Differences In Meaning Research Articles

Сognitive Dimension of the Word-forming Nest with Dialectal Vertices Yeden / Yeden (“єде́н / є́ден”): Logical Propositions

In this article, a current task of modern derivatolofical studies is addressed – the cognitive structuring of derived words in denumerative word formation, grouped according to word-forming semantics, considering motivational relationships through the prism of divergent-convergent properties of the content of the generative word – the vertex of the word-formation nest. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a word-forming nest with variational vertices belonging to the dialect layer of the lexicon – yeden /yeden (“еден / еден”). The specified motivational words are characterized by a polysemantic continuum, so they are characterized by differences in creative meanings both directly and indirectly deep into the word-forming nest. Such complex units of word-formation have the status of being divergent. Motivating relations in the dyad «the vertex of the word-forming nest – the denumerative» can record mental knowledge in the aspect of the linguo-cognitive approach to the analysis of linguistic phenomena: the genetic codes of the word-formation, preserved in the derivative, as well as the semantic increments present in the meaning structure of the derivatives are revealed. Analyzing the cognitive semantics within word-forming values, the elements of frame are established, the components of which are derivative units of modification and transposition types of derivation, namely: subframe, cognitive slot, verbalized slot, propositional structure, and two-component logical proposition. The prospects of the research consist in the systematіc cognitive interpretation of derivatives based on various word-formation units, which lead the formatives that belong not only to the core, but also to the periphery of the motivational base, which will make it possible to comprehensively model the semantic positions of derived words, or more broadly, the mental manifestation of the word-formation level Ukrainian language.

Amending the Polish Adaptation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-PL)

The current article aims at correcting some linguistic inconsistencies between the Polish and English versions of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and to develop a revised Polish translation more appropriate for cross-cultural comparison. Researchers who are not familiar with the Polish language and the English version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire are likely to miss these inconsistencies between the English and Polish versions. These translation issues are of significant interest as the Moral Foundations Questionnaire has been utilized to compare human values across a wide range of cultures. In cross-cultural research, translational precision is important, as differences of meaning can lead researchers to draw illusory conclusions about differences between cultures. We offer a revised Polish translation of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which we believe more accurately represents the meaning and form of the English items. This new translation should facilitate more consistent comparisons of moral foundations between Polish and Non-Polish populations.

Impact of Rural-Urban Differences in Acceptance and Meaning of Life among Breast Cancer Patients in India

India is a land of unity in diversity and it is not only true about its sociocultural but also holds residential areas too. Rural and urban areas associated with different sociostructural characteristics may contribute variation in behavioural adaptation. We studied the impact of rural-urban differences on the acceptance level and meaning of life among breast cancer patients in India. The present analytical descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted under superspecialty hospital, West Bengal, India. We compared the acceptance capability and meaning in life in breast cancer patients from rural areas (N = 122) and urban areas (N = 99). Patient-reported data concerning selected psychological (acceptance ability and the meaning of life), sociodemographic, and biological factors were collected by using validated tools. To identify the impact of sociocultural variation, descriptive statistics were calculated as the mean ± standard deviation of the score of validated tools based on acceptance and meaning of life. Patients from urban areas perceived meaning of life significantly worse than rural individuals (33.1 ± 2.44 vs. 24.2 ± 1.02). Education ( p = < 0.01 ), family per capita income ( p = 0 < 0.01 ), and family structure ( p = 0.004 ) factors were evaluated for being predictors of acceptance levels, whereas the educational level ( p = < 0.01 ) has significantly interacted with the meaning of life among both areas’ patients. Disease acceptance levels were found to be significantly higher in urban area’s patients than rural ones (38.6 ± 1.9 vs. 32.7 ± 1.92). The current study demonstrates that the patients of rural background and low education are more likely than their respective counterparts to have a lower level of acceptance capability and meaning of life.

When Agreement isn't Agreement: Deflected Agreement in Najdi Arabic as Aspect

In modern Arabic varieties, subject-verb agreement is complicated by plural nouns which can occur with both plural and singular verbs. These have been called strict and deflected agreement respectively. In some varieties such as Modern Standard Arabic, this deflected agreement is fixed and determined by animacy or other features; however, in other varieties such as Najdi Arabic (central Saudi Arabia), whether strict or deflected agreement occurs is less predictable. Kramer & Winchester (2017) have argued that the selection of verb form corresponds to a difference in meaning, specifically, a herd/clump as opposed to an individuated interpretation, which they locate in the nominal features of the noun. However, based on the results of two experiments, this paper argues for an alternate analysis that this meaning difference originates on the verb and corresponds to a speaker’s mental representation of the event structure. This finding leads to the conclusion that only strict agreement is actually an example of subject-verb agreement, while deflected agreement serves to mark features of the event. This usage of deflected agreement to express event structure, while initially surprising, flows from existing understandings of cognition of number and event semantics.

Modeling Brain Representations of Words' Concreteness in Context Using GPT-2 and Human Ratings.

The meaning of most words in language depends on their context. Understanding how the human brain extracts contextualized meaning, and identifying where in the brain this takes place, remain important scientific challenges. But technological and computational advances in neuroscience and artificial intelligence now provide unprecedented opportunities to study the human brain in action as language is read and understood. Recent contextualized language models seem to be able to capture homonymic meaning variation ("bat", in a baseball vs. a vampire context), as well as more nuanced differences of meaning-for example, polysemous words such as "book", which can be interpreted in distinct but related senses ("explain a book", information, vs. "open a book", object) whose differences are fine-grained. We study these subtle differences in lexical meaning along the concrete/abstract dimension, as they are triggered by verb-noun semantic composition. We analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations elicited by Italian verb phrases containing nouns whose interpretation is affected by the verb to different degrees. By using a contextualized language model and human concreteness ratings, we shed light on where in the brain such fine-grained meaning variation takes place and how it is coded. Our results show that phrase concreteness judgments and the contextualized model can predict BOLD activation associated with semantic composition within the language network. Importantly, representations derived from a complex, nonlinear composition process consistently outperform simpler composition approaches. This is compatible with a holistic view of semantic composition in the brain, where semantic representations are modified by the process of composition itself. When looking at individual brain areas, we find that encoding performance is statistically significant, although with differing patterns of results, suggesting differential involvement, in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe, and in motor areas previously associated with processing of concreteness/abstractness.

Условия и условни изречения

The terms “sufficient condition” and “necessary condition” are related to conditional sentences (those of the form “If A, then B”). The meaning of the former depends on the use of the latter, and conditional sentences are used differently. A conditional sentence could express material implication, but it could also express formal implication. The terms “sufficient condition” and “necessary condition” reflect this difference, each taking on respectively (at least) two different meanings. In the text, I indicate and analyze these meanings. The difference between them is significant because, as it turns out, according to one of them (corresponding to the cases where conditional sentences express material implications), if several conditions together are a sufficient condition for something, then (by logical necessity) only one of them is also a sufficient condition for it, which is not the case with the other meaning (corresponding to the cases in which conditional sentences express formal implications). If the difference in meaning is not taken into account, it is not improbable for situations to arise where mixing them up leads to logical problems. An example of this is given in the text.

Verba Mencuci “Kumbah” dalam Bahasa Jawa: Kajian Metabahasa Semantik Alami

Javanese is a language used in the daily lives of people who pay attention to the norms in speaking. But unfortunately, the use of Javanese language has begun to fade, which can be proven by the neglect of the use of Javanese language in conversation, and not a few people also do not know Javanese language, including verbs. There are many verbs in the Javanese language, but the researcher wants to focus on the verb washing "kumbah" in Javanese language analysed with the theory of Metabahasa Semantik Alami (MSA). The verb wash "kumbah" has 11 forms of equivalents asah-asah, ngumbahi, wijik, wisuh, mususi, raup, sibin, kemu, kramas, jamasan, and padusan. Of all the "kumbah" washing verbs, there are differences in each verb which can be seen from the procedure for washing and the object being washed. The verb wash "kumbah" in Javanese has a different object in its application, and can be explained by using the explication A wants B to become C. The difference in meaning is obtained by analysing the meaning of the verb. The difference in meaning is obtained by analysing the original meaning combined with uncompositional polysemy.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FILM GENRES’ TRANSLATION MEANING BETWEEN TWO STREAMING VIDEO SERVICES

In recent years, video streaming services have received positive responses. They have language settings for their services, respectively. In video streaming services, subscribers can choose their preferred languages. Those who choose Indonesian can find the interface in Indonesian. The researcher decides to conduct a comparative analysis of the translation meaning of film genres between two streaming video services. The result is that there are similarities and a difference in the translation meaning of film genres. The similarities include six pairs of translation conveying the conceptual meaning. Meanwhile, the difference is found in one pair of translations conveying different types of meaning: one is reflective meaning, and the other is conceptual meaning. Hence, this research is expected to enrich the translation analysis.

The Parsing Agreement and the Semantic DifferenceBetween Adverbs and some Posts: Al-Akbari's I'irab ul-Hadith as Example

Positions form a large area in the grammar lesson, and it is considered the grammar cabinet: because it includes many sections of Arabic grammar, which gives it a bit of similarity and familiarity in some places In order for it to be difficult to separate the expressions in many matters, and to distinguish between them only by the meaning, the parsing mark -- sometimes -- stands unable to determine the correct parsing before that circle Therefore, the matter was in weighting some opinions over some very difficult, which made grammarians devote a chapter to it under the "section of similar positions", in which Ibn Hisham listed similar grammatical issues and syntaxes, and the syntactic sign had no role in directing one of them. And efficacy, and source, circumstantial and current, and what is likely to be used and the object with it. This research was limited to studying the agreement of the parsing status and the difference of meaning between the case and the absolute effect and between the case and the object in the book of the Parsing of Arabic Hadith of the Prophet by al-Akbari who died in 616 AH, because the study of the entire postulate requires several researches.

THE CONCEPT, BASIS AND CALL TO GODLINESS IN THE PASTORAL EPISTLES

This article will focus upon the concept of godliness in the Pastoral Epistles. The actual term eusebeia, “godliness,” is used ten times in the Letters, (1 Timothy 2:2; 3:16; 4:7, 8; 6:3, 5, 6, 11; 2 Timothy 3:5; Titus 1:1) Beyond these Epistles the word occurs only once in Acts 3:12 and four times in 2 Peter 1:3, 6, 7; 3:11. Related words, as the adjective eusebēs “devout” or “godly,” the adverb eusebōs “godly” and the verb eusebein “to worship” or “show godliness” are also found. Wherever these words occur there appears to be no significant difference in meaning. This article will seek to explore the concept eusebeia, noting how it was used in the Greco-Roman society and the Hellenistic Jewish community. Considering the main texts where the term occurs in the Pastoral Epistles, we will examine how Paul has then adapted this concept to define for Timothy and Titus the Christian’s new existence in Christ, based on his mission, an existence reflecting devotion to God and the consequent manner of life which follows, whether one is in leadership or otherwise.

The difference in Lexical Meaning of ‘Female’ in the Malay Language: ‘Perempuan’ against ‘Wanita’: A Corpus-Driven Analysis

The difference in Lexical Meaning of ‘Female’ in the Malay Language: ‘Perempuan’ against ‘Wanita’: A Corpus-Driven Analysis

The difference in Lexical Meaning of ‘Female’ in the Malay Language: ‘Perempuan’ against ‘Wanita’: A Corpus-Driven Analysis

The difference in Lexical Meaning of ‘Female’ in the Malay Language: ‘Perempuan’ against ‘Wanita’: A Corpus-Driven Analysis

A study on the mediating effect of the meaning of work in the effect of person-job fit on job satisfaction in terms of vocational education for the Korean elderly

Introduction. Along with the increase in the elderly population, the difficulties of old age, such as illness, poverty, loneliness, and inactivity of the elderly, are becoming social problems, and the biggest difficulty among them is poverty. As a countermeasure against economic difficulties, Korean elderly people try to resolve them by continuing to work and vocational education. Person-job fit and meaning of work are important to continue working even in old age, but previous studies on old-age work in Korea lacked interest in person-job fit and meaning of work. This study aimed to find out the mediating effect of meaning of work in the effect of person-job fit on job satisfaction of elderly people aged 60 or older who are currently working. Based on the results of this study, it will be suggested that vocational education for the elderly is important to improve job satisfaction through the meaning of work and personal-work fit of the elderly. Research methods. A survey was conducted in May and June 2022 with elderly people aged 60 or older who are currently working, and finally, the data of 255 subjects were used for analysis. Frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS Win 24.0 version and moderating effect analysis was conducted using SPSS PROCESS macro 4.1 version. Results. First, in the case of working Korean elderly people, person-job fit, which means the fit between the characteristics of the job they are currently doing and their personal characteristics, scored 3.59, job satisfaction scored 3.57 points, and meaning of work scored 3.73 points out of 5 points in full, and all of them were high level above the median. Second, there were differences in person-job fit, job satisfaction, and meaning of work according to the personal characteristics of the elderly. Third, the higher the person-job fit of the elderly, the higher the job satisfaction. Fourth, the meaning of work mediated the relationship between the person-job fit and job satisfaction of the elderly. Practical significance. Person-job fit is important to increase the job satisfaction of the working elderly, but a plan to help them find the meaning of work is also needed. Therefore, customized vocational education for the elderly is important. It is necessary to provide customized vocational education according to the age, marriage status, academic level, economic status, health status, future work intention of each elderly person. And, it is necessary to provide various services such as job counseling, mediation, employment linkage, and follow-up management along with job education training. Through these services, personal-job fit is enhanced, meaning of work is found, and ultimately it is expected to increase job satisfaction and improve quality of life.

Difficulties in Comprehending Japanese Fukugoudoushi of the Japanese Language Learners from Indonesia

Compound verbs, or Fukugoudoushi in Japanese, are unique verbs formed by combining two or more verbs or free morphemes. The Japanese language has around 2,700 compound verbs used daily. According to Morita (1991)'s survey in "Reikai Kokugo Jiten," 11.4% of the documented words are verbs, with compound verbs accounting for 39.29%. Compound verb proficiency presents three hurdles, according to Matsuda (2004). These problems include comprehending the variables that control compound verb combination, distinguishing the nuanced meaning differences between single and compound verbs, and designing effective learning strategies to help achieve compound verb acquisition. In this study, researchers used written assessments, questionnaires, and interviews to determine the factors that affect Fukugoudoushi comprehension and how to remedy them. According to test results, students' difficulty understanding compound verb semantics can be categorized into the following categories:1) Compound verbs encompassing acquired and unacquired information. 2) Verb compounds with different frequency in spoken and written language. 3. Compound verbs for physical or intangible notions. The methods for understanding compound verbs are: Three compound verb interpretation strategies exist. First, understand each verb individually, starting with 1 and then 2. The noun nearest to a compound verb might also indicate its meaning. The second way to interpret compound verbs is to look at the sentence as a whole. Finally, the third method infers compound verb meanings from known verbs.

Kinesio Taping™ effects with different directions and tensions on the muscle activity of the rectus femoris of young adults with a muscle imbalance promoted by mechanical vibration: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTherapeutic strategies such as improvement muscle activation are fundamental for clinical practice, especially for the quadriceps muscle. It is not yet clear in the literature whether Kinesio Taping (KT) can modify muscle activation. This study sought to evaluate the effect of Kinesio Taping™ (KT) with different directions and tensions on the muscle activity of the rectus femoris in young adults with a muscle imbalance promoted by mechanical vibration. Thirty-two subjects were allocated into two groups: group A, used taping origin to insertion and group B, used taping insertion to origin. In both groups the dominant limb received the taping while the non-dominant limb was used as a control. A continuous vibration (60 Hz) was conducted on the patella tendon for 20 min before the electromyography (EMG) evaluation. Mean and maximum EMG values of the rectus femoris were collected during three maximal isometric voluntary contractions performed in 5 s. Muscle activity was evaluated three times: prior to KT application, immediately after KT placement, and 24 h later. These evaluations were done with 0% (no tension), with 10% (paper off), and with 75–100% (total tension) on both groups. Significance level of p < 0.05 was used.ResultsCompared with no intervention, on group A, there were differences for mean and maximum EMG values 24-h post-application with 0%, 10%, and 75% of tension (p < 0.05). On group B, there were differences for maximum EMG values immediately and 24 h post-application with 0% and 75% of tension (p < 0.05). There were no differences between both groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsKinesio Taping applied with different directions and tensions increased the muscle activity immediately and 24 h post-application of the rectus femoris of healthy individuals. The inhibition technique cannot decrease the muscle activity.

Merunut Makna Kata “Refreshing” dan “Healing”: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

This article aims to explain the differences in meanings between the words "refreshing" and "healing," and to elaborate on how social factors influence the interpretations of these two words. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. Data collection techniques involve questionnaire, interview, and library study. The data is analyzed based on the sociolinguistic approach. The results of the study show that generally people use the words "refreshing" and "healing" without knowing the meanings of these two words. These words are even used interchangeably and are considered recreational words. However, both words have different meanings, either in terms of internal aspects of language (semantics) or in terms of external aspects of language (sociolinguistics). The term "refreshing" literally means "making you feel cooler or less tired"; and, something very different and interesting. The word "healing" is defined as a process of recovery, both physically and emotionally. In a social context, "refreshing" can refer to pleasant and invigorating social interactions; whereas, the word "healing" can reflect the culture of care and social support in certain societies.

Contrastive analysis of linguocultural connotations of zoonymic imagery in English, Ukrainian and Russian proverbs

The use of contrastive analysis as a linguistic research method is effective at all language levels, especially at lexico-semantic and lexico-phraseological levels. Zoonymic images fixed in the language are associated with national and cultural stereotypes, value standards, which testifies to the individuality of the figurative thinking of speakers of the language, as well as to differences and similarities of language worldview. The article presents a contrastive analysis of the linguocultural connotations of zoonymic images in English, Ukrainian, and Russian proverbs. In the analyzed languages, the imagery of the proverb with a zoonymic component is formed by two main ways: as the figurative meaning of the whole sentence with the direct meaning of its component parts; as the figurative meaning of the parts of the sentence with the figurative meaning of the whole sentence. The following types of formal similarities and differences in English, Ukrainian, and Russian proverbs with a zoonymic image are identified: full logical and figurative similarity; logical and figurative similarity at the level of the whole statement and differences at the level of words; identity of logical meaning and complete difference in imagery; similarity of imagery and differences of logical meanings. Similarities and differences in zoonymic imagery are explained by a number of reasons: differences in folklore imagery system; differences in the national and cultural systems, which are reflected in proverbs; borrowing images from well-known religious or literary texts; typological and areal similarities and differences of the figurative systems. In various languages, the symbolic meaning of zoonyms is based on the importance of a certain animal, bird or insect in economic activity, in social and everyday life, in the mythological and religious worldview of the people. Specific examples (bull / ox; бик /віл; бык / вол) show that zoonymic images in different languages can completely coincide in their semantic meaning, be similar, or completely different. Zoonyms are formed according to mental patterns based on metaphorical transference and have evaluative and linguocultural connotations.

용언 ‘싶다’의 문법적 성격에 대한 논의

This paper aims to explain the grammatical characteristics of the verb ‘sipta' in Korean. In previous studies, the verb ‘sipta’ is dealt with a dependent verb and the verb ‘sipta’ with the former verbs ending suffix construct the so-called “periphrastic constructions”. ‘-ko sipta’ and ‘-nunka sipta’ are two main “periphrastic constructions”. When ‘-ko sipta’ is used in the sentence, this sentence should be interpreted as ‘the speaker want to realize the meaning of the previous verb.’ When ‘-nunka sipta’ is used in the sentence, this sentence should be interpreted as ‘the speaker can guess or think the preposition of the sentence’. The previous studies proposed that ‘spita’ makes ‘periphrastic constructions’ and these constructions are interpreted as various meaning in Korean. This study tried to explain the meanings and the grammatical features of the verb ‘sipta’. This paper proposed that the verb ‘sipta’ related to a grammatical category [person]. As a result. the feature [+1st person] is realized, the verb ‘sipta’ means ‘hope or desire’ and the feature [-1st person] is realized. the verb ‘sipta’ means ‘guess or think’. The difference of this person feature shows us to the difference of meaning of the verb ‘sipta’ and the realization of the verb ending suffix and the verb ‘sipta’ in Korean.

Learning speaker-specific linguistic ‘style’ is mediated by deviance from common language use

AbstractDifferent speakers sometimes convey similar meanings differently. This study examined whether listeners could learn to associate a specific linguistic ‘style’ with a certain speaker, with no apparent difference in meaning, and the role of unnatural linguistic choices (or unexpectedness) in such learning. We created an inter-speaker variation in ‘style’ using the weak adjective ordering preferences in Hebrew. Participants were exposed to two different speakers, each producing a different adjective order, consistently. We manipulated the combinations of order pairings, based on their naturalness (with two natural orders, a natural and an unnatural order, and two unnatural orders), and examined participants’ ability to associate a unique order with a specific speaker. In two experiments, using different statistical analyses, we show that listeners can learn speaker-specific language use when it is irrelevant for meaning inferences, when deviance from natural or expected language use is involved. We further discuss whether learning may be facilitated by differences in naturalness or structural form. Our findings suggest that listeners are sensitive to inter-speaker variability in ‘style’, mostly when this ‘style’ is unexpected. This is in line with the predictions of Surprisal theory, and may suggest that surprisal plays a major role in learning speaker-specific language use.

Interrelationships and properties of parasite aggregation measures: a user’s guide

Aggregation of macroparasites among hosts is nearly universal among parasite-host associations. Researchers testing hypotheses on origins of parasite aggregation and its importance to parasite and host population ecology have used different measures of aggregation that are not necessarily measuring the same thing, potentially clouding our understanding of underlying epidemiological processes. We highlight these differences in meanings by exploring properties and interrelationships of six common measures of parasite aggregation, and provide a “user’s guide” to inform researchers’ decisions regarding their application. We compared the mathematical expressions of the different measures of aggregation, and ran two series of simulations and analyses. The first simulations tested the effect of random removals of parasites on aggregation levels under different conditions, while the second explored interrelationships between the measures, as well as between other individual parasitological sample measures (i.e. mean abundance, prevalence) and aggregation. Results of simulations and analyses showed that the six measures of aggregation could be separated readily into three groups: the variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) together with mean crowding, patchiness with k of the negative binomial, and Poulin’s D with Hoover’s index. These three pairs of measures showed differing responses to random parasite removals and differing relations with mean abundance and/or prevalence, highlighting that metrics capture different variation in other sample measures and different attributes of aggregation. We used results of our simulations and analyses, and a literature review, to list the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each aggregation metric. We provide a comprehensive exploration of what is assessed by each metric, as a guide to metric choice. We implore researchers to provide enough information such that aggregation measures from each group are reported or can be readily calculated. Such steps are needed to allow large-scale analyses of variation in degrees of aggregation within and among parasite-host associations, to uncover epidemiological processes shaping parasite distributions.