Differences In Area Research Articles

Thermal behaviour of a transformer mineral oil‐tank surface under incipient turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit fault

AbstractA slight turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit fault in the incipient stage does not trigger fuse protection, and the regular transmission and transformation functions of the transformer within the power grid are not affected very much by the incipient turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit fault. Therefore, the incipient turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit faults are often undetected, resulting in massive accidents. Incipient turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit faults lead to localized overheating in the transformer, which changes the transformer's oil‐tank surface temperature (OTST). A thermal simulation model (TSM) is presented. Based on the TSM, OTST data with different load rates and fault parameters are collected. The steady‐state and transient characteristics of OTST are analysed by extracting the OTST feature vector and the temperature difference of specific regions. The results show that the growth of the heat production value of faulty coils causes a rise in the OTST; higher faulty coils' locations lead to wider OTST differences; the temperature difference's area S can follow the incipient short‐circuit fault in the first 20 min after it occurs, which is faster than the top oil temperature. This study gives insight into the thermal behaviour of OTST, assisting in fault detection and location at the incipient fault stage.

Histological indicators of sheep skin of different directions of productivity

The purpose of the research was to study the histological indicators of sheep skin of different directions of productivity and to identify the effectiveness of using sheep of foreign breeds on the breeding stock of domestic fine-wooled sheep of the meat-wool direction of productivity. An analysis of histological indicators of sheep skin in diff erent areas of productivity, including the histostructure of the skin of sheep breeds of foreign selection such as Poll Dorset, Charolais and Ile de France, sheep breeds of domestic selection Stavropol, Manych merino and Dzhalginsky merino has been presented in the article. The study of the mechanism of growth and development of wool fi bers is one of the main tasks of increasing the quantity and improving the quality of wool. In studying the morphology of the skin, it is important to establish the breed and age features of the structure of the root, glandular systems, collagen structures that ensure the quality of sheep skin and wool fi bers. Thus, in sheep of Poll Dorset breed the total skin thickness was 10,3 and 3,6 % higher than in Charolais and Ile-de-France animals, respectively. At the same time, the thickness of the epidermis was almost 1,0 % of the total thickness of the skin, while the pilar layer averaged 61,8 %, the reticular layer 37,23 %, which is consistent with the breed parameters. The biggest density of follicles was observed in sheep of Ile-de-France and Charolais breeds. The superiority over animals of Poll Dorset breed was 17,5 and 10,0 %, respectively. By the ratio of secondary follicles/primary follicles animals of Poll Dorset and Ile-de-France breeds had superiority over Charolais breed by an average of 12,4 and 11,2 %. Sheep of domestic selection had an advantage in skin thickness in animals of Manych merino breed. They surpassed their herdmates of Stavropol breed by 5,2 % and Dzhalginsky merino breed by 11,2 %. In terms of the total density of follicles, animals of Stavropol breed had a slight advantage. The animals of Manych merino breed were 3,2 % inferior to them and Dzhalginsky merino by 1,4 %. There was no diff erence between the breeds by the ratio of secondary follicles/primary follicles.

IMPORTANCE OF SEED QUALITY FOR THE FORESTRY SECTOR

Plant production is essential for the maintenance of human activity on Earth, and as seeds are the main tool for plant propagation, obtaining high-quality seeds is essential for successful planting. Forest species are applied in diff erent areas, such as timber, the pharmaceutical industry, landscaping projects, and degraded area recovery. The search for seedlings of forest species has increased due to the intense exploitation of ecosystems and the need to recover degraded areas. Therefore, it is necessary to use high-quality seeds that are composed of a complex set of attributes, including genetic, physical, physiological, and sanitary factors that directly infl uence the performance of seeds in the fi eld and their longevity in storage. Forest seeds have peculiarities, such as variable size and shape, nonuniform water content and germination speed, as well as diff erent drying and storage capacities. In addition, they have high genetic variability, which implies diffi culties in their management, such as the presence of dormancy, which can aff ect seed quality and seedling production. Seed germination and vigor are critical factors for the quality of forest seeds, but many species have not yet identifi ed their germination requirements. The lack of information about the peculiarities of each forest species and the high genetic variability among them makes it diffi cult to standardize methods for analyzing the physiological quality of seeds, in addition to becoming an obstacle to their use in reforestation projects, since the lack of diversity in the use of native species is a concern, as it reduces variety and endangers biodiversity

Data-driven models for flood prediction in an ungauged karst wetland: Napahai wetland, Yunnan, China.

Flood prediction for ungauged karst wetland is facing a great challenge. How to build a wetland hydrological model when there is a lack of basic hydrological data is the key to dealing with the above challenge. Napahai wetland is a typical ungauged karst wetland. In ungauged wetland/condition, this article used the wetland open water area (OWA) extracted from Landsat remote sensing images during 1987-2018 to characterize the hydrological characteristics of Napahai wetland. The local daily precipitation in the 1987-2018 rainy season (June-October) was used to set the variables. Based on the following hypothesis: in the rainy season, the OWA of the Napahai wetland rises when there is an increase in accumulated precipitation (AP), two data-driven models were established. The study took the area difference (AD) between two adjacent OWAs as the dependent variable, the accumulated precipitation (AP) within the acquisition time of two adjacent OWAs, and the corresponding time interval (TI) of the OWA as explanatory variables. Two data-driven models (a piecewise linear regression model and a decision tree model) were established to carry out flood forecasting simulations. The decision tree provided higher goodness of fit while the piecewise linear regression could offer a better interpretability between the variables which offset the decision tree. The results showed that: (1) the goodness of fit of the decision tree is higher than that of the piecewise linear regression model (2) the piecewise linear model has a better interpretation. When AP increased by 1 mm, the average AD increased by 2.41 ha; when TI exceeded 182 d and increased by 1 d, the average AD decreased to 3.66 ha. This article proposed an easy decision plan to help the local Napahai water managers forecast floods based on the results from the two models above. In addition, the modelling method proposed in this article, based on the idea of difference for non-equidistant time series, can be applied to karst wetland hydrological simulation problems with data acquisition difficulty.

Lymphatic insufficiency leads to distinct myocardial infarct content assessed by magnetic resonance TRAFFn, T1ρ and T2 relaxation times

The role of cardiac lymphatics in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction (MI) is unclear. Lymphatic system regulates cardiac physiological processes such as edema and tissue fluid balance, which affect MI pathogenesis. Recently, MI and fibrosis have been assessed using endogenous contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the relaxation along a fictitious field with rank n (RAFFn). We extended the RAFFn applications to evaluate the effects of lymphatic insufficiency on MI with comparison to longitudinal rotating frame (T1ρ) and T2 relaxation times. MI was induced in transgenic (TG) mice expressing soluble decoy VEGF receptor 3 that reduces lymphatic vessel formation and their wild-type (WT) control littermates for comparison. The RAFFn relaxation times with rank 2 (TRAFF2), and rank 4 (TRAFF4), T1ρ and T2 were acquired at time points 0, 3, 7, 21 and 42 days after the MI at 9.4 T. Infarct sizes were determined based on TRAFF2, TRAFF4, T1ρ and T2 relaxation time maps. The area of differences (AOD) was calculated based on the MI areas determined on T2 and TRAFF2, TRAFF4 or T1ρ relaxation time maps. Hematoxylin–eosin and Sirius red stained histology sections were prepared to confirm MI locations and sizes. MI was detected as increased TRAFF2, TRAFF4, T1ρ and T2 relaxation times. Infarct sizes were similar on all relaxation time maps during the experimental period. Significantly larger AOD values were found together with increased AOD values in the TG group compared to the WT group. Histology confirmed these findings. The lymphatic deficiency was found to increase cardiac edema in MI. The combination of TRAFF2 (or TRAFF4) and T2 characterizes MI and edema in the myocardium in both lymphatic insufficiency and normal mice without any contrast agents.

Defining Reference Values for the Normal Adult Lisfranc Joint Using Weightbearing Computed Tomography

The uninjured contralateral feet of consecutive patients undergoing cone-beam weightbearing computed tomography for acute Lisfranc injury between July 2017 and October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, any cases with history or radiological evidence of trauma to the Lisfranc interval were excluded. The area of the non-weightbearing (NWBA) and weightbearing (WBA) Lisfranc joint was calculated (in mm2) using a novel technique. Area difference (AD) was calculated as WBA-NWBA. Area ratio (AR) was calculated as WBA/NWBA. A subset of cases was double-measured by 2 technologists to evaluate inter- and intraobserver variability. A total of 91 patients aged 15 to 74 years were included in the study. The measurement technique was reproducible with excellent intraobserver correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: 0.998, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.996-0.999) and high interobserver correlation (ICC: 0.964, CI: 0.939-0.979). The median NWBA was 83 (range 52-171) and median WBA was 86 (range 52-171). Median AD was 1 mm2 (range -3 to 10) and median AR was 1.01 (range 0.96-1.11). No significant difference was identified in AD or AR when adjusted for age, gender, patient-weight or weight put through the foot. Both AD and AR distributions were highly skewed toward 0 and 1, respectively. Based on 95% CI, normal reference range for AD is -1 to 7 mm2 and for AR is 0.98 to 1.09. Absolute area of the Lisfranc joint is highly variable between individuals. The Lisfranc joint is rigid with little to no physiologic widening in most subjects. The normal upper limit of widening of the Lisfranc area on weightbearing was 9%. Differences in age, sex, patient-weight or weight put through the foot were not significantly associated with the extent of joint widening.

THE INFLUENCE OF HYPODYNAMY ON THE QUALITY OF THE FEMUR BONE TISSUE IN THE EXPERIMENT

Femur fractures make up 10-12% in the total number of all traumatic injuries of the human bone system. Among the reasons of the high frequency of femur fractures, various authors point out, in addition to anatomical features, a decrease in the quality of bone tissue caused by hypodynamia. The purpose of our work was to fi nd out the changes in the quality of bone tissue that develop in diff erent areas of the proximal part of the femur on the background of forced hypodynamia.The study was performed on 10 white outbredsexually mature male rats aged 3.0-3.5 months and with weigh 180.0-200.0 g. Forced hypodynamia was modeled by immobilizing the hind limbs with a plaster cast of the coxite type (with metal wire reinforcement), with full restriction of movement in hip and knee joints. The observation period was 4 weeks. The density of bone tissue in the area of the head, neck, greater trochanter and the proximal area of the diaphysis of the femur was determined by radiovisiography.It was established that the bone tissue of the greater trochanterhas has the highest density indicators (156.8±14.87), slightly lower has the head (143.92±13.07 CGU) and the proximal part of the diaphysis of the femur (136.32±19.68 CGU) and the lowest has the neckof the femur (131.28±12.86 CGU).On the background of the absence of changes in the hip and knee joints and in the structure of the bone tissue of the femur according to radiography data, after four weeks of forced hypodynamia, the density of the bone tissue of the head of the femur and the greater trochanter decreased to 140.08+9.84 CGU and 149.97±16.18 CGU, respectively, the density of the bone tissue of the proximal part of the diaphysis of the femur increased to 143.73±17.52 CGU, and the density of the bone tissue of the neck of the femur remained at the same level as in the intact rat, amounting to 131.04±9.16 CGU.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTES IN DIFFERENT AREAS OFKHANYAN, HOOGHLY, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The present study was aimed at the assessment of the stray waste available in different areas of Khanyan village highlighting the college campus. Observations of solid wastes in the three landmark areas station, roadside areas and college campus revealed the presence of at least 57different types of wastes that varied in relative abundance and weight. Although linked to different origin and shape, the weight of the solid wastes varied to a considerable extent ranging from 0.06 to 209.3 g. The total solid wastes were divided into 6 major categories depending on their sources. The pollutants were again classified according to their origin. At present, no treatment is provided to these solid wastes in this village. More than 90% of the total wastes are directly disposed in an unsatisfactory manner without providing earth cover. This method of dumping can lead to soil as well as ground water pollution. The problem of pollution to some extent can be solved by awareness and with the help of the local people.

CONDITIONS OF DISCRETE CONVERGENCE OF STRUCTURES SYNTHESIS MODELS IN METAL AND NON-METALS COMPOSITIONS

The set-theoretical convergence of models of continuous and discrete synthesis processes in the compositions of metals and non-metals at the action of ray sources is shown. The non-metal density function obtained by the IDS thermal impulses on the temperature axis projection has a periodic view with fi xed stationary temperatures. They coincide with the boundaries of diff erent areas of change in the speeds of metal heating. This convergence of models to the general periodic operator is possible under four conditions of beam scanning: separation, compactness, property of states, stability. Then the current reciprocity ratios of the system (metals/non-metals) allow the use of the temperature of stationary non-metals as support for metals and serves to determine the parameters of ray sources when synthesizing structures in the compositions of the volume of the material.

Life-Saving Drugs in Sudan: A Matter of Defi nitions and Concepts

Background: Drugs are one of the most crucial pillars in the provision of healthcare services and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Life-Saving Drugs (LSDs) are the drugs that save someone’s life, require immediate administration in most of the cases, as they sustain life, and prevent complications. They are top priority healthcare needs, which required to be available and aff ordable at all time in adequate quantities and low cost for the whole population and thus achieving equity. Since pharmaceutical sector in Sudan is highly fragmented, this study is conducted to determine the degree of stakeholders’ knowledge about the defi nition of LSD, whether there is a policy governing them, if they have a standard list and their availability status in Sudan. Methods: G rounded theory qualitative (exploratory) study design. The theory is grounded from the actual data after being collected and analysed. Results: Only essential medicines is the well-known term for the stakeholders -mainly at the governance level- with its policy and list. The other LSDs terminologies were found to be ambiguous, with no policies or standard lists. The status of the availability of the diff erent LSDs terminologies (as it perceived by each stakeholder) was found to be poor and there is a signifi cant shortage mainly due to the economic issues. Conclusions: Unifi cation of pharmaceutical organization in Sudan is a must and a priority issue due to its ultimate importance in the provision of healthcare services. Consensus and participation of all the relevant stakeholders in designing policies is an important input for a well-designed health system governance. Further researches in diff erent areas must be conducted, and awareness of policymakers and service providers must be raised.

SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF REGULATING OF RELATIONS ARISING IN THE USE OF POST-GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES

The current level of scientifi c knowledge and understanding of the genome, as well as the level of human computational capabilities, form new, so-called «post-genomic technologies» for genome research. The results of such studies can be used in diff erent areas of human life and society, for example in criminology, including solving crimes. And there may be both positive and negative legal consequences. Genetic research is an extremely useful tool for crime investigation. But it is still unclear to what extent law enforcement agencies should be able to obtain genetic data stored in public and private databases, and how this may aff ect human rights in the future.

P3099Lymphatic insufficiency increases cardiac edema after myocardial infarction as assessed by novel magnetic resonance TRAFFn and T2 relaxation times

Abstract Introduction The role of cardiac lymphatic system in myocardial infarction (MI) is still unclear. A new method to detect and characterize MI without contrast agent is a relaxation along a fictitious field in nth rotating frame (RAFFn). The RAFFn takes advantage of the fictitious magnetic field, which is produced by a fast sweep of an effective radio frequency field, to increase a spin locking field strength without increasing the specific absorption rate. MI is detected as increased RAFFn relaxation times and cardiac edema by an increased T2 relaxation time. We have shown earlier that MI size can be accurately measured by the RAFFn relaxation times. Purpose To study the effects of the lack of cardiac lymphatic system on MI and cardiac edema in a mouse model. Methods Transgenic (TG) mice expressing soluble decoy VEGF receptor 3 (sVEGFR3) thus blocking lymphatic vessel formation in the heart and wild type (WT) control mice were used. MI was induced in 13–17 week old TG (n=11) and WT (n=14) mice by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. The RAFFn (TRAFF2 and TRAFF4), a continuous wave T1ρ and a T2 relaxation times were acquired at time points 0, 3, 7 and 21 days after the MI at 9.4 T. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin eosin and Sirius red to assess cellularity and MI area. An Area of difference (AOD) was determined by subtracting MI areas based on TRAFF2, TRAFF4 and T1ρ maps from MI area based on T2 maps. Results MI size based on the TRAFF4 and T2 relaxation time maps were larger at early time points 3 and 7 days post MI in the WT group compared to the TG group (Figure 1A-B, p<0.05). However, the MI size was significantly larger in the T2 relaxation time map in the TG group compared to the WT group at the last time point and interaction between the groups were significant as a function of time (Figure 1A-B, p<0.05). The AOD values, which reflect cardiac edema, increased in the TG group as a function of time (Figure 1C, p<0.001). TRAFF2, TRAFF4 (Figure 1D), T1ρ and T2 relaxation times increased significantly (≈50%, p<0.001) after the MI compared to remote areas in both groups. In the WT group, the lymphatic vessel network is fully functional and removes edema efficiently between days 3 and 21 after the MI, while in the TG group the MI area in T2 map is relative stable indicating insufficient edema removal, caused by the lymphatic deficiency and insufficient lymphangiogenesis in the TG group. The MIs were also verified based on Sirius red stained histology (Figure 1E). Figure 1 Conclusion Lymphatic deficiency increases cardiac edema (AOD values) 7–21 days after MI as compared to the WT group. Results support the importance of cardiac lymphatic vessels for healing after MI. Effects of the lymphatics on MI can be detected based on the MI size difference based on the TRAFFn and the T2 relaxation times. Acknowledgement/Funding Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine

Development of the idea of security

Historically, the concept of security has been understood, interpreted and defined in diff erent ways. In addition, it is a notion that has been, unlike anyother, mentioned and studied in all branches of science, natural and technical,as well as social and humanistic ones. It is exactly due to the utilizationof the concept of security in diff erent areas of life, that it has been much morediffi cult to defi ne it uniformly. Furthermore, it is the fact that the changesoccurring on the international scene since the end of the Cold War causedthe changes in ideas related to the security in general, and all its concepts.With referral to the previous, this paper points out that traditional conceptsof security are no longer able to explain and deal with the complex nature ofcontemporary security challenges, risks and threats. Th at is why nowadays,when considering the security issues, there are numerous perplexities, such asthe question whom the security needs to be provided for, who is responsiblefor security, who are those who impose the security threats, and what are theprocedures, means and methods to have, preserve and enhance the security.Th e aim of this paper is to show how the concept of security has developedthroughout the time and the diff erent views and ideas of security occurringthroughout the history.

Остатки ископаемых растений из высокореченской свиты (поздний мел, Корякское нагорье)

The Vysokorechensk floristic assemblage comes from the Vysokorechenskaya Formation (Khatyrka and Svetlaya Rivers interfluve, southeastern part of the Korayk Upland). It contains 12 species: Equisetum sp., Sphenopteris sp., Ginkgo ex gr. adiantoides (Heer) Unger, Elatocladus smittiana (Heer) Seward, Mesocyparis beringiana (Golovn.) McIver et Aulenback, Sequoia sp., Тaxodium sp., Сelastrinites septentrionalis (Krysht.) Golovn., Corylus sp., Peculnea sp., Platanus sp. Trochodendroides sp. According to systematic composition the Vysokorechensk floristic assemblage is similar to the Kakanaut flora from the Kakanaut Formation (Kakanaut River Basin). The Vysokorechenskaya Formation is represented by marine volcanogenous-terrigenous sediments. It contains inocerams and ammonites of the upper Maastrichtian (Schachmaticeramus kusiroensis (Nagao et Mat.), Pachydiscus subcompressus Mat.). On this base the age of the Vysokorechensk floristic assemblage is determined as the beginning of late Maastrichtian. The correlation of the Maastrichtian deposits of diff erent areas of eastern part of the Koryak Upland was carried out.

Improving the assessment and attribution of effects of development assistance for health

2–5 When showing eff ect, donor agencies and countries need to address two challenges: fi rst, accurate estimation of the eff ects of investments in diff erent areas (eg, vaccines or health systems) on health outcomes; and second, attribution of the eff ects to specifi c investments. There are methodological challenges in establishing a relation between DAH and health outcomes (appendix p 1). 6,7 The validity of the results presented by major funding agencies has been questioned because of weaknesses in models used to estimate outcomes, in appropriate counterfactuals, and overgenerous assumptions of investment eff ects. 8 Attribution of health outcomes to external investments by specifi c agencies has also proved to be challenging because of the multiplicity of funding sources. 9 Further, methods that attribute health eff ects to single interventions or specifi c funds do not refl ect the vital contribution of health systems to health outcomes. 3,5,10,11

Geochemical features of processes on the ground floor of the marginal filter in the river-sea system

The interaction between ocean and continent is essentially controlled by the existence of a marginal filter in the global river-sea system, which determines the main features of the transformation of sedimentary material and individual chemical elements in the mix� ing zone of river water and seawater (1, 2). The results of longterm studies of researchers of the Laboratory of Physicogeological Investigations of the Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, allowed us to reveal regularities in the evolution of this system and establish specific peculiarities of the transformation of suspended and dissolved forms of elements in the water column on the river-sea profile in the most dif� ferent areas of the World Ocean and in numerous estu� ary zones (3, 4). The main attention in these studies was given to the conditions of extraction and precipi� tation of sedimentary material to the floor from the river water in the course of its mixing with seawater, which determines successive change in the stages of the evolution of the whole system along the horizontal profile of the water column from the surface to the bottom of the estuary (1, 5). However, no less interesting and important are geochemical and hydrodynamic processes, which are developed under the bottom of the estuary, namely in the bottom deposits and the mutually related exchange system of sediment-interstitial water-bottom water, i.e., at the ground floor of the marginal filter. The point is that precipitation of particles of river suspension and colloids in the estuary zones requires months, days, and possibly even hours at relatively low depths. In the geological sense this is a momentary process. But nature provides much longer time (tens, hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands years) for the devel� opment of early diagenesis in modern deposits.

Measurement of business excellence

A structural model has been used for the measurement of business excellence where 14 interrelated latent variables are introduced. The model is based on well-established theories and approaches on business excellence behaviour and draws on currently used various quality dimensions. A typical example of business excellence index (BEI) for a group of companies is given using statistical methods. The BEI presented in this paper will allow the organization to compare diff erent areas of its business both directly and over time. A high score of BEI achieved by this method will encourage the organization to apply for the quality award.

福井市及び鹿児島市の新築・戸建て住宅における住宅平面構成要素からみた住宅規模格差の要因分析 : 北陸地方と南九州地方の比較研究 その4

福井市及び鹿児島市の新築・戸建て住宅における住宅平面構成要素からみた住宅規模格差の要因分析 : 北陸地方と南九州地方の比較研究 その4

Social psychological factors that may predict high risk sexual behaviour in gay men

THERE is still considerable variation in gay sexual behaviour and evidence of continued high risk sex. A sample of 369 homosexually active men from differ ent areas of England were assessed on two oc casions, nine months apart, in 1988 and 1989, to examine the extent to which a number of social- psychological factors predicted high risk sexual be haviour over time. None of the variables were signifi cantly related to unprotected receptive anal sex. However, whether or not men were involved in a regular relationship with a partner was strongly as sociated with high risk behaviour. The implications of these results are that health education interven tions should focus on alerting all men to the circum stances in which high risk sex is more likely to happen.

Equivalence: A Unifying Concept

Artificial boundaries that separate the study of major areas of mathematics often result in fragmented learning. Recent recommendations that favor integrated curriculum may prove helpful in alleviating this problem. NCTM's Commission on Stan dards for School Mathematics recommends that students learn view mathematics as integrated whole rather than as iso lated set of (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 1989, 84). The Col lege Entrance Examination Board (CEEB 1985, 39) supports an integrated curricu lum in which topics in each of the major areas are studied each year and the relation ships among topics are stressed. Key mathematical ideas pervade all of mathematics. They occur frequently in dif ferent areas of the program and during dif ferent years of study. These ideas play important role in demonstrating interrela tionships between apparently different mathematical topics. Equivalence exemplifies one of the un derlying themes of mathematics. Because the concept recurs throughout the school mathematics program and is not bound to any particular subject or topic, it serves to unify the various subjects and topics. Equiv alence can relate various segments of the mathematics program and help students de velop appreciation of the unity of math