Tractor Diesel Research Articles

Real-world emissions of carbonyl compounds from in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks and diesel Back-Up Generators (BUGs)

Emissions of carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are of interest to the scientific and regulatory communities due to their suspected or likely impacts on human health. The present work investigates emissions of carbonyl compounds from nine Class 8 heavy-duty diesel (HDD) tractors and also from nine diesel-powered backup generators (BUGs); the former were chosen because of their ubiquity as an emission source, and the latter because of their proximity to centers of human activity. The HDD tractors were operated on the ARB 4-Mode heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) driving cycle, while the BUGs were operated on the ISO 8178 Type D2 5-mode steady-state cycle and sampled using a mobile emissions laboratory (UCR MEL) equipped with a full-scale dilution tunnel. Samples were analyzed using the SAE930142 (Auto/Oil) method for 11 aldehydes, from formaldehyde to hexanaldehyde, and 2 ketones (acetone and methyl ethyl ketone). Although absolute carbonyl emissions varied widely by BUG, the relative contributions of the different carbonyls were similar (e.g., median: 56% for formaldehyde). A slight increasing trend with engine load was observed for relative formaldehyde contribution, but not for acetaldehyde contribution, for the BUGs. On-road per-mile carbonyl emission factors were a strong function of operating mode of the ARB HHDDT cycle, and found to decrease in the order Creep>Transient>Cruise. This order is qualitatively similar to emission factors for PAHs and n-alkanes determined for the same set of Class 8 diesel tractors in an earlier work. In general, relative carbonyl contributions for the HDD tractors were similar to those for BUGs (e.g., median: 54% for formaldehyde). These results indicate that while engine operating mode and application appear to exert a strong influence on the total absolute mass emission rate of the carbonyls measured, they do not appear to exert as strong an influence on the relative mass emission rates of individual carbonyls.

Development of a new mobile laboratory for characterization of the fine particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks

This paper describes the development of a new mobile laboratory for the determination of the fine particle and gaseous emissions from a class 8 diesel tractor—trailer research vehicle. The new laboratory [Diesel Emissions Aerosol Laboratory (DEAL)] incorporates plumesampling capabilities which were based on a detailed flow field analysis using a combination of computational fluid dynamics modelling, flow visualization using smoke, streamers, and oil spots, and tracer gas measurements the results of which are described in the paper. The DEAL incorporates the unique ability to measure concurrently both the plume and the vehicular background which is generally not found in other on-road facilities.

Selection of gauges testing the loading of a tractor diesel engine

Selection of gauges testing the loading of a tractor diesel engine

A Structure of the Cooling System

Some problems related to energetic flows in a cooling system of the combustion engine equipped with a non-conventional cooling circuit are described in this paper. The verification was carried out on a real diesel tractor engine by exploring the thermal balance. Actually, it is an assessment of the influence of alternative cooling liquid on the engine parameters with a particular attention to the flow of after-expansion energy into the cooling system for its further use. Thermal balance is evaluated by means of a reduced output number related to heat or energy chemically bound in fuel, energy led by the cooling system and energy corresponding to the effective output. The value of reduced output number gives attainable utility output per a supply unit of the given equipment (supposing that the energy of the coolant is used for the operation of other equipment, e.g. air-conditioning equipment).The improvement of the output number of the combustion engine as an energetic source can be achieved through the use of exergic part of energy transformed in the combustion engine.

IMPROVEMENT OF TRACTOR PERFORMANCE

Improvement of agricultural tractor performance was analyzed using the data from 926 diesel tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory from 1959 through 2002. The performance analysis included the specific volumetric fuel consumption, power per unit weight, traction coefficient, maximum torque rise, and sound level. They were evaluated based on the PTO power level and chassis type of tractor. Some of the results are: (1) The average specific volumetric fuel consumptions for the maximum PTO and drawbar powers increased by 20.5% and 23.4% to 3.47 kW·h/L and 3.01 kW·h/L, respectively, from 1959 through 2002. (2) The average maximum PTO and drawbar powers per unit weight of ballasted tractors increased 72.1% and 66.2% to 1.48 and 1.28 kW/kN from 1959 through 2002. (3) The traction coefficient increased 24.4% for 4WD tractors and 27.4% for standard tractors from 1959 through 2002, resulting in 1.02 and 0.94 for 2001-2002 respectively. In the 2001-2002 period, the average torque rise of the tractors in a PTO power range of 37-75 kW was 27.7%, which was 18.4% increase from 1992 through 2002. The tractors with greater PTO power than 187 kW had an average torque rise of 50.8%, which was 30.9% increase over the same period. The maximum sound level within the cab in the early 1970’s ranged from 83.0 to 93.6 dBA and reduced to 73.5 to 88.5 dBA in the 2001-2002 period, which was about 9.3% to 21.5% reduction from 1972 through 2002.

트랙터 로터리 작업과 쟁기 작업의 승차 진동 특성

This study was intended to investigate the characteristics of ride vibrations transmitted to tractor operator during rotary tillage and plowing operations. Seat accelerations of a 41 ps diesel tractor in rotary tillage and plowing were measured and evaluated as specified in the ISO 2631-1. Effects of working speed and tilling depth on ride vibration were investigated. The level of ride vibration was also evaluated in terms of health guidance caution zones. Some of the results of the study are as follows: 1. The level of ride vibration in plowing was about 4.3 times greater than in rotary tillage. 2. The effect of working speed in rotary tillage differs depending upon the tillage depth. The level of ride vibration was increased with the speed, but it decreased over a certain tillage depth. Fore and aft vibration was 2.2-2.7 times severer than horizontal and vertical vibrations. Dominant frequency band was 1-3.15 ㎐ in fore and aft, 1-3.15㎐ and 16-25㎐ in horizontal, and 16-25㎐ in vertical directions. 3. Plowing reduced the ride vibration by 42.8-50.2%. But its positive effect decreased as the plowing speed increased. In plowing operation, ride vibration was similar degrees in fore and aft, horizontal and vertical directions. The dominant frequency band in plowing operation was 1-2.5㎐ in fore and aft, 1-2.5㎐ in horizontal, and 1-8㎐ in vertical directions. 4. On a basis of daily work hours of 4, total level of ride vibrations in plowing operation is likely to be harmful to operator's health.

Effect of Vehicle Operation, Weight, and Accessory Use on Emissions from a Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck

The objective was to determine the effect of several variables—vehicle operation, weight, and accessory use—on emissions production during common on-road heavy-duty vehicle operations. Oxides of nitrogen (NOX), hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from a heavy-duty diesel tractor equipped with a 1999 engine were measured continuously during on-road tests. The vehicle was operated at predetermined steady-state modes of 25, 55, and 65 mph as well as full-throttle accelerations from 0 to 25 mph and 0 to 55 mph and decelerations from 65 to 0 mph. Vehicle weight (payload) and accessory use (air-conditioning) were varied. In general, increases in gross vehicle weight from 52,000 Ib to 80,000 Ib resulted in approximately 40% or greater increases in NOX grams per mile (g/mi) emissions during the accelerations and higher-speed steady-state operations. These results were consistent with simulation model results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's ADVISOR model. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression models were used to identify relationships between the variables and emissions. With the use of ANOVA, it was found that mode explained most of the variation in emissions and had a significant impact on all species of emissions tested. With the use of regression, a strong relationship was confirmed between steady-state modal NOX emissions per hour and horsepower ( r2 = 0.89, P <.0001). When mode and weight were added as factors in the regression model, the overall precision of NOX emissions prediction was increased and horsepower became nonsignificant.

On-Road Emission Sampling of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

The first known program to characterize mobile heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) during actual highway and in-city driving was successfully conducted. This technique enables a more representative measurement with reduced uncertainty than dynamometer testing or indirect tunnel emissions characterizations. The post-muffler exhaust of a diesel tractor hauling a loaded trailer was directly sampled with a modified EPA Method 23 train during on-road operation, and the measured PCDD/F emissions were related to driving conditions. The average emission factor obtained from this work was 0.029 ng international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ)/km. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval provides an estimated emission factor of 0.106 ng I-TEQ/km. These data compare favorably to the limited data available in the literature. Target analyte nondetects were minimal and resulted in little impact on the calculation of I-TEQ levels. No statistical difference in emissions was observed as a function of driving route, largely as a result of the extreme variation in the two valid in-city tests. Analysis of the tractor emissions data showed no clear relationship between TEQ or total PCDD/F emissions and carbon monoxide or total hydrocarbon emissions. (A)

Life cycle assessment of tractors

This study was intended to evaluate the environmental impact, and potential improvements for a typical tractor model (LT360D) of LG Machinery Co., Ltd. The life cycle of this study includes all stages from raw material acquisition up to final disposal. The eco-indicator 95 method was employed to perform an impact assessment. The result of this study is expected to represent the environmental feature of typical diesel vehicles at each life cycle stage. This study is a starting point of building life cycle inventories for typical off-road diesel tractors. With this result, environmental weak points of the tractor have been defined, and major improvement strategies have been set up to develop the ‘Green Tractor’.

Modeling the process of thermoelastoplastic deformation for calculating the distribution of residual stresses and strains

1. We have developed a thermomechanical model of recovery of worn parts of a void-cylinder type made of iron-carbon alloys by thermoelastoplastic deformation, which makes it possible to predict the stress-train state of the restored part theoretically. 2. The statement of problems of thermoelastoplasticity and their numerical realization by the method of finite elements with virtual coincidence of the calculated and experimental data has shown that the shrinkage of cylinder sleeves of tractor diesels with an internal diameter of 100–130 mm amounts to 0.7–1.2 mm over the diameter. 3. It is expedient to restore internal cylindrical surfaces, such as sleeves of cylinders of tractor engines produced from a special alloy cast iron, by creating a temperature gradient over the axis of the sleeve with heating and subsequent cooling of a local circular part of the cylinder. The heating is conducted to a temperature below that of the phase transformations (760–780°C). The optimum speed of displacing the inductor and the sprayer relative to the sleeve is 1–2 mm/sec.

Farm Response

SUMMARY “Farm Response,” an accident preparedness course, provides rescuers with the knowledge to make appropriate decisions upon reaching a farm accident situation and also forewarns them of potential dangers of the scene. The goal of the rescuer is to keep the victim alive until Emergency Medical Services arrive. The accident preparedness course, written for the untrained person and taught by local instructors, deals with situations involving machinery, manure storage facilities, grain bins, silos, pesticides, and electricity. Partici-pants are also taught how to report accidents to EMS, what to include in a first aid and pesticide safety kit and how to shut off a diesel trac-tor. They are encouraged to obtain first aid training and Cardiopul-monary Resuscitation instruction.

Effect of oxidation products on service properties of motor oils

One of the most urgent problems in chemmotology is how to create in an engine - lube oil system a controllable tribochemical process for the purpose of stabilizing the service properties of the oil and forming protective surface structures on the engine parts in order to minimize wear. The complexity of this problem reflects the diversity of the processes taking place in the tribological system. It is impossible to elucidate the mechanism of tribochemical reactions without studying the influence of changes in the oil composition and structure on its service properties during the course of operation. If the relationships involved in this influence are defined, it will become possible to change the structure of the oil in the desired direction and to achieve the desired service properties. For our studies we selected the motor oil M-10-G{sub 2}, conforming to GOST 8581-78. Samples of this oil were drawn during test-stand evaluations of D-144 and D-144-60 tractor diesels without any oil changes these tests were conducted jointly by the Institute of Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Scientific-Research and Design-Technology Institute of Tractor and Combine Engines (NIKTID), and the Vladimir Tractor Plant Production Association. Tests were runmore » for 1000 h with the standard conditions and test sequence, and for 1500 and 2300 h under conditions of a {open_quotes}constantly acting tribochemical regime{close_quotes}. Oil samples were drawn at 50-100 h intervals and tested by standard methods to determine the following physico-chemical characteristics: kinematic viscosity, acid and base numbers, ash, carbon residue, content of insoluble sludge, and content of particulate contaminant.« less

Compression-Ignition, Flexible-Fuel Engine

A 128-kW diesel tractor was modified and a new fuel additive was used to enable the compression-ignition engine to run on ethanol and/or diesel fuel. The engine was modified by adding a fumigation system for supplying ethanol through the airstream. In the full-ethanol mode, ignition-enhanced ethanol was injected through the primary injection system to provide ignition, while neat ethanol was fumigated to compensate for the smaller heating value of ethanol. The engine produced full power and no smoke while operating on ethanol, but at increased rates of combustion pressure rise.

Utilization tests of motor oils in tractor diesels

Utilization tests of motor oils in tractor diesels

Method for rating detergent properties of oils for tractor diesels

Method for rating detergent properties of oils for tractor diesels

Diesel Engine Control Based on an ARMA Model

ABSTRACT This paper reports the modifications made to a microprocessor-based engine control system, which was previously reported (Zhang et al., 1987). The system was designed to improve the operating efficiency of a tractor diesel engine. Hardware improvements included adding instrumentation for sensing governor setting and modifying the driving mechanism for controlling the governor control lever. An ARMA model was developed to describe the dynamics of the engine-governor system. Lag-lead compensation algorithms based on the model were designed. Laboratory tests showed significant improvements in engine control performance with the improved control algorithms and the modified system hardware.

Microcomputer-based tractor performance monitoring and optimization system

A tractor performance monitoring and optimization project was conducted in the United States to document tractor use on commercial farms and to improve tractor fuel efficiency. A two-wheel drive diesel tractor was instrumented to measure engine load, engine speed, wheel slip, fuel consumption, draught, and hitch forces. An on-board microcomputer monitored and recorded tractor performance. The microcomputer could also optimize tractor performance by recommending to the operator the optimum gear and throttle setting to achieve maximum fuel efficiency. Commercial farmers operated the instrumented tractor on their farms just as they operated their own tractors. Farmers typically ran the tractor at full throttle under light to moderate loads. Analysis indicated that farmers could have reduced fuel consumption 15–27% by practising “shift-up, throttle-back”; i.e. by shifting to a higher transmission gear and reducing the engine speed to maintain a nearly constant forward travel speed. Actual fuel consumption dropped from 11·3 to 20·0% in controlled field tests using a tractor operator information feedback system.

Methyl Soyate as a Fuel in a Diesel Tractor

ABSTRACT SOYOIL Methyl Ester, a fuel produced from soybean oil and methanol, was evaluated as a fuel for a diesel agricultural tractor during a 578-h engine durability test. The engine produced the same brake power as with diesel fuel but had a greater specific fuel consumption. Crankcase oil dilution caused decreases in the oil viscosity to unsafe levels for light engine loading only. Carbon accumulation inside the engine was normal, except heavy accumulations were observed on the intake valves. Engine wear as measured by bearing metal loss was very low.

Current Biomass Energy Technology in Brazil

THE potential for major biomass energy production in Brazil is very great because of the significant possibilities for expansion of the agricultural and forest production there. For example, production of 20 t/ha (metric) of dry wood in the Amazon basin is reported here by the senior author, who worked with the huge JARI operation there. In addition to the current large ethanol production (7 1/2 billion L estimated 1983/84) based mainly on sugar cane, the potential for expanding this with sweet sorghum and cassava is promising. Research and development there and in the U.S. resulted in a high-compression ethanol tractor showing slightly higher thermal efficiency than a standard diesel tractor under field operating conditions.

Diesel Tractor Engine Performance as Affected by Ethanol Fumigation

ABSTRACT THE performance of a diesel tractor engine under various loads, speed control settings, and alcohol fumigation rates was measured. Performance was determined in terms of torque, power, alcohol and diesel consumption, thermal efficiency, smoke and carbon monoxide emission, and fuel cost. The fumigation of alcohol proved to be of value if diesel fuel substitution or increased power and torque were the goals. Increased smoke production was recorded for heavy load conditions, especially at maximum speed control settings. Carbon monoxide production increased with alcohol input at heavy loads. The fuel cost for alcohol fumigation was greater than for diesel-only operation..