperm fertilizing ability. FF EVs were obtained by differential centrifugation. The concentration and size distribution of FF EVs were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. The lipidome and proteome were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The isolated FF EVs had a variety of shapes and sizes; their concentration and size distribution did not differ significantly between the age groups. In women younger than 35 years, the concentration of vesicular progesterone was 6.6 times higher than in women older than 35 years, and the total levels of the main lipid classes were increased in younger women. A proteomic analysis revealed that not only FF EV-specific proteins, but also proteins involved in sperm activation were present. New data were obtained on the composition of FF EVs, confirming their importance as molecular indicators of age-related changes in the female reproductive system. In addition, these results shed light on the possible interaction between the FF EVs of women in different age groups and male germ cells. Therefore, studying the transcriptomic and metabolomic profile of FF EVs may be a crucial approach to evaluate the efficacy of ART.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ И ВОЗРАСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОТНОШЕНИЯ К БОЛЕЗНИ ПРИ COVID-19

The article presents a psychological study of the characteristics of the attitude towards the disease of men and women of age groups with COVID-19, which is formed in the context of a pandemic. To compare the characteristics of attitudes towards the disease during COVID-19 among men and women of different age groups. Organizational research method was chosen as the organizational one. Empirical research methods are psychodiagnostics, clinical-psychological, socio-demographic and content analysis. The sample included 120 people, of which 68 were women and 52 were men. The average age is 30.75 years. Women of both early adulthood (16-24 years) and mature age (25-44 years) are characterized by manifestations of anxiety, expressed in the form of distrust in the chosen treatment strategies, fears for the prognosis of the disease; narrowing social contacts; problems with sleep and appetite. While most men from both age groups are characterized by manifestations of asthenia. Men and women of late adulthood (45-65 years) are characterized by focusing their attention on the functional state and symptoms that arise during the disease, in contrast to representatives of the above-described age groups. However, men are more focused on their own well-being than women.

НЕЖЕЛАННАЯ БЕРЕМЕННОСТЬ: АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧИН И ФАКТОРОВ АРТИФИЦИАЛЬНЫХ АБОРТОВ

The article examines the problem of abortion and its consequences for the demographic component of the country. Based on the research conducted in a questionnaire format, the results of an analysis of the reasons and factors that influenced women’s decision to terminate their pregnancy are presented. The results of the research have shown that the leading cause of abortion is unplanned pregnancy which arose against the background of difficult social conditions and financial difficulties. In 70% of cases, women who chose abortion had not been informed about modern methods of contraception as well as about its consequences and complications. 80% of respondents have noted that they did not have the opportunity to share their fears and experiences with qualified specialists having found themselves in a difficult life situation at the time of making a decision. In a number of cases, a previously performed abortion was complicated by the development of acute metroendometrium and salpingoophoritis in 26.7%, cervicitis in 6.8% of cases, and 3.4% of respondents were operated on due to tubal pregnancy. Thus, the results of the research have shown that it is important to solve this problem by creating an accessible information environment telling about the dangers of abortion and alternative methods of contraception for women of different age groups. Organization and implementation of offices to provide timely psychological assistance to women who find themselves in difficult life situations at the decision-making stage as well as social and financial support from government bodies for women who decide to end their pregnancy with childbirth

Mood profile in men and women of all ages is improved by leisure-time physical activity rather than work-related physical activity

BackgroundThe aim of our study was to determine how six mood indicators (vigour, fatigue, depression, anger, confusion, tension) depend on moderate to vigorous physical activity, walking time and sedentary time at work, after working hours and during leisure time, in men and women of different age groups.MethodsA total of 1,140 individuals aged 18 to 64 years participated in the study. The participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey using a snowball sampling method. An online questionnaire was shared through popular social networks and emails within the period October 2019 to June 2020. Mood responses were assessed using The Brunel Mood Scale-LTU. Physical activity was assessed using the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, a two-way analysis of variance, and linear regression analysis were used to interpret the data.ResultsThe survey results showed that vigour and fatigue correlated significantly only with leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity. The present results show a significant positive correlation between women and men moods and leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity, the length of time walking to work and back home, and negative correlation between moods and leisure-time sedentary behaviour. However, there was no significant correlation between moods and work-related moderate to vigorous physical activity and household moderate to vigorous physical activity, walking at work, and sitting duration at work.ConclusionsThis study provides theoretical implications of the physical activity paradox, justifying the benefits of moderate to vigorous physical activity practiced in different circumstances. According to the regression analysis, exercising men in all age groups moved the most (had a higher moderate to vigorous physical activity level) during leisure time, the highest work-related moderate to vigorous physical activity was observed in men and women with lower education, and the highest household moderate to vigorous physical activity was observed in older age men and women living in rural areas. Clinicians and leaders at all levels of health care should consider the greater importance of leisure-time physical activity for mental health when choosing the most targeted physical activity recommendations for mood profile improvement in men and women of different age groups.

Differing Effects of Body Size on Circulating Lipid Concentrations and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Young and Middle-Aged Japanese Women.

The condition of being underweight is a social problem in Japan among women. However, there is a lack of evidence for dietary guidance for underweight women because there has been no comparison of lipids or HbA1c among underweight, normal weight, and overweight women in different age groups. We analyzed the effect of body size and age on the serum lipid and hemoglobin A1c levels in Japanese women in a cross-sectional study. A total of 26,118 women aged >20-65 years underwent physical examinations between 2012 and 2022. Seventeen percent of women aged >20-29 years were underweight, and 8% of those aged 50-65 years were underweight. Total cholesterol and non-HDL-C concentrations increased with age, but the difference between underweight and overweight individuals was lowest among women aged 50-65 years. On the other hand, the differences in HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c levels between underweight and overweight subjects were greatest in the 50-65 age group, but the differences between underweight and normal weight subjects were much smaller. Considering that, unlike HDL-C, TG, and HbA1c, TC and non-HDL-C increase to levels comparable to overweight levels in underweight women in aged 50-65 years, educating people about a diet that lowers non-HDL-C is necessary even in young underweight women.

Multicomponent Physical Program: Effects on Physical Fitness of Older Women of Different Age Groups

ABSTRACT Purpose: Experimental studies investigating the outcomes of physical exercise among age-stratified groups of older women are still incipient. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a ten-month multicomponent physical program on the physical fitness of older women in three age-stratified groups (60–69 years, 70–79 years, and ≥80 years). Method: Participants (n = 141) were divided into three age groups: GR1 60–69 years (n = 45; 65.2 ± 2.3 years); GR2 70–79 years (n = 67; 72.9 ± 2.9 years), GR3 ≥80 years (n = 29; 83.5 ± 4.5 years). The participants performed the multicomponent physical program and were evaluated before and after the intervention with Senior Fitness Test. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, Bonferroni test (p ≤.05) and effect size (Cohen’s d). Results: For the group factor, there were significant differences in lower limb strength (p = .003), upper limb strength (p < .001), upper limb flexibility (p < .001), balance/agility (p < .001), and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < .001). For the time factor, significant differences were observed in lower limb strength (GR2, p = .014, small effect size), upper limb strength (GR1, p = .003; GR2, p < .001; GR3, p = .017; small effect sizes), lower limb flexibility (GR1, p = .025, non-significant effect size), cardiorespiratory fitness (GR1, p < .001, medium effect size; GR2, p = .002; small effect size). Conclusion: Physical fitness improved with training, but effects differed between age groups. Positive effects were observed for GR1 and GR2, whereas GR3 showed maintenance of physical fitness. Aging interferes more strongly in women aged 80 years and older and it is necessary for specific training programs for this age group.

Differences in characteristics and use of complementary and alternative methods for coping with endometriosis-associated acyclic pelvic pain across adolescence and adulthood.

Over four million women in the US alone have been diagnosed with endometriosis. For those living with this disease, surgery and hormonal treatment reduce associated pelvic pain in some, while others continue to experience life impacting pain. Therefore, identification of accessible and cost-effective methods of pain reduction to compliment current treatment is urgently needed. Our objective was to quantify the prevalence of complementary and alternative methods used to manage acyclic pelvic pain and their reported benefit among women of different age groups living with endometriosis. We used baseline questionnaire data from laparoscopically-confirmed endometriosis cases who completed a WERF EPHect compliant questionnaire in the longitudinal cohort of The Women's Health Study: From Adolescence to Adulthood (A2A). Participants with acyclic pelvic pain were asked to indicate specific methods or activities that either helped or worsened their pelvic/lower abdominal pain. Differences among age groups [adolescent (<18 years), young adult (18-25 years), and adult (>25 years)] were assessed using Fisher's exact test. Of the 357 participants included in analysis, sleep for coping was reported more frequently among adolescents (n = 59, 57.3%) compared to young adults (n = 40, 44.0%) and adults (n = 19, 31.1%; p = 0.004). Adolescents also reported more frequent use of music (n = 29, 21.2%) than young adults (n = 10, 7.0%) and adults (n = 7, 9.1%; p = 0.001). Exercise worsened pain most commonly among adolescents (n = 82, 59.9%), followed by younger adults (n = 67, 46.9%), and adults (n = 27, 35.1%; p = 0.002). Our analysis of participants in the A2A cohort showed that the prevalence of complementary and alternative methods used for coping with endometriosis-associated acyclic pelvic pain varied by age group. Future studies should aim to provide information that will further inform decisions in making care plans for managing endometriosis-associated pain that is effective, accessible, and tailored to the preferences of the patient.

The social hygienic aspects of reproductive behavior of women aged 40-45 years

In the context of forecasted decreasing of natality, actuality of studying its causes for organizational decision-making increases. The purpose of the study was to determine factors affecting reproductive behavior of women aged 40-45 years residing in areas with different natality levels in 2020-2021. The cohort, analytical, sociological methods were applied. The results of study demonstrated that in areas with high natality level most of urban women with higher education and high income resides in conditions of dormitory or mortgage flat and working in profile of their specialty. They are characterized by belated marriage that results in postponed child-bearing. The areas with low natality are characterized by dwelling of rural women with secondary or secondary specialized education. They reside in their own homes and work in other occupations than their specialty. The analysis of social status of women of different age groups will permit more selective approach in developing measures of increasing natality in modern conditions.

Prevalence and nature of dyspareunia in different age groups of women with pelvic organ prolapse

Prevalence and nature of dyspareunia in different age groups of women with pelvic organ prolapse

Um estudo observacional piloto para identificar valores de referência para o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em hipertensos brasileiros

Abstract Introduction Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is responsible for 9.5 million deaths in the global popu-lation. Lifestyle factors, including physical inactivity, are important modifiable risk factors in the development of SAH. Thus, physical exercise has been shown to be effective to control SAH and before the prescription, the six-minute walk test (6-MWT) has been commonly used to assess the physical capacity. Objective To propose reference values for the 6-MWT test in Brazilian people with SAH. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 302 hypertensive subjects (62.61 + 10.93 years) admitted to a cardiac rehabilitation program. Participants were divided into different age quartiles and submitted to 6-MWT. The walking distance data was compared between the quartiles and adjusted by mul-tiple linear regression analysis. Results The hypertensive subjects walked 388.07 + 115.03 m during the 6-MWT. No significant difference between the genders was found. However, when the age quartiles were compared, for the 46–59 age group, the women walked less than the men. Intra-group comparisons showed that the distance walked in the 6-MWT decreased with the increase in age, in both men and women. Conclusion The present study provides reference values for the 6-MWT, both for Brazilian men and women of different age groups. This data may be an important parameter for future clinical studies, prevention strategies, and clinical intervention.

Психологические аспекты профессиональной деятельности и благополучие женщин в сфере образования: возрастная динамика и гендерное сравнительное корреляционное исследование

The problem of the psychological well-being of women employed in the educational field currently still has a fairly wide range of unexplored issues. In this paper, well-being is considered in connection with the components of professional satisfaction and motivation, taking into account gender and age aspects. The study involved 140 people, including 103 women aged 20 to 75 years. The study was carried out using theoretical analysis of scientific literature, the Method for diagnosing the subjective well-being of a person (Shamionov &amp; Beskova), Motivation Sources Inventory (version of Sidorenko), Job Satisfaction Survey (P. Spektor), Maslach Burnout Inventory (version by Vodopyanova &amp; Starchenkova), Izard's Differential Emotions Scale adapted by Leonov and Kapitsa, test “Personal differential” (adapted at the Bekhterev Research Institute). Statistical methods: Shapiro-Wilk test, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise comparison using the Dunn method, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Cohen's q and z- test for comparing two sample correlation coefficients. As a result, differences between different age groups of women were revealed in terms of professional stress, well-being and burnout, as well as differences for women and men in relationship between the psychological aspects of their professional activities and personality traits, emotions and well-being.

Diagnostic value of endometrial samples in women with abnormal uterine bleeding at a teritiary care centre

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a most common gynecological complaint associated with co morbidities that affects quality of life in women. The Aim of the study was to ananlyze the hisopathological patterns of endometrium in women with AUB and to determine the various histopatterns among different age groups of women presenting with AUB. This is a prospective study conducted at Government medical college, Anantapuramu, from January 2021 to December 2022.Endometrial samples with clinical diagnosis of AUB, in whom Gestational causes were ruled out, were included in this study, Statistical data ananlysis was done using SSPS software. A total of 360 cases were analyzed. The prevalence of AUB most common in perimenopausal age group women. Mennorhagia (79.8%) was the common bleeding pattern. The bleeding pattern was significantly associated with age groups(p=0.00).The functional cause (64.2%) of AUB was more common than Organic cause (35.8%).The association of functional and organic causes with age group was not significant. The most common histological pattern was the normal cyclical pattern showing proliferative phase (54.1%). 94 cases showed hisopathological pattern of Hyperplasias that are more common among perimenopausal and postmenopausal age groups. Five cases of Endometrial carcinoma were seen among postmenopausal age group. Three cases were Stage IA, two cases were Stage IB. Obesity and hypertension were most common comorbid conditions seen in this study. Endometrial biopsy should be considered during the workup of women with a clinical diagnosis of AUB to exclude organic pathology especially early detection of precursor lesion of malignancy among perimenopausal and post-menopausal age groups.

A Study Based on Contemporary Consumer Behavior of Women of Different Age Groups

Consumption behavior refers to the psychological and practical aspects of consumers' demand psychology, purchase motivation, and consumption willingness. Women are the core mainstay of China's consumer army, with a total female population of 688.44 million in 2023, accounting for 48.76% of the total population. This paper analyzes different age groups, explains the characteristics and influencing factors of female consumers' consumption behavior, and combines practical cases to study women's consumption behavior in different age groups. It is found that female consumers pursue image and pay attention to the image of the consumer behavior qualities, and their consumption behavior appears emotional, rationalization, active, and passive characteristics, accelerating the broadening of the consumer market and promoting the transformation of the current economic structure. Female consumers have become the key object of enterprise market competition; they fully understand the consumption psychology and behavioral characteristics of female consumers and formulate appropriate marketing strategies to improve the competitiveness of enterprises to win in the fiercely competitive market.

Possibilities of combination treatment of urinary incontinence in women of different age groups

The effectiveness of conservative therapy in patients with urinary incontinence depends on a variety of factors. There are no clinical guidelines for the use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment concepts for women of reproductive and menopausal age. The aim of the study was evaluating the efficacy of various combinations of treatment for patients with urinary incontinence, based on electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles with biofeedback, fractional photothermolysis with a CO2‑laser, and medications (antimuscarinics, selective β3‑agonist). The prospective randomized study included 105 patients, of whom 20 were of reproductive age and 85 were of menopausal age. The patients were divided into three groups: group 1 included the patients who underwent a course of electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles and photothermolysis (with fractional CO2‑laser); in group 2, the patients received a combination of non-drug treatment and medications; in group 3, the patients receivedonly pharmacological treatment. In group 1, there were 7 patients of reproductive age and 28 menopausal patients, in group 2–5 and 30, and in group 3–8 and 27 patients, respectively. Results. The bladder diary scores improved significantly. Increasing the urinary flow rate was more effective with non-pharmacological treatment in young patients, and reducing the frequency of urination was more efficient with drug therapy in menopausal patients. The probability of achieving a urinary frequency of less than 8 times per day in the combination treatment group was 80 % higher than that in the non-drug treatment group and 62 % higher than that in the drug treatment group. The effectiveness of non-pharmacological therapy in increasing urinary flow rate is higher in patients of reproductive age. Pharmacological treatment is more effective for three months in menopausal women. The combination treatment is equally effective in patients aged 35 to 65 years and is superior in total effect to drug and non-drug treatment, with the effect maintaining for up to 6 months in menopausal patients.

Dietary acrylamide exposure and health risk assessment of pregnant women: A case study from Türkiye.

This study aimed to determine the acrylamide exposure of pregnant women resulting from the consumption of bread, coffee, and French fries and to evaluate it in terms of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. Retrospective 24-h food consumption data of pregnant women (n = 487) was obtained using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary acrylamide exposure was calculated according to a deterministic model, and the data were assessed by hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The mean daily acrylamide exposure of pregnant women aged 18-30 and ≥31 years and in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters was 31.4, 35.4, 38.7, 31.3, and 32.4 μg/day, respectively. The acrylamide exposure data were not significantly different among different age groups and pregnancy periods (p > .05). Dietary acrylamide exposure in pregnant women of different age groups and trimesters may cause significant and serious health problems in terms of carcinogenic risk. According to their level of contribution to average acrylamide exposure, the foods were ranked as follows: French fries> bread> coffee. There is a significant risk of cancer due to exposure to acrylamide from French fries and bread other than coffee. The findings suggest that pregnant women should avoid consuming French fries, bread, and coffee with high acrylamide levels for both their own health and their newborns' health.