Differences In Density Research Articles

Nutrition contributions of coral reef fisheries not enhanced by capture of small fish

Recent policy recommendations have highlighted the nutritional benefits of fisheries that capture small finfish species. Small fish, particularly those that feed in the pelagic zone, tend to be more nutrient dense than larger species, with increased concentrations of calcium, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids. However, capturing fish below some recommended size limit (i.e., length at first maturity = Lmat) in coral reefs is frequently considered to be unsustainable and associated with reduced yields and losses of ecosystem functions. To evaluate the potential effects of fish body size, we analyzed nutrient concentrations of 424 demersal and pelagic finfish species reported from Western Indian Ocean artisanal fisheries. We found that length and food source are associated with only small differences in nutrient density in the artisanal catches of this region (≤7% of a child's daily requirement in most cases). We also analyzed 20 years of catch monitoring data from Kenya, where many of the common species have Lmat ∼20–25 cm, to test the potential benefits and tradeoffs of capturing small fishes. Small capture sizes were associated with low yields and sexually immature catches with a mean length of 15 cm resulting in 38% lower catch per unit effort, 37% lower nutrient yield, and a 22% lower maturity index compared to a mean body length of 30 cm. Catches of undersized fish were not associated with substantial increases or decreases in nutrient content relative to human nutritional requirements. Thus, coral reef artisanal fisheries should target moderate to large fishes (>20 cm) to maximize overall yield, nutrient yield, and sustainability.

Interfacial quantum chemical characterization of aromatic organic matter adsorption on oxidized microplastic surfaces

Examining the adsorption efficiency of individual contaminants on microplastics (MPs) is resource-intensive and time-consuming. To address this challenge, combined laboratory adsorption experiments with model simulations were performed to investigate the adsorption capacities and mechanisms of MPs before and after aging. Our adsorption experiments revealed that aged polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs exhibited increased adsorption capacity for benzene, phenol, and naphthalene. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided insights into changes in adsorption sites, adsorption energy, and charge density on MPs. The π bond of the benzene ring emerged as a pivotal factor in the adsorption process, with van der Waals forces exerting dominant influence. For instance, the adsorption energy of benzene on pristine PE was −0.01879 eV. When oxidized groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl, on the surface of aged PE became the adsorption sites, the adsorption energy increased to −0.06976, −0.04781, and −0.04903 eV, respectively. Regions with unoxidized functional groups also exhibited higher adsorption energies than pristine PE. These results indicated that aged PE had a stronger affinity for benzene compared to pristine PE, enhancing its adsorption. Charge density difference and energy density of states corroborated this observation, revealing larger π-bond charge accumulation areas for benzene on aged PE, suggesting stronger dipole interactions and enhanced adsorption. Similar trends were observed for phenol and naphthalene. In summary, the DFT calculations aligned with the adsorption experiment findings, confirming the effectiveness of simulation methods in predicting changes in the adsorption performance of aged MPs.

Effects of cage topology on ethylene adsorption mechanism in silver exchanged CHA and RHO zeolites: An Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Density Functional study

Zeolite-based adsorbents have been successfully used for many challenging separations due to their tunable properties. A particularly notable application involves the separation of light olefins from paraffins, wherein the molecular sieving properties of zeolites play a pivotal role. Additionally, the selective interaction of alkenes with transition metal cations, positioned within the channels and cavities of microporous zeolites, further enhances separation capabilities.This study aims to comprehensively characterize the interactions between ethylene and Ag+ exchanged zeolites, employing a multidisciplinary approach, combining Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), UV–Vis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. CHA and RHO, zeolites largely applied in gas separation processes, were chosen due to their similar small pore sizes and pore volume, but different cavity shapes and flexibilities.The interpretation of derived DFT Electron Density Difference, experimentally supported by 13C Solid State NMR results, provide an understanding of each framework’s role during the charge transfer mechanisms between ethylene and transition metal species. Specific deformations in the flexible framework of zeolite RHO explain a blueshift of the band at 400 cm−1 in the librational region of INS spectra compared to CHA. This structural change in RHO, represented by the conic shape of the cage 8-ring side pockets, increases steric effects over the adsorbate while rendering the metallic adsorption center less exposed within the zeolite’s cavity, finally leading to a weaker adsorption energy. The redshift of C=C stretching frequencies observed by IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, as well as C=C and C-H bond lengthening of ethylene confirm the formation of π-complexes on silver in both zeolites and allowed a further evaluation of the effects of the different frameworks cages on the aforementioned interaction.

The effects of eyelash extensions on the ocular surface

PurposeTo investigate the effects of eyelash extensions on the ocular surface. MethodsThis prospective study included 32 participants with eyelash extensions in both eyes. Symptoms and clinical parameters such as conjunctival vascular density, tear meniscus height (TMH), noninvasive tear break-up time, bulbar redness, meibography, lipid layer thickness, and corneal staining were assessed in the right eyes. These measurements were taken at baseline and 1 h, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after eyelash extensions were applied. ResultsAt 1 h after eyelash extensions, ocular symptoms were reported by 27 participants (84.44 %), the most common being foreign body sensation (59.38 %). However, the Ocular Surface Disease Index scores were not statistically different between baseline, 1 week, and 1 month after eyelash extension (P > 0.05). TMH increased significantly at 1 h after eyelash extensions, from 0.27 ± 0.08 mm (baseline) to 0.29 ± 0.07 mm (P = 0.02). Subsequently, TMH decreased and was the lowest at 1 week at 0.24 ± 0.08 mm. First tear break-up time and average tear break-up time decreased to the lowest at 1 week after eyelash extension, with 8.36 ± 4.6 s and 10.71 ± 4.99 s, respectively, both of which were statistically different from baseline (P < 0.05). Corneal staining score was highest at 1 h after eyelash extensions at 0.78 ± 1.34. However, there were no significant differences in the conjunctival vascular density, bulbar redness, meiboscore, or lipid layer thickness. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that eyelash extensions can lead to an imbalance in ocular surface homeostasis, resulting in corneal epithelial defects and short-term decreased tear film stability.

Regional differences in synaptic degeneration are linked to alpha-synuclein burden and axonal damage in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies

Regional differences in synaptic degeneration may underlie differences in clinical presentation and neuropathological disease progression in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Here, we mapped and quantified synaptic degeneration in cortical brain regions in PD, PD with dementia (PDD) and DLB, and assessed whether regional differences in synaptic loss are linked to axonal degeneration and neuropathological burden. We included a total of 47 brain donors, 9 PD, 12 PDD, 6 DLB and 20 non-neurological controls. Synaptophysin+ and SV2A+ puncta were quantified in eight cortical regions using a high throughput microscopy approach. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) immunoreactivity, Lewy body (LB) density, phosphorylated-tau and amyloid-β load were also quantified. Group differences in synaptic density, and associations with neuropathological markers and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores, were investigated using linear mixed models. We found significantly decreased synaptophysin and SV2A densities in the cortex of PD, PDD and DLB cases compared to controls. Specifically, synaptic density was decreased in cortical regions affected at Braak α-synuclein stage 5 in PD (middle temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate and insula), and was additionally decreased in cortical regions affected at Braak α-synuclein stage 4 in PDD and DLB compared to controls (entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus). Synaptic loss associated with higher NfL immunoreactivity and LB density. Global synaptophysin loss associated with longer disease duration and higher CDR scores. Synaptic neurodegeneration occurred in temporal, cingulate and insular cortices in PD, as well as in parahippocampal regions in PDD and DLB. In addition, synaptic loss was linked to axonal damage and severe α-synuclein burden. These results, together with the association between synaptic loss and disease progression and cognitive impairment, indicate that regional synaptic loss may underlie clinical differences between PD and PDD/DLB. Our results might provide useful information for the interpretation of synaptic biomarkers in vivo.

The importance of bone density and anatomical structure in superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

This study investigates the importance of bone density, surface area, and diameter of anatomical structures of the superior semicircular canal (SSC), lateral semicircular canal (LSC), posterior semicircular canal (PSC), utricle, and saccule in patients diagnosed with superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD). The bone density, surface area, and diameter of SSC, LSC, PSC, utricle, and saccule were measured and compared between the SSCD group and control group. Fifteen ears in the SSCD group and 60 ears in the control group were evaluated. Additionally, within the SSCD group, the dehiscent and healthy sides were evaluated independently. SSC's bone density was significantly lower in the SSCD group compared to the control group (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found in surface area and diameter between the groups (p > 0.05). While most of the anatomical structures showed no significant difference in bone density between dehiscent and healthy ears (p > 0.05), SSC bone density was significantly lower in affected ears (p = 0.000) in SSCD group. Based on the data obtained in this study, bone density and anatomical structure may be useful in patients diagnosed with SSCD.

Risk factors of instrumentation failure after laminectomy and posterior cervical fusions (PCF)

BackgroundFor patients with multilevel degenerative cervical myelopathy, laminectomy and posterior cervical fusions (PCF) with instrumentation are widely accepted techniques for symptom relief. However, hardware failure is not rare and results in neck pain or even permanent neurological lesions. There are no in-depth studies of hardware-related complications following laminectomy and PCF with instrumentation.MethodsThe present study was a retrospective, single centre, observational study. Patients who underwent laminectomy and PCF with instrumentation in a single institution between January 2019 and January 2021 were included. Patients were divided into hardware failure and no hardware failure group according to whether there was a hardware failure. Data, including sex, age, screw density, end vertebra (C7 or T1), cervical sagittal alignment parameters (C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis, T1 slope, Cervical lordosis correction), regional Hounsfield units (HU) of the screw trajectory and osteoporosis status, were collected and compared between the two groups.ResultsWe analysed the clinical data of 56 patients in total. The mean overall follow-up duration was 20.6 months (range, 12–30 months). Patients were divided into the hardware failure group (n = 14) and no hardware failure group (n = 42). There were no significant differences in the general information (age, sex, follow-up period) of patients between the two groups. The differences in fusion rate, fixation levels, and screw density between the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The failure rate of fixation ending at T1 was lower than that at C7 (9% vs. 36.3%) (p = 0.019). The regional HU values of the pedicle screw (PS) and lateral mass screw (LMS) in the failure group were lower than those in the no failure group (PS: 267 ± 45 vs. 368 ± 43, p = 0.001; LMS: 308 ± 53 vs. 412 ± 41, p = 0.001). The sagittal alignment parameters did not show significant differences between the two groups before surgery or at the final follow-up (p > 0.05). The hardware failure rate in patients without osteoporosis was lower than that in patients with osteoporosis (14.3% vs. 57.1%) (p = 0.001).ConclusionsOsteoporosis, fixation ending at C7, and low regional HU value of the screw trajectory were the independent risk factors of hardware failure after laminectomy and PCF. Future studies should illuminate if preventive measures targeting these factors can help reduce hardware failure and identified more risk factors, and perform long-term follow-up.

Mechanistic insights and DFT analysis of bimetal doped styrofoam-like LaFeO3 perovskites with in-built dual redox couples for enhanced Photo-Fenton degradation of Tetracycline

The rising number of contaminants released into the environment and the inadequacies of traditional wastewater treatment techniques have led to the demand for enhanced oxidation technologies like photo-Fenton. In this study, bimetal co-doped lanthanum orthoferrite (BixLa1-xCuyFe1-yO3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1; y = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15)) based photo-Fenton catalysts with the in-built redox couples Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu+ and oxygen vacancies have been successfully synthesised via a facile one-pot solution combustion route. Systematic studies show that the Bi0.05La0.95Cu0.1Fe0.9O3 (LFOBC) exhibits an optimal photo-Fenton degradation rate of 0.0497/min for Tetracycline (TC) removal, being ∼ 1.8 and ∼ 6.2 times greater than Bi0.05La0.95FeO3 (LFOB) and pristine LaFeO3 (LFO) respectively. DFT analysis confirmed the better adsorption and dissociation of H2O2 on a bimetal co-doped catalyst and identified the electron density difference in LFOBC, which can induce the H2O2 dissociation. A detailed investigation of various influencing reaction parameters is explored. The degradation pathway for the LFOBC catalyst with the toxicological characteristics of each intermediate is analysed. This study presents the Bi0.05La0.95Cu0.1Fe0.9O3 as a potential photocatalyst for enhanced photo-Fenton degradation with excellent efficiency observed for the degradation of various harmful pollutants for environmental remediation.

Physical removal of PAXHs from highly contaminated soil by density differentiation: studying the effectiveness on the molecular level.

Contaminated soils from industrial sites, such as for coal mining or manufactured gas production, can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a concentration higher than 10 000 mg kg-1, which require an integrated approach for remediation. A physical treatment by separating organic contaminants from soil materials using the density difference could lower the cost for the upcoming chemical and/or biological treatment. In our study, a highly PAH contaminated soil was separated in a 39% (w/w) calcium chloride solution (ρ = 1.4 g cm-3) via stirring, aeration or ultrasonication. Both first and second methods could separate soil materials from organic particles efficiently. The light fraction comprised around 10% of the total soil weight but 80% of solvent extractable organics (SEO). Optical and transmission electron microscopic analysis showed the light fraction, which consisted of mainly black solid aggregates (BSA), differed strongly from soil materials. Additionally, the original contaminated soil, its light and heavy fractions and the corresponding water phase together with the manually separated BSA were analyzed on the molecular level using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods, such as electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI). Results showed that SEO, which were primarily associated with BSA and successfully separated through physical method, contained mainly condensed aromatic ring structures of pure hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles with low oxygen content.

Use of micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy to distinguish natural white spot enamel lesions from sound enamel in human premolars.

The aim of the present study was to develop a novel method for distinguishing white spot lesions (WSLs) from sound enamel in human premolars using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and to examine differences in surface morphology, chemical composition, and mineral density (MD) between these two areas. Fourteen premolars with natural WSLs on the enamel surface of the crowns were examined. After sectioning the teeth, each specimen containing WSLs adjacent to intact enamel was examined for MD, surface morphology, and atomic percentages (At%) of chemical components using micro-CT and SEM/EDS, respectively. Differences between these areas of the same specimen were analyzed statistically using paired t-test. SEM images highlighted increased roughness and irregularity in the lesion area. EDS analysis revealed significant reductions in calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and sodium (Na) levels at the lesion surface in comparison to intact enamel (P < 0.05). The decreases in the MD of the lesions were statistically significant in comparison to sound enamel (P < 0.05). These findings provide standard measurements for evaluating the essential characteristics of WSLs and intact enamel, being vital for assessment of treatment outcomes and development of innovative biomaterials for management of hypo-mineralized enamel lesions.

Effect of phospholipid‐eluting contact lens on dry eye in rabbit

Aims/Purpose: To investigate the effects of new phosphatidylcholine‐eluting contact lenses (PC‐CL) on dry eye in Rabbit.Methods: 18 New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. Meibomian gland orifices were electrocauterized in the dry eye group. PC‐CL were provided from Neo Vision (Yongin, Korea). Rabbits were fitted with control contact lens on one eye and 0.1% PC‐CL on the other eye or with 0.1% PC‐CL on one eye and 0.3% PC‐CL on the other eye. Tear break‐up time (TBUT), tear osmolarity, and corneal fluorescein staining score (FSS), central corneal thickness (CCT), and conjunctival histology were evaluated.Results: In both dry eye and non‐dry eye group, TBUT was longer and tear osmolarity was lower in 0.1% PC‐CL compared to control lens. Cornea was stained with fluorescein in dry eye group, but not in non‐dry eye group. CCT showed no difference in PC‐CL and control lens on both dry eye and non‐dry eye group. In dry eye group, goblet cell density tended to be slightly higher in PC‐CL compared to control. There was no significant difference in TBUT, tear osmolarity, CCT, FSS, and goblet cell density between 0.1% PC‐CL and 0.3% PC‐CL.Conclusions: PC‐CL stabilized tear film and lowered tear osmolarity in dry eye. Thus, it may reduce dry eye symptoms and contact lens complications in clinical practice.

Natural grassland conversion to agriculture or pine plantations: Effects on soil methane uptake

AbstractUpland soils are the only known biological sink for methane (CH4) by methanotrophic bacteria consumption. This process is mainly limited by the diffusion processes related to the soil's physical characteristics, which can be modified because of changes in land use depending on the soil type, the original system and the new land use converted. Our study focused on determining the differences in soil CH4 uptake because of changes in land use (from natural grassland to agricultural land and two Pinus radiata afforestation, differing in thinning management) and on determining which are the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in the studied soil type (Hapludoll), with focus on the diffusion process. CH4 fluxes were measured 12 times with the static chamber technique between October 2015 and April 2019. Also, CH4 gradient concentration in the soil profile and physical and chemical variables were measured on the same dates. All land uses studied acted as net CH4 sinks. Land‐use change from grassland to agriculture decreased soil CH4 uptake (~37% ± 19), whereas afforestation increased (~85% ± 73) this environmental service related to natural grassland. We found that the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in this soil are water and air‐filled pore space, variables that govern soil CH4 diffusion; they are mostly related to differences in bulk density (compaction) among land uses. Organic matter was also an important driver, mainly related to soil structure. Land‐use change affected all of these drivers. CH4 concentration presented differences at deeper soil layers only in the two afforestations, which differed in management (pruning and thinning vs. no management). However, CH4 uptake did not present significant differences between them, suggesting that there is no need for a high tree cover to increase the CH4 sink of the soil. This mixed tree and herbaceous cover may result in a similar environmental service output, increasing the options of land uses.

Intermetallic compounds growth and morphology evolution of Al6061/SS304 electromagnetic pulse welding joint interface during post-weld heat treatment

The effects of heat treatment on the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and morphology at the interface of stainless steel 304 bonded to aluminum 6061 by electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW) were investigated in this study. A thin discontinuous non-uniform wavy transition layer with an average thickness of 1.144 μm was formed at the interface of the as-welded joint. After heat treatment, the average grain size of the Al/SS304 interface grew from 6.85 μm to 7.42 μm. The thickness of the transition layer increased significantly, reaching an average thickness of 4.109 μm after heating at 210 °C for 4 h. In addition, the wavy interface grew gradually and became smooth with increasing heating temperature, suggesting the growth rate of the IMCs at the trough was greater than that at the adjacent crest. Then the effect of heating time on the growth of IMCs was studied. According to the characteristics of the transition layer and the diffusion law, the IMCs grew faster at the trough than at the crest of the transition layer. Differences in element concentration, crystal deformation, grain boundaries, dislocation density, and energy storage were observed at the trough and crest of the interface as a result of the different growth rates of the IMCs.

The Signature of Climate in Fluvial Suspended Sediment Records

AbstractArid regions are often characterized by exceptionally high rates of fluvial sediment transport, but the processes responsible for this apparent connection between climate and sediment transport remain unclear. We examined decades of continuous flow records and suspended sediment concentrations from 71 rivers across the United States by comparing the suspended sediment rating curve behavior, quantified using power law coefficients and exponents, to an aridity index. Results indicate that higher aridity correlates with both greater overall suspended sediment concentration and lower sensitivity of concentration to changes in discharge, demonstrating that rivers in arid locations on average have greater suspended sediment transport efficiency across most discharges, and achieve high transport rates at a relatively lower discharge than rivers in temperate climates. Furthermore, based on additional analyses of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, specific suspended sediment yield, and a hydrograph flashiness index, we attribute the relationships between sediment transport and climate primarily to differences in vegetation density, precipitation, and runoff, variables that all influence both sediment supply and riverbed grain sorting. Finally, we note that the observed contrasts in sediment transport behavior likely represent climate‐driven differences in the magnitude and frequency of sediment supply rather than annual suspended sediment load, which does not depend significantly on climate. This study highlights a critical connection between multiple interrelated climatic factors and sediment transport, an important finding for future hazard mitigation in a changing climate with rapidly shifting vegetation patterns and hydrology.

Polarization effect induced by strain in hexagonal boron nitride nanoribbons

As a member of the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) system, boron nitride nanoribbons (BNNRs) have a BN polar covalent bonding infrastructure, and there are small-scale effects with strong correlation with piezoelectric effects as well as edge-strengthening quantum effects. However, realizing the polarization effect on BNNRs through experiments remains challenging. Here, we verify the strain-induced polarization effect on BNNRs through computational simulations and experiments. Using the ten-point iterative method, a computational model that can be used for the discrete difference of the polarization charge density and energy density of BNNRs is developed, and the correctness of the model for the polarization effect of Gaussian strain-induced BNNRs is verified by the computational programming in Python language. The polarization effects of strain-induced zigzag-edge BNNRs (ZBNNRs) for sawtooth strain, parabolic strain and oblique sawtooth strain are also investigated separately. In addition, the results of the computational simulations are experimentally verified to be consistent with the theoretical calculations. And the piezoelectric constant of − 276.88 pm∙V−1 for strained ZBNNRs is found to be four times higher than that of unstrained ZBNNRs. This study provides a relevant reference for the study of realizing the high integration of nano-scale h-BN based piezoelectricity for piezoelectricity.

Comparação entre as ondas contínua e pulsada do laser de baixa intensidade na cicatrização de enxertos cutâneos aplicados em feridas recém-criadas de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

ABSTRACT: Skin grafting is a simple and very useful surgical technique for wound repair, especially where there is difficulty in performing direct synthesis or other reconstructive techniques. low-intensity laser (LIL) has already been used successfully in cases where the graft was applied to wounds shortly after its creation. However, LIL still lacks standardization due to conflicting studies on its results. Thus, this study compared the effectiveness of continuous wave LIL with pulsed wave LIL in stimulating the healing of skin grafts, applied to newly created wounds in rabbits. For this purpose, 31 rabbits were distributed into: control group (CG, n = 10), continuous wave laser group (GLC; n = 10) and pulsed wave laser group (GLP; n = 11). Postoperative management was similar between all groups, with the exception of laser application, as indicated by the group. The GLC and GLP groups showed similar evolution, with a satisfactory healing process of the graft, unlike the GC group. These results were maintained in the microscopic evaluation, as the groups treated with laser showed less inflammation, better integration with the receptor area, greater re-epithelialization and collagenization. There was no difference in vascular density between the treatment groups on immunohistochemical analysis. The newly created wound was not able to provide nutrition for the skin graft in rabbits, but LIL is an efficient adjuvant therapy in stimulating healing between the recipient area and the graft, promoting full integration. However; although, statistically there was no difference in the form of light emission, pulsed or continuous, patients who received continuous wave LIL showed superior microscopic evolution.

Structural, microstructure, dielectric relaxation, and AC conduction studies of perovskite SrSnO3 and Ruddlesden-Popper oxide Sr2SnO4.

Here, we report a comparison study on the synthesis and characterization of perovskite SrSnO3 (SSO) and Sr2SnO4 (S2SO). Rietveld refinement studies were performed on both prepared samples and suggest that they crystallized in cubic (SSO) and tetragonal (S2SO) structures. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy studies supported the XRD observations. Improved dielectric parameters were observed for S2SO over SSO due to differences in dislocation density, larger crystallite size, and denser microstructure. The electrical conduction and relaxation processes followed the Arrhenius type in both samples through the migration of oxygen vacancies via the Sn-site and the transfer of electrons between the Sn sites in two different temperature regions. These processes in the samples occurred via correlated barrier hopping (CBH) in SSO and the non-overlapping of small-polaron tunnelling (NSPT) in S2SO. The conduction and relaxation processes had similar sources of charge carriers but differed in the concentration and mobility of charge carriers. The presented materials can be utilized for dielectric capacitors, sensors, and mixed ionic and electronic conductor-based electrodes in IT-SOFC applications.

Peripapillary and macular vessel density changes after trabeculectomy

Aims/Purpose: to evaluate peripapillary, optic disc and macular microvascular changes in glocomatous eyes after trabeculectomy using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods: 90 eyes of 52 patients with primary open angle (20%), pseudoexfoliative (71%) and angle closure glaucoma (9%), and were included. 24 eyes (Group 1) underwent trabeculectomy during the study, 34 eyes (Group 2) had previous trabeculectomy three years more ago and 37 eyes (Group 3) had no trabeculectomy trabeculectomy. The AngioVue OCTA (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) was performed at baseline (within one week before trabeculectomy for Group 1), one week and one month following baseline examination. The main outcomes of interest were changes in the superficial and deep macular vessel density (VD) as well as whole image and inside optic disc.Results: The mean IOP at baseline was 25.3 ± 5.0 mmHg, 14.4 ± 3.7 mmHg and 14.7 ± 3.6 mmHg for the Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 respectively. No significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between three groups, except for Group 3 group had milder glaucoma (it would be good to put the VF MD values of the groups). A reduction of IOP was observed in Group 1 one week and one month after trabeculectomy (14 ± 6.0 mmHg and 10 ± 6.2 mmHg respectively, p &lt; 0.001). There were no significant IOP changes in Group 2 and 3. In all groups the changes in macular vessel density were nonsignificant. In Group 1 the mean inside disc small vessel density increased one week postoperatively (p = 0.04) and peripapillary vessel density increased one month postoperatively(p = 0.03) when compared with the baseline values. There was no significant difference in mean peripapillary or macular vessel densities between groups.Conclusions: IOP reduction causes mild microvascular changes of optic disc and peripapillary regions in early postoperative period, however, does not affect macula.

Growth rate and survival of green shells (perna viridis l.) In ponds, alue naga village, banda aceh

Alue Naga is one of the coastal and marine areas in the city of Banda Aceh which has the potential for aquaculture and high economic value, namely green mussels (Perna viridis L). This research aims to determine the growth and survival rate of green mussels with different stocking densities in Alue Naga ponds which are still influenced by the tides of seawater. The layout of the green mussel cultivation container is at the pond water gate. The method used is an experimental test method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model with 3 treatments, each treatment 3 times repeated. Research shows that the best average growth and survival rate for green mussels are found in treatment A with a stocking density of 20 seeds/basket, absolute length growth with an average value of 45.52 ± 0.42 mm, weekly length growth rate with an average value -an average of 3.79 ± 0.03 mm/week and an average weight of 25.92 ± 0.19 grams, while the survival rate reached 91.66%. Differences in green mussel stocking density had a significant effect on absolute length growth (PM), absolute weight (BM), and weekly length growth rate (LPPM), while survival (SR) had no significant effect.

Partikül büyüklüğünün üzüm posasının kompozisyonuna ve hidrasyon, yağ tutma, termal, teknolojik özelliklerine etkisi

Grape pomace is a by-product of the beverage industry. In this study, composition, hydration, oil holding, thermal, and some technological properties, in addition to the colour values of grape pomace with particles larger than 595 μm, 298-595 μm, 150-297 μm, 149-106 μm, 75-105 μm and smaller than 74 μm were found to be different. In the sample with particles larger than 595 μm, ash, crude fat, carbohydrate content, sediment volume fraction in water and oil, pH, thermal diffusivity, and colour lightness (L) were measured higher than in the other samples. The water holding capacity, absorption index, oil holding capacity, and swelling power in oil were the highest in samples with 150-297 µm particle size. Moisture, crude protein content, solubility index, swelling power in the water, bulk and packed density, water activity, brix, refractive index, thermal conductivity, specific heat, redness (a), yellowness (b) and colour difference (∆E) properties were determined to be the highest in samples with particle sizes smaller than 74 µm.