Differences In Nitrogen Content Research Articles

Study the effect of labneh balls fortified with zinc salts on the proportions of nitrogenous substances, micro-textural structure, and some nutritional indicators

Background: Labneh is a dairy product with many of the same benefits as yogurt. The total solids percentage is raised during production by draining the whey out of the yogurt. This is done by hanging the yogurt in cloth bags until the desired texture is achieved. Labneh, after being sweetened, can be used in place of cream cheese, sour cream, or cake cream. Labneh is known to have fewer calories than common condiments such as cream cheese and sour cream. This is due to its reduced fat content Labneh is a popular cuisine all over the world, particularly in the Middle East and the Balkan nations. In conclusion, the effect of fortification was clear in the results of the nutritional experiment conducted on mice, as zinc salts had an effect in maintaining the weight gain of the experimental animals, in addition to a role in strengthening the immune system.Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of enhancing traditional labneh cheese with mineral salts—specifically sulfate and zinc acetate—at concentrations of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg. The focus was on evaluating the alterations in chemical composition, particularly nitrogenous compounds, and the micro-textural properties. Additionally, the study assessed how these enhancements influenced the sensory qualities of the labneh both immediately after production and following a storage period of twenty days.Materials and Methods: Raw, whole cow's milk (12% T.S., 4% fat) was used to make labneh in the lab. After being heated to 90 °C for five minutes in a water bath, the milk was cooled to 45 °C, and a CH1 starter was added. The mixture was then incubated at 45 °C for three to four hours. The cloth was allowed to cool at room temperature for one hour after it had coagulated completely. After chilling overnight at 15 degrees Celsius, it was salted at 5 degrees Celsius for 22 hours, by placing it in a clean cloth bag and storing it in the fridge.Results:The experiment revealed a non-significant rise in nitrogenous substances for the control group versus the zinc-treated labneh. However, there were no notable differences in nitrogen content between the control and zinc-enhanced groups. The treatment labneh balls were less white than the control treatment balls, suggesting that the fortification process with zinc salts caused this difference. Increased cohesion and hardness of the manufactured Labneh compared to the control treatment had an apparent effect on the micro-textural structure of the treated Labneh, as the interstitial spaces were reduced, and the casein tissue closed. In addition to its role in bolstering the immune system, the results of the nutritional experiment on rats showed that zinc salts influence maintaining the weight increase of the trial animals.Keywords: Labneh balls, zinc salts, texture, flavor, chemical composition, body weight.

Effect of different feed nitrogen on nutrient flow, performance, and productivity in the minapadi system

Cultivation with the minapadi method can increase the availability of nutrients and soil organic matter from the decomposition of feed residues and weeds. This system implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem because rice plants use fish waste as a source of nutrients, and fish use weeds and pests in rice as a food source. This study aims to find the best feed formula in the minapadi system based on differences in nitrogen content and to analyze the effect of nitrogen from the artificial feed given on nitrogen flow, performance, and productivity in the minapadi system. Using a randomized block design method with four treatments of different feed doses repeated three times to obtain twelve experimental plot units, feed production using local raw materials that are cheap and easy to obtain, soil quality, water, and growth performance are the parameters observed. The results showed that the soil and water quality at the study site was quite good, so the growth performance of rice plants and fish was also good. The treatment of the feed doses given showed that the feed with the highest nitrogen content, namely 9%, gave the best growth performance for rice plants, while 7% nitrogen content gave the best growth for tilapia. The excessive levels of protein are not suitable for fish. However, they are handy for rice plants in the Minapadi system because nutrients that dissolve in water, nutrients from fish feces and urine, and nutrients that are sedimentation on the soil surface, are utilized by rice plants as a nutrient source.

Spatial Distribution and Main Controlling Factors of Nitrogen in the Soils and Sediments of a Coastal Lagoon Area (Shameineihai, Hainan)

As the relationship between the spatial distribution characteristics and physicochemical properties of nitrogen in lagoon soil and sediment is still unclear, we obtained and systematically analyzed soil and sediment samples from the surroundings of a lagoon in the Shamei Inland Sea, Qionghai City, Hainan Province. The spatial distribution of nitrogen forms was investigated, and the soil physicochemical properties that predominantly influenced the nitrogen distribution were characterized. The results were as follows: (1) There are differences in nitrogen content in the soil and sediment around the Shamei Inland Sea. The total nitrogen levels in the Shamei Inland Sea were low, and organic nitrogen was dominant. The soil samples showed higher organic nitrogen concentrations than the sediment samples. Thus, the characteristics of dispersion in offshore waters differ from those in lagoons. The average contents of nitrate, ammonium and nitrite in the soil around the lagoon were higher than those in the sediment, and they were especially high in the lagoon mouth area. The nitrate content was greater in the estuary area in the northwest of the lagoon, and the contents of ammonium and nitrite in the estuary area in the south of the lagoon were the highest. (2) The changes in the basic physical and chemical properties of the soils and sediments in the Shamei Inland Sea area have an important coupled effect on the enrichment, preservation and mineralization of nitrogen. Through redundancy analysis (RDA), the explanatory degree of the organic matter content in relation to the nitrogen content was determined to be approximately 17.2%, contributing 80.9% of all nitrogen. The organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and clay content were positively correlated with the nitrogen content, indicating that changes in the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil and sediment had an important impact on nitrogen enrichment, preservation and mineralization processes. The total nitrogen and the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and clay content of the soil and sediment were positively correlated. The high proportion of nitrate in the soil, the high proportion of ammonium in the sediment, the heavy texture of the sediment, poor soil ventilation and weak nitrification were related.

A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon and nitrogen losses during livestock manure composting: Influencing factors and mitigation strategies

The management of manure composting contributes to alleviate the global greenhouse effect. To improve our understanding of this process, we conducted a meta-analysis of 371 observations from 87 published studies in 11 countries. The results showed that the difference in nitrogen content in feces significantly affected the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient losses of subsequent composting, with NH3-N, CO2-C, and CH4-C losses all increasing with its rise. Windrow pile composting (especially compared to trough composting) had lower GHG emissions and nutrient loss. C/N ratio, aeration rate, and pH value significantly affected NH3 emission, and a decrease in the latter two can reduce it by 31.8 % and 42.5 %, respectively. Decreasing the moisture content or increasing the turning frequency could decrease CH4 by 31.8 % and 62.6 %, respectively. The addition of biochar or superphosphate had a synergistic emission reduction. The emission reduction of N2O and CH4 by biochar was more prominent (44 % and 43.6 %), while superphosphate on NH3 (38.0 %) was better. And the latter was more suitable if added in 10–20 % of dry weight. Dicyandiamide was the only chemical additive (59.4 %) with better N2O emission reduction performance. Microbial agents with different functions had certain effects on NH3-N emission reduction, while the mature compost had a certain effect on N2O-N emissions (67.0 %). In general, N2O had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect during composting (74.22 %).

Calculation Methods of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Distribution in Pig Manure Fractions

Introduction. The study aims to develop and test a comprehensive calculation methodology in a case study of pilot pig complexes to verify reliability of estimates. The methods are required for reliable tracking of the nutrients flow at the farm level and for adjusting the application doses of resulting solid and liquid organic fertilizers with due account for the crop rotation in place, agrochemical analysis of soils, and specific crops to obtain the target yields. Materials and Methods. Calculations of the content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in pig manure before separation and in resulting solid and liquid fractions were carried out by the developed method. At that, coefficients from corresponding normative documents and results of previous research were used. Samples of initial material were collected in three replications at two closed-cycle pig rearing complexes located in the Leningrad Region. The experimental data were statistically processed with StatGraphics Centurion v.16 software. Results. The calculated nutrient content of the manure before separation and the separated solid and liquid fractions was compared with the results of laboratory analysis of the physicochemical composition of the manure and its fractions from the selected pig rearing complexes. The difference between the calculated and average actual values of all considered indicators did not exceed 10%, with the differences in nitrogen content turning out to be much bigger (up to 10%) than the differences in phosphorus content (up to 5.7%) in the solid and liquid fractions of pig manure. Discussion and Conclusion. The identified differences can be explained by the instrumental uncertainty and heterogeneity of the analyzed initial material ‒ a mixture of excrement and process water. The results of the study confirmed that the developed method is reliable, and it can be used to account for the nutrients in the solid and liquid organic fertilizers in calculating and adjusting doses for certain crops to produce expected yield and reduce the negative impact on the environment.

Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to inhibit nitrogen uptake of weeds within crop fields

Invasive species cost the agriculture industry billions of dollars each year in lost revenue and control costs. This research addresses the potential neutralizing effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the invasive species and aggressive agricultural weed, Cirsium arvense, by limiting its nitrogen uptake from the soil. A total of 36 C. arvense plants and 24 Glycine max soybean plants were grown in a controlled laboratory environment, with G. max being used to create a simulated crop field. We hypothesized that introducing AMF to C. arvense would reduce its ability to absorb nitrogen, therefore reducing the plant's growth. If AMF significantly reduces C. arvense’s capability to thrive, it is possible that AMF could be incorporated into commercial and private crop fields to serve as a natural herbicide against C. arvense. Growth data were collected for every plant including height, root length, and dry mass. Each sample was tested for its usable total nitrogen content. C. arvense plants grown with AMF displayed no significant difference in growth compared to those plants grown without AMF. No significant difference in the cohabitated groups was found. However, a significant difference in nitrogen content was found in all experimental groups. These results demonstrate that AMF has an effect on the nitrogen content of C. arvense, but does not affect the growth in the seedling stage.

High-yield of Lignin degradation under N-ZnO/Graphene oxide compounds

The present work reports the results of the lignin molecule degradation studies using nitrogen-doped ZnO photocatalysts supported on graphene oxide. Three different nitrogen precursors were used to achieve the nitrogen doping in ZnO, namely urea, ethylenediamine, and thiourea, using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Our purpose is to demonstrate that different nitrogen precursors give rise to different amounts of doping in ZnO, which in turn, favorably affects their photocatalytic behavior. The synthesized compounds were tested on the lignin degradation reaction, under visible (Vis) and ultraviolet (UV) energy irradiation. Structural and physicochemical properties of prepared samples were investigated to provide explanation of the photocatalytic behavior observed in samples. XPS analyses were developed to determine differences in nitrogen content, as well to determine the proportion of N-N or O-Z-N binding in samples. Remarkable structural and photocatalytic differences were found for every sample as effect of the nitrogen precursor. Photocatalytic activity tests revealed that the percentage of lignin degradation under UV irradiation was 80 %; while using Vis energy the degradation value was 61 %.

Dry Matter Accumulation and Nitrogen Absorption Characteristics of Processed Pepper under Different Nitrogen Levels

In order to promote the rational use of nitrogen fertilizer, the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen absorption of processed pepper were studied by substrate culture and quantitative irrigation of nutrient solution under 6 different nitrogen levels (60%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 120% and 140% of the normal N application). It showed that, with the increase of nitrogen application, the dry weight of leaf, dry weight of fruit, dry weight of stem, dry weight of root, and dry weight of plant were increasing; The nitrogen content of each part run up to the maximum at 80%~100% nitrogen level; There was no significant difference between the dry weight of leaf, dry weight of root, and dry weight of fruit, as well as nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation of these parts at 90%, 100%, 120% and 140% nitrogen level. Correlation analysis showed that nitrogen accumulation showed the highest correlation with the dry weight of leaf, dry weight of stem, dry weight of fruit, dry weight of root, and dry weight of plant, but had little correlation with nitrogen content in each part. In addition, the slight difference in nitrogen content of plant at different nitrogen levels can reflect its nutritional status, while the amount of dry matter can reflect its amount of nitrogen accumulation. This study will provide theoretical reference for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in processed pepper.

Soil Organic Matter Black Box

Soil Organic Matter Black Box

SPECIFICS OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for plant growth and development. The ability to use nitrogen from the air by leguminous plants is their well-known feature. Nitrogen is present in the gaseous atmosphere (N2) at about 78.1% by volume or 75.51% by weight, ie a total of 3.8x1015 t or 86.5 t / ha. However, atmospheric nitrogen, in reality, does not receive the plants directly from the air, but rather through previous adoption by Rhizobium bacteria living in the form of small tumors, called nodules on the roots of plants. These bacteria can fix nitrogen gas from the air in the soil and turn it into ammonia (NH3), which is converted into ammonium (NH4), which the plant can use. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a leguminous plant that has great agrotechnical significance. Characteristic of chickpeas as well as other legumes is that they enter symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and can thus use fixed atmospheric nitrogen. This paper presents and elaborates on the results of agrochemical analyzes of soil in the experiment with chickpea, ie differences in nitrogen content at the beginning and at the end of vegetation. The results show that the nitrogen content in the soil increased by 0.30 mg / g after the end of the vegetation in 2018 and 0.31 mg / g in 2019.

EVALUATION OF NITROGEN MONITORING, BUD FERTILITYAND ‘THOMPSON SEEDLESS’ GRAPEVINE PRODUCTION ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS

ABSTRACT Methods of nitrogen analysis were adopted in leaf tissues in the laboratory, nitrate content in the sap of petioles and chlorophyll relative index (CRI, in SPAD unit), as well as the evaluation of the buds fertility rates, production and qualitative aspects of cluster and berries of ‘Thompson Seedless’ vine, grafted on rootstocks ‘Harmony’, ‘Jales’ ‘Paulsen 1103’ and ‘SO4’. The applied dose of N was 80 kg ha-1, and the experiment was installed in the Submédio do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil. The experiment was performed in a randomized blocks design, with four treatments and five replicates, with the experimental plot represented by five plants. In addition to the analysis of N, cluster length and width (cm) and fresh mass (g), berries length, diameter (mm), volume (mL), mass of fresh matter of berries, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, potential bud fertility (productive, vegetative, dead and dark buds in %) and real bud fertility (%). There were differences in nitrogen content in the leaves, nitrate in sap and CRI of ‘Thompson Seedless’ in relation to rootstocks. ‘Thompson Seedless’ expressed better potential for the development of clusters and berries when grafted on ‘Harmony’.

Characteristics of nitrogen transportation in Castanea mollissima forest around the Fushi Reservoir watershed in north Zhejiang Province, China.

In this study, through setting runoff plots in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) fo-rest, the runoff water samples were collected and tested from January to October, 2013. Combining with soil nitrogen data before and after the rainy season, we analyzed the characteristics of soil nitrogen transportation in chestnut forest around the Fushi Reservoir watershed in north Zhejiang Pro-vince, China. The results showed that among the 10 surface runoff events of Chinese chestnut fo-rest, there exhibited a significant difference in runoff water volume of each runoff plot, and the maximum amount was 0.51 m3. Nitrogen was the major element associated with nutrient loss in the study region. The concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) andchemical oxygen demend (CODMn) in the runoff water ranged from 0.02-1.87, 0.04-3.53, 1.69-5.33 and 5.30-14.07 mg·L-1, respectively. The water quality indexes were greatly affected by the runoff volume, and the relationship between the amount of nitrogen loss and runoff could be well fitted by using a linear equation. The difference in nitrogen contents of the soil in the upper, middle and lower part of the runoff plots was evident both before and after the rainy season. Moreover, the nitrogen content increased with the increasing altitude, but this trend decreased with increasing soil depth. Comparison of the difference between the four forms of soil nitrogen (NO3--N, NH4+-N, TN and hydrolyzable nitrogen Hydro-N of soil) before and after the rainy season showed that there existed significant differences in Hydro-N and TN, and the average diffe-rence values were 20.21 and 307.49 mg·kg-1, respectively. In this area, there was a great risk of nitrogen loss with runoff, and the potential non-point source pollution in Fushi Reservoir should be concerned.

Nitrogen extraction potential of wild and cultured bivalves harvested from nearshore waters of Cape Cod, USA

As nitrogen entering coastal waters continues to be an issue, much attention has been generated to identify potential options that may help alleviate this stressor to estuaries, including the propagation of bivalves to remove excess nitrogen. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria) from numerous Cape Cod, MA, (USA) sources were analyzed for nitrogen content stored in tissues that would represent a net removal of nitrogen from a water body if harvested. Results showed local oysters average 0.69% nitrogen by total dry weight (mean 0.28gN/animal) and quahogs average 0.67% nitrogen by total dry weight (mean 0.22gN/animal); however, these values did vary by season and to a lesser extent by location or grow-out method. The differences in nitrogen content were largely related to the mass of shell or soft tissue. Nitrogen isotope data indicate shellfish from certain water bodies in the region are incorporating significant amounts of nitrogen from anthropogenic sources.

The Nature and Origin of “Double Expanded Austenite” in Ni-Based Ni-Ti Alloys Developing Upon Low Temperature Gaseous Nitriding

Gaseous nitriding of Ni-4 wt pct Ti alloy plates led to the development of double expanded austenite (γ N1 and γ N2) at the surface of the nitride plates. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the component γ N1 is located close to the surface and the component γ N2 is located at a certain depth below the specimen surface, in correspondence with a layered character of the nitrided zone beneath the surface as revealed by optical microscopy. Electron probe microanalysis, atom probe tomography, and Laue microdiffraction analysis did not reveal a significant difference in nitrogen content of the γ N1 and γ N2 sublayers. By X-ray diffraction stress analysis it was shown that the only significant differences of the two expanded austenite layers is a pronounced difference in compressive stress parallel to the surface: the γ N1 layer is subjected to a huge compressive stress, as large as a few GPa, whereas a relatively modest stress prevails in the γ N2 layer.

Sexual dimorphism in leaf nitrogen content but not photosynthetic rates in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae)

Sexual dimorphism in reproductive costs between females and males in dioecious plants is associated with divergent morphologies, life histories, and physiologies between the sexes. In Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (Alismataceae), a previous experiment has shown that sexual reproduction imposes asymmetric costs for females vs. males, with greater biomass costs for females and greater nitrogen costs for males. Here we investigate whether sexual dimorphism in nitrogen expenditure for reproduction influences the nitrogen content of leaves under natural conditions and, if so, whether it is associated with differences in photosynthetic rates between the sexes. As expected, we found significantly lower leaf nitrogen content among males compared with females and a positive association between leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic rates. However, this difference in nitrogen content between the sexes was not associated with different photosynthetic rates for females vs. males. Our study demonstrates that an underlying difference in nitrogen content between the sexes is maintained during flower and fruit production in a natural population, but, at least at the site used for this study, this difference was not associated with divergent photosynthetic rates.

Multivariate analysis of nitrogen content for rice at the heading stage using reflectance of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing

Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing was adapted to establish a general-purpose model for quantifying nitrogen content of rice plants at the heading stage using three years of data. There was a difference in dry mass and nitrogen concentration due to the difference in the accumulated daily radiation (ADR) and effective cumulative temperature (ECT). Because of these environmental differences, there was also a significant difference in nitrogen content among the three years. In the multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, the accuracy (coefficient of determination: R 2, root mean square of error: RMSE and relative error: RE) of two-year models was better than that of single-year models as shown by R 2 ≥ 0.693, RMSE ≤ 1.405 g m −2 and RE ≤ 9.136%. The accuracy of the three-year model was R 2 = 0.893, RMSE = 1.092 g m −2 and RE = 8.550% with eight variables. When each model was verified using the other data, the range of RE for two-year models was similar or increased compared with that for single-year models. In the partial least square regression (PLSR) model for the validation, the accuracy of two-year models was also better than that of single-year models as R 2 ≥ 0.699, RMSE ≤ 1.611 g m −2 and RE ≤ 13.36%. The accuracy of the three-year model was R 2 = 0.837, RMSE = 1.401 g m −2 and RE = 11.23% with four latent variables. When each model was verified, the range of RE for two-year models was similar or decreased compared with that for single-year models. The similarities and differences of loading weights for each latent variable depending on hyperspectral reflectance might have affected the regression coefficients and the accuracy of each prediction model. The accuracy of the single-year MLR models was better than that of the single-year PLSR models. However, accuracy of the multi-year PLSR models was better than that of the multi-year MLR models. Therefore, PLSR model might be more suitable than MLR model to predict the nitrogen contents at the heading stage using the hyperspectral reflectance because PLSR models have more sensitive than MLR models for the inhomogeneous results. Although there were differences in the environmental variables (ADR and ECT), it is possible to establish a general-purpose prediction model for nitrogen content at the heading stage using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing.

Investigation into Possible Use of Methane Fermentation Digested Sludge as Liquid Fertilizer for Paddy Fields

Difference in vegetation growth, taste properties, and grain yield between liquid fertilizer (LF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) applied fields were identified and analyzed to promote the use of the methane fermentation digested sludge as LF using precision agriculture technology. Vegetation growth and these ratios of LF to CF were different at panicle initiation and heading stages but no significant difference in nitrogen content was at the heading stage. Dry mass is greater in CF fields and nitrogen concentration is higher in LF fields is confirmed. In spite of no topdressing in 2006, differences in vegetation growth ratios were decreased because of the organic nitrogen in LF. Difference in GreenNDVI was decreased at the heading stage but the pattern was not changed. Differences in taste properties were significant in 2006 but not in 2005. When grain yield would be decreased 25% by hulls, brown rice yield of LF fields in 2005 was 93% of the average amount in the region (510 kg/10a) and 84% of that (505 kg/10a) in 2006.

General Characteristics of Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Conven-tional <I>Indica</I> Rice Cultivars with Different Panicle Weight Types

A total of 88 and 122 conventional indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different types of panicle weight (PW) were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. On the basis of PW, these cultivars were classified into 6 types from low to high (i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F, A was the lowest, F was the highest). Dry matter weight and nitrogen content of roots, culm and sheath, leaf, and panicle were measured at heading and maturity stages, and the grain yield and its components were tested after harvest. No significant difference in nitrogen content of the plant was detected between various PW types of conventional indica rice. The population nitrogen accumulation (NA) and individual NA at heading, grain filling and maturity stages were higher in cultivars with large PW than in cultivars with small PW. The effects of individual NA and panicles per area on population NA were both significant, especially the individual NA at heading stage. In cultivars with medium to large PW, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield (NUEg) were higher than those in other rice types. And rice cultivars with large PW showed longer growth duration especially days from sowing to heading. The effects of NA and NUEg on PW were both signifi- cant, while the NA was more effective. The N uptake intensity of population especially N uptake intensity of individual was the main factor influencing N accumulation levels of population and individual in conventional indica rice cultivars.

Protein content and quality of wheat chromosome substitution lines

HereditasVolume 71, Issue 1 p. 157-160 Open Access Protein content and quality of wheat chromosome substitution lines K. A. Siddiqui, Corresponding Author K. A. Siddiqui Department of Agricultural Research, Danish Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment, Risø, Roskilde, DenmarkAtomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre Tandojam, Sind, West PakistanSearch for more papers by this author K. A. Siddiqui, Corresponding Author K. A. Siddiqui Department of Agricultural Research, Danish Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment, Risø, Roskilde, DenmarkAtomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre Tandojam, Sind, West PakistanSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1972 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1972.tb01015.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature cited Doll, H. 1972. Variation in protein quantity and quality induced in barley by EMS treatment. — In Induced mutations in plant breeding, IAEA, Vienna, p. 331– 342. Dumanović, J., Ehrenberg, L. and Denic, M. 1970. Induced variation of protein content and composition in hexaploid wheat. — In Improving plant protein by nuclear techniques. Ibid. p. 107– 119. Gale, M. D., and Flavell, R. B. 1971. The genetic control of anthocyanin biosynthesis by homoeologous chromosomes in wheat. Genet. Res. 18: 237– 244. Law, C. N. 1968. Genetic analysis using inter-varietal chromosome substitutions. Proc. 3. Int. Wheat Genet. Symp., 1968, Aust. Acad. Sci. Canberra, p. 331– 342. Mattern, P. J., Schmidt, J. W., Morris, R., and Johnson, V. A. 1968. A feasibility study of the use of a modified Maes protein extraction process and chromosome substitution lines for bread wheat quality identification. Genet. Res. p. 449– 456. Mossberg, R. 1969. Evaluation of protein quality and quantity by dye binding capacity: A tool in plant breeding. — In New approaches to breeding for improved plant protein, IAEA, Vienna, p. 151– 160. Munck, L., Karlsson, K. E., and Hagberg, A. 1971. Selection and characterization of a high-protein, highlysine variety from the world barley collection. — Proc. 2. Int. Barley Genet. Symp. Pullman, 1969, p. 544– 558. Neal, J. L., Jr., Atkinson, T. G., and Larson, Ruby. I. 1970. Changes in the rhizosphere microflora of spring wheat induced by disomic substitution of a chromosome. Can. J. Microbiol. 16: 153– 158. Sears, E. R. 1969. Wheat cytogenetics. Ann. Rev. Genet. 3: 451– 468. Sharma, T. R. and Kaul, A. K. 1971. Correlation between some quality characters and protein determination in bread wheat. Current Sci. (India) 40: 150– 152. Toft-Viuf, B. 1972. Varietal differences in nitrogen content and protein quality in barley. K. Vet.- og Landbohøjsk. Årssskr. 1972, p. 37– 61. Volume71, Issue1June 1972Pages 157-160 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Effect of soil biota on growth and allocation by Eucalyptus microcarpa

We examined growth of Eucalyptus microcarpa seedlings in soil collected from four sites in southeastern Australia, in which retired pasture land has been revegetated with mixed plantings of Eucalyptus and Acacia species. Revegetation of farm land in southeastern Australia is an area of major investment. The focus of the study was to examine the influence of soil biota on seedling growth and its possible interaction with soil enrichment from a legume (Acacia) and decomposition rates. We used a soil freezing treatment (−80°C for 3 days) to retard the soil biota, with the expectation that invertebrates in particular would be killed. Soil freezing did not cause a nutrient pulse, but did reduce the level of ammonium in soil. Nitrate levels increased with time in pots, regardless of the soil treatment. Decomposition rates measured using cellulose substrate were significantly reduced by the freeze treatment, but only for approximately 90 days. Eucalyptus microcarpa seedlings grown in freeze-treated soil were approximately 40% smaller (total biomass), had marginally lower LAR (leaf area ratio), and significantly lower LMA (leaf mass per area). Low LMA indicates that leaves are either thinner in cross-section or less dense. We hypothesise that both the poor growth of seedlings and production of less robust leaves are consequences of reduced availability of soil nutrients due to the diminished soil biota after freeze treatment. Litter under Acacia was richer in nitrogen than litter under Eucalyptus but there was no difference in nitrogen content of soil, and consequently no soil source effects on plant growth or decomposition. We suggest that variation in the soil biota has the potential to greatly enhance or hinder the success of revegetation on retired agricultural land, but enrichment of soil by decomposition of nitrogen rich litter in these sites requires longer than the 8–15 years since they were revegetated.