Gender Differences Research Articles

Gender differences in online education

AbstractOnline learning resources have become extremely popular, particularly after the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 outbreak. In this paper, we use data for Spain at the individual level from an online math learning platform which is used by children from over 100 countries, to document the gender differences in the context of online learning. We quantify the gender gaps in effort and relative performance outcomes and analyze whether the gaps differ by the gender of the parent who mainly supervises the children. Our main results point toward significant gender gaps in the relative performance outcomes in favor of boys, while the evidence for the effort gender gaps is only significant when we compare the siblings of the opposite gender (controlling for parent fixed effects). Further, we find that living in municipalities with more egalitarian gender norms is associated with narrower or positive gender gaps in effort outcomes, while we do not find such differences in the relative performance outcomes. Taking into account the increase in the use of online learning tools and their progressive integration into the regular educational system, our results provide important information to minimize gender biases in these new settings.

Signal mining and gender differences analysis of adverse events in NMIBC treatment with gemcitabine and BCG bladder instillation based on the FAERS database

ABSTRACT Objective To explore safety differences and perform a gender-based analysis of adverse events related to gemcitabine and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine using the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods Using the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) methods, adverse events associated with gemcitabine and BCG were mined from FAERS database reports spanning from Q1 2004 to Q3 2023. Results The study extracted 37,855 reports with gemcitabine and 5,455 reports with BCG as the primary suspected drugs. Adverse events were more prevalent in males (male-to-female ratio: gemcitabine 1.10, BCG 4.25). Differences in high-frequency adverse events among the top 20 signals were detected for both drugs. Both drugs affected similar organ systems, including potential pulmonary, ocular, and renal toxicity, with gemcitabine showing a broader range of adverse events. Gender analysis revealed fewer adverse reactions to gemcitabine in females, while males had fewer adverse reactions to BCG. Conclusion Differences in high-frequency adverse events between gemcitabine and BCG, including some not listed on drug labels, were observed. Both drugs affect similar organ systems, with gemcitabine showing a broader range of adverse events. Gender differences in adverse events were notable.

Are there Gender Differences between Skills and Job Performance in Public Management Positions?

Are there Gender Differences between Skills and Job Performance in Public Management Positions?

The logic behind cyberchondria: Longitudinal relations among risk perception, health anxiety, and online health information seeking

AbstractThe cyberchondria phenomenon presents a significant health concern, yet there remains a relative scarcity of research on the formation mechanisms of cyberchondria and its longitudinal studies. Based on the RISP model and C‐A‐C framework, this study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations between risk perception, health anxiety, and online health information seeking (OHIS) within the context of Chinese social media. We used a three‐wave longitudinal survey with 514 participants at one‐month intervals starting September 2023, employing the Random Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM) for data analysis. At the between‐person level, we solely observed significant negative associations between health anxiety and OHIS. At the within‐person level, (1) positively bidirectional associations were noted among the three main variables; (2) causal relationships were identified between risk perception and OHIS, as well as between health anxiety and OHIS; (3) Health anxiety partially mediated the relationship between risk perception and OHIS, and OHIS fully mediated the relationship between health anxiety at T1 and T3; and (4) multi‐group analyses showed that gender differences in RI‐CLPM were significant, while age differences were insignificant. The results offer theoretical and practical insights for health practitioners, information seekers, and social media platforms.

Gender medicine: endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases : Implications for surgery and perioperative management

Gender medicine is also becoming increasingly more important in the field of surgery of endocrine and neuroendocrine diseases. Gender differences in the incidence, symptoms and disease progression are common to all (neuro)endocrine diseases. Understanding these special features, which include socioeconomic aspects as well as different anatomical and biological factors, is essential for the selection of optimal diagnostics and treatment but in some cases further scientific research is required. To date, there is apaucity of gender-specific recommendations in established guideline recommendations. There is an enormous potential in all areas of endocrine surgery to take advantage of differences between men and women in the diagnostics, surgical treatment and perioperative management. Individualized approaches could lead to improved surgical outcomes, reduced perioperative complications and improved follow-up.

A Study of Omentum Reduction on the Improvement of Nausea and vomiting and Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms After Laparoscopic Gastric Sleeve Resection.

To investigate the effect of omentum reduction in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the improvement of postoperative nausea and vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. A retrospective study was performed on the case data of 198 obese patients who underwent LSG in the Department of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases of Xiaolan People's Hospital of Zhongshan from March 2021 to March 2022 and were divided into omentum reduction group and control group, with 99 cases in each group, and the preoperative body mass index (BMI) of the patients was recorded. Age, gender, comorbidities, and comparative analysis of operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting score, gastroesophageal reflux GerdQ score, postoperative pain score, weight, and postoperative complications were analyzed. There were no significant differences in preoperative BMI, age, gender and comorbidities between the two groups (P > 0.05), but there were significant differences in intraoperative blood loss and operation time (P < 0.05). There were differences in postoperative nausea and vomiting scores and VAS pain scores between the two groups (P < 0.05). The GerdQ scores of the omental reduction group were 8.11 ± 2.84 points at 1year, and those in the control group were 7.56 ± 2.67 points, which were 3.97 ± 4.09 points higher than those in the preoperative omentum reduction group and 3.42 ± 3.41 in the control group, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the postoperative excess weight loss rate %EWL and postoperative complications (p > 0.05). Omentum reduction can improve short-term nausea and vomiting after LSG, but it cannot significantly improve long-term reflux symptoms.

Does the Bayley-4 measure the same constructs across girls and boys and infants, toddlers, and preschoolers?

This study tested the assumption that the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Fourth Edition (Bayley-4) functions similarly for boys and girls and for four age groups. The Bayley-4 American norming sample of 1,700 children ages 0-42 months (3.5 years) was used, which included 50% boys and girls. Fifty-three percent of the children identified as White, 22.1% as Hispanic, 12.5% as Black, 8.5% as other, and 4.0% as Asian. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the three-factor structure of cognitive, language, and motor abilities fit the data well (comparative fit index = .99, root-mean-square of error of approximation = .08, standardized root-mean-square residual = .02) and fit significantly better than the two- and one-factor models. The correlations between the latent factors were moderate (r = .73) to large sized (r = .81). Measurement and structural invariance were tested for boys and girls and four age groups (0-5, 6-13, 14-25, and 26-42 months). Residual invariance was supported for girls and boys, and intercept invariance was supported for the four age groups. The measurement invariance results suggest the Bayley-4 is not biased toward these gender and age groups, and group comparisons and decision making can be made with the Bayley-4 scores. Structural invariance findings suggested some differences for gender and age groups. The relations between the cognitive, language, and motor factors and factor variances were equal across girls and boys but differed significantly across the four age groups. Girls scored significantly higher on the three latent means, but these differences were small to negligible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Employability status of female university graduates under the Covid pandemic 19: case Hassan I University Settat Morocco

A previous study on the dynamics of employability and professional integration of young graduates during the COVID-19 period revealed significant gender disparities. Focusing on graduates of Hassan I University in Settat, the study found that female graduates were more adversely affected than their male counterparts. The study found that women were disproportionately likely to lose their jobs compared to men, prompting a closer examination of the employability status of female graduates. This current research examines the impact of the pandemic on the job prospects, employment rates, and career trajectories of female graduates. By identifying these variables, the research seeks to offer a thorough understanding of the distinct obstacles faced by female graduates in the midst of this unprecedented era, with the ultimate goal of providing valuable perspectives for decision makers and academic institutions to improve support and ensure fair job prospects in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Gender Disparity of Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement for Primary Prevention: National Inpatient Sample Analysis.

Introduction Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (AICD) for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) have become standard care for patients with systolic heart failure (sHF) and ejection fraction &lt; 35%. While the prevalence of sHF and rates of hospitalization are higher in men; one would expect equivalent rates of implantation in women. Methods We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2009-2018 to identify patient visits with sHF and AICD implantation. The co-morbidities and outcomes were compared based on gender. Results There were 15,247,854 inpatient admissions for sHF, of which 60.3% males, (95% CI 60.1%-60.4%) and 39.8% females (95% CI 39.7%-39.9%). Approximately 2% of patients (294,726) underwent the insertion of an AICD for primary prevention; 72.3% males (95% CI 71.9%-72.7%) and 27.72% females (95% CI 27.3%-28.1%). There was no significant difference in age (p=0.29), length of Stay (LOS) (p=0.09) and inpatient mortality (p=0.18). Conclusion In this study, women accounted for approximately 40% of patients admitted with the diagnosis of sHF, however, they accounted for less than 30% of patients who underwent the insertion of an AICD. Further research is needed to better understand this gender disparity and identify reasons for the lower rates of AICD placement in women.

Long-term gender disparities in new-onset heart failure after acute coronary syndrome.

A paucity of studies addressed sex-related differences in clinical outcomes in the long term following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In these patients, it remains uncertain whether heart failure (HF) might exert a differential impact on the prognosis in the long term. We queried a large-scale database of ACS patients undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was new-onset HF. Secondary endpoints included mortality, myocardial infarction, re-PCI and ischaemic stroke. Propensity score matching was generated to balance group characteristics. A total of 3334 patients after propensity score matching were analysed. Follow-up was assessed at the 5year term. At 5year follow-up, HF risk increased significantly in males versus females {17.9% vs. 14.8%, hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]=1.22 [1.03-1.44], P=0.02}. At 5year follow-up, mortality was significantly higher in the male cohort as compared with the female cohort [HR (95% CI)=1.23 (1.02-1.47), P=0.02]. On landmark analysis, differences in mortality emerged after the first year and were maintained thereafter. Ischaemic outcomes were comparable between cohorts. Following ACS, males experienced a greater long-term risk of developing new-onset HF as compared with females. This difference remained consistent across all prespecified subgroups. Mortality was significantly higher in males. No differences were observed in ischaemic outcomes. New-onset HF emerges as a primary contributor to long-term gender disparities after ACS and a strong predictor of mortality in men with HF.

Persuasion and gender: experimental evidence from two political campaigns

AbstractWe investigate differential responses by gender to competitive persuasion in political campaigns. We implemented a survey and a field experiment during two mayoral elections in Italy. Eligible voters were exposed to a positive or negative campaign by an opponent. The survey experiment used on-line videos and slogans. The field experiment used door-to-door canvassing. In both experiments, gender differences emerge. Females vote more for the opponent and less for the incumbent when exposed to positive—as opposed to negative—campaigning. Males do the opposite. These differences cannot be explained by gender identification, ideology, or other voters’ observable attributes.

Features of the quality of life of first graders taking into account gender differences and cognitive abilities

The purpose of the study: To study the features of the quality of life of first-graders, taking into account gender differences and cognitive abilities. Design: An open prospective non-randomized comparative clinical trial. Materials and methods: 631 children were examined, students of the first grades of secondary schools without a specialized bias № 110, 83, 75, 67, 9 Rostov-on-Don using the international questionnaire PedsQL 4.0 – Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. To assess the cognitive development of children, the D. Wexler scale was used with the determination of the intellectual coefficient. Results: First-graders with a high level of cognitive development have reduced indicators of physical and emotional functioning, as well as the overall quality of life score. Girls with a high intellectual coefficient, in comparison with boys, have lower physical, emotional, school functioning and higher indicators of social functioning. The indicators of quality of life in children with a high level of cognitive development do not reflect the same in children who do "excellent". Conclusion: The revealed features of the quality of life of first-graders with different levels of cognitive development require differentiated medical, psychological and pedagogical support of children in this age period and further study of their health.

Adverse childhood experiences and psychological maladjustment in adolescence: The protective role of epistemic trust, mentalized affectivity, and reflective functioning.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are psychosocial factors acknowledged as significant contributors to health consequences later in adolescence, including psychological maladjustment. The research suggests that, at a transdiagnostic and transtheoretical level, working on restoring epistemic trust (ET), mentalized affectivity (MA), and reflective functioning (RF) in adolescents with ACEs assumes a central role in the therapeutic process. However, there are still few studies that attempted to investigate the specific role of these sociocognitive factors in the detrimental positive association between levels of experienced ACEs during childhood and psychological maladjustment in nonclinical adolescents. A community sample of 306 Italian cisgender adolescents (61.4% assigned females at birth; age range 13-19 years old; Mage = 16.1, SD = 1.64) self-reported ACEs (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form), psychological maladjustment (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), ET (Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity Questionnaire), MA (Brief-Mentalized Affectivity Scale for Adolescence), and RF (Reflective Functioning Questionnaire). A multiple mediation regression analysis has been performed to explore the association between ACEs and psychological maladjustment through the interaction with socio-cognitive factors. ACEs are positive predictors of psychological maladjustment later in adolescence. Regardless of gender differences, epistemic mistrust and credulity, processing and expressing emotions, and uncertainty about mental states mediated this association, while epistemic trust, identifying emotions, and certainty about mental states did not configure as significant mediators. Findings suggest that ET disruptions and deficits in RF are risk factors, while MA is a protective factor within the link between ACEs and psychological maladjustment in adolescence. These links help to specify the role of sociocognitive factors in the development of mental problems in adolescents who have been exposed to adverse experiences in childhood.

Navigating Gender Disparities on the Management of Chronic Disease: a Narrative Review

Chronic diseases globally expose significant gender disparities in management and outcomes. Women often experience delays and inadequate treatment due to biological, psychosocial, and systemic biases, compounded by societal norms hindering self-care and health-seeking behaviours. Similarly, the LGBTQIA+ community faces discrimination and lacks culturally competent healthcare. This review addresses these issues collectively, aiming to uncover root causes and propose strategies for equitable healthcare outcomes. A literature review (2016-2024) using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online identified peer-reviewed studies on gender, health determinants, and chronic diseases, focusing on socioeconomic, biological, and psychological factors. Socio-ecological models and culturally sensitive healthcare strategies are crucial for enhancing treatment adherence and reducing gender bias. Community-level interventions and policy changes are essential for equitable healthcare access. Integrating gender-inclusive practices into medical education is pivotal to achieving global health goals by 2030.

Exploring adolescent suicidal trajectories: The intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, and social connectedness.

Understanding adolescent racial/ethnic and gender disparities in suicidal ideation and attempts longitudinally can help curb future suicidal risk. Survey data (1994-2008) from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health study, n = 18,887) examined racial/ethnic and gender ideation and attempt disparities over four waves of data from across the United States (51% female; 51% White; Mage = 17.43 years at Wave 1). Repeated-measures latent class analyses described how ideation and attempt patterns present longitudinally and how racial/ethnic minority groups predict different classes based on each wave and age-appropriate social supports (i.e., parents, peers). Those most at-risk disclosed ideation and some attempt risk in early adolescence (Waves 1 and 2) and mostly identified as female. The second most prevalent group first disclosed ideation in their 20s and predominately identified as non-Hispanic White females. Peer connections were not significant for most groups except for non-Hispanic White males in Wave 3, while Black females who reported stronger school connections had decreased ideation and attempt rates in Wave 1 but not 2 (just 1 year later). A negative link between social supports and high-risk ideation and attempt classes was found among Black females, non-Hispanic Whites, and Latinos overall. As the United States becomes more diverse, understanding the unique ideation and attempt disparities are crucial. Tailoring interventions to include risk and protective mechanisms among intersectional communities could eradicate disparities. Longitudinal studies can illuminate how protective and risk factors can change over time and even within and among racial/ethnic and gender groups.

The hidden lessons in textbooks: Gender representation and stereotypes in European mathematics and language books

AbstractThis cross‐national European comparison examined gender representation and stereotypes in mathematics and language textbooks from Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Romania. The results showed that female characters were numerically underrepresented. Female characters were also less often a main character or individually portrayed compared to male characters, but not proportionally to the overall lower number of female characters. Characters in occupational roles were less often female than male, whereas among characters with gender non‐conform characteristics, these were more often female than male in some textbooks. There was no sexual diversity among characters. The differences in gender representation are found within each country, but gender differences were smaller in more gender‐egalitarian countries. If textbooks are to offer the same learning benefits to both boys and girls, students should be equally represented in a diversity of roles and occupations.

The relationship between future orientation and academic anxiety: the mediating role of achievement goal orientation and sex difference

ABSTRACT Due to the prevalence of academic anxiety among primary school students and its long-term effect on the physical and mental health, researchers have carried out a lot of research on it. According to the control-value theory of achievement emotions, this cross-sectional study sought to explore the relationship between students’ future orientation and academic anxiety, to reveal the mediating effect of achievement goal orientations, and to test gender difference. A total of 5,330 students in grades 4–6 from 8 primary schools in China were included in the questionnaire-based investigation. The results showed that (1) girls’ academic anxiety, master-avoidance, and performance-avoidance goal orientations were significantly higher than those of boys, while performance-approach goal orientation was significantly lower than those of boys; (2) future orientation significantly positively predicted academic anxiety; (3) achievement goal orientation played a mediating role between future orientation and academic anxiety; and (4) there was a significant gender difference in this mediating effect. The four areas of achievement goal orientations have a complete mediating effect on academic anxiety for boys, but the master-approach and master-avoidance goal orientations play a partial mediating role between future orientation and academic anxiety for girls. This study contributes to deep understanding of academic anxiety among Chinese pupils, and implications for academic emotions research and educational practice.

Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Imagery Depiction of Textbooks prescribed by West Bengal Board of Primary Education, India

India is a diverse country. Ethnic, Linguistic, Racial, Gender, and Socio-Religious, etc. diversity is observed in India. Educational institutions play a vital role in socializing children and creating gender-friendly attitudes. Textbooks serve as a vehicle for social change. From childhood in school through textbooks and classroom experiences students embrace gender socialization, societal norms, and beliefs, gender roles, inequality, and bias. So, it is very important to make textbooks gender-neutral, to do this, textbook analysis is required. This study investigates the images used in textbooks of primary education in West Bengal, India, to examine gender stereotypes and bias. The study adopted qualitative and documentary research approaches through content analysis. The findings demonstrate that gender patriarchy and bias are reflected through visual imagery in textbooks. Images often lack representation of women and tend to portray them engaging in indoor tasks such as domestic and household work, or menial labor. Meanwhile, men are predominantly shown in outdoor, professional, and leadership roles, reinforcing gender disparities in identity and societal roles. There is a limited attempt to showcase gender neutrality, and there's minimal encouragement for gender reflection, hindering the development of sustainable perceptions of gender roles in Indian society. The findings of the study provide a foundation for policy changes at the state or national level to ensure the development and implementation of guidelines that promote gender-neutral content in educational materials and are useful for textbook development agencies, textbook writers, and teachers in developing a gender-sensitive curriculum, and textbooks.

Victimization and Perpetration of Online Dating Violence and Emotional Dependence by Gender among University Students in Ecuador

The present study investigates the roles of online dating violence and emotional dependence within the context of interpersonal relationships. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the perpetration and victimization of online dating violence and emotional dependence among men and women. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a descriptive and explanatory focus, this research employed a non-experimental cross-sectional design. A sample comprising 3202 university students completed the Dating Online Abuse Scale (DOAS) and the Emotional Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ). Statistical analyses, including Student’s t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and simple linear regressions, were conducted. Significant gender differences (p &lt; 0.01) emerged concerning both victimization and perpetration of online dating violence. Furthermore, a noteworthy association (p &lt; 0.01) was observed between online dating violence and emotional dependence, with the latter serving as a predictive factor for online dating violence across genders.

Age and gender differences in motives for z-drug misuse: Findings from the 2015 to 2019 NSDUH survey.

Approximately 9% of people who are exposed to a nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic medication ("z-drug") misuse this medication, yet, the reasons why people misuse z-drugs are not well-characterized. Using population survey data, we examined gender and age differences in motives for z-drug misuse. Results suggested women and older adults have higher odds of misusing z-drugs for sleep, and young adults have higher odds of misusing for recreation. Although the majority of people who misuse z-drugs report misusing to manage sleep, this is particularly common in women and older adults. Addressing inadequately treated sleep concerns may help mitigate z-drug misuse.