Replacement Of Diesel Research Articles

Quantification and qualification of exhaust gases in agricultural diesel engine operating with biodiesel mixtures

ABSTRACT Diesel cycle engines are widely used in agricultural machinery. Biodiesel offers the possibility of partial or total replacement of mineral diesel, thus reducing the dependence of agriculture on this non-renewable resource and decreasing pollutant emissions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, and O2 from various biodiesel mixtures (B0 = 0%, B7 = 7%, B10 = 10%, B20 = 20%, B30 = 30% and B100 = 100%) in a single-cylinder tractor engine at 1000, 1600 and 2400 rpm. The exhaust gases were identified using a gas probe meter. Fuels with a higher percentage of biodiesel have the lowest SO2 emissions, with the B30 mixture releasing 65.78, 52.47 and 32.25 parts per million at 1000, 1600 and 2000 rpm, respectively. Nitrous oxides and carbon dioxide emissions decreases with higher engine rotation speed. Higher percentages of biodiesel result in less polluting fuels.

Performance and Emissions in IC Engine with Mango Seed Methyl Easter Blends

Optimal study on IC engines needy at the present days to control the pollution, characteristics in performance as well as emission for bio diesel blends has its importance in replacement of diesel. Present study focuses on the simulative comparison with practical results obtained with mango seed bio diesel blends. The approaches of simulation for MSME blend mixtures for B10, B20 and B30. Load conditions consideration at null, 2,3,6,9 and 12 kgs, pressure conditions at 210,225 and 250 bar. Mathematical modelling has done in ANSYS Fluent to simulate CFD for comparative study with practical output. By comparing the results blend named as B20 MSME shown better results when compare with any other diesel blend in both methods. Even its clear that practical results are good affective than simulated in performance also.

Effect of Oxygenated Functional Groups in Essential Oils on Diesel Engine Performance, Emissions, and Combustion Characteristics

Waste management cost for Australia is increasing every year, and thus, it is important to find alternative ways to use the waste. For example, essential oil has a significant waste stream that can be utilized in vehicles of their producers. However, some of the essential oils contain oxygen which considerably affects engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel engines. Thus, this research paper will try to evaluate the essential oils as a replacement of diesel fuel to operate a multicylider diesel engine. For this study, two essential oils are selected which contain different oxygenated functional groups, tea tree oil (5.4% oxygen) and eucalyptus oil (8.4% oxygen), with an aim to evaluate the effect of these functional groups on engine performance and emission parameters. These oils were blended with neat diesel (0% oxygen) to obtain a blend cotaining 2.2% oxygen by weight. The blends produced similar brake power; however, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased for eucalyptus oil blends (2.4–3.7%) and tea tree oil blends (3.9–5.3%). Essential oil–diesel blends resulted in less CO and increased NOX emission, produced similar peak pressure, and indicated mean effective pressure. The results then lead to the conclusion that oxygenated essential oils can have a role to reduce dependency of agricultural sector on diesel in the near future.

Cerium oxide nano additive impact of VCR diesel engine characteristics by using Ginger grass oil blended with diesel

Diesel driven engines are the driving force behind industrialisation and commercial transportation till date. A world without diesel fuel would be a very difficult place to live in. The alarming depletion of this fuel resource, its ever increasing price and the amount of environmental pollution caused by its products of combustion has opened up wide opportunities for the search for an alternative fuel resource. Researchers have been exploring the idea of evaluating different plant and vegetable oils as a replacement of diesel for some time now. Based on this, an attempt has been made to investigate Ginger grass oil as a substitute for diesel fuel without making any modifications to the engine structure. The experiment was conducted on a 1500 rpm, four stroke, single cylinder, diesel engine. Cerium oxide nano-additive was added to the blends of Ginger grass oil with diesel and its effects on the Efficiency, and Exhaust Emissions were examined. The experiment yielded better values of Brake Thermal Efficiency and low Specific Fuel Consumption with B10 and B20 samples, while the B40 blend showed lower NOx emissions at all loads. The HC content was found to increase with the increasing quantity of Ginger grass oil in the blends.

Combustion and exergy analysis of multi-component diesel-DME-methanol blends in HCCI engine

A homogeneous compression ignition (HCCI) engine is taken for numerical investigation on the application of renewable fuels contained blends of methanol and DME with the base diesel fuel, which will be replaced with diesel in different percentages. First, the combustion and engine performance of the engine for two and three-component fuels will be discussed and secondly, the simultaneous effect of EGR in 20% by mass and engine speed in two blends of having maximum and minimum diesel proportion are compared and examined. The results indicate that the replacement of diesel with 20% of DME and 30% by methanol (D50M30DME20) at 1400 rpm generates a greater pressure and accumulated heat (AHRpeak = 330.569 J), whereas D80M20/2000 rpm/EGR20 gives a defective combustive performance with poor engine efficiency (IMEP = 7.21 bar). The interesting point is that the proposed optimum blend of D50 can achieve the best performance with 35% mechanical efficiency of 35%. The case of D60M10DME30 though dominates in terms of RPR = 3.177 bar/deg and ignition delay (ID = 4.54 CA) that gives the highest exergy performance coefficient (EPC = 2.063) due to its high work and lowest irreversibility.

Multicomponent Emulsified Biofuels for Transport Diesel Engines

Vegetable oils are a significant raw material resource for producing biodiesel fuels. But while using vegetable oils as fuels, the coking of the combustion chamber elements and injectors’ spraying nozzles. These problems can be solved by supplying water into the combustion chamber through the injectors. The article considers an opportunity of ensuring the stable operation of the diesel engine when it is powered by multicomponent emulsified biofuels. Emulsions of petroleum diesel fuel, rapeseed oil and water were investigated. The results of experimental studies of the automotive diesel engine running on these fuels are presented. According to the test results the efficiency of using these emulsions as fuels for diesel engines was evaluated. The favorable combination of characteristics of fuel efficiency and toxicity of diesel engine exhaust gases is obtained by using an emulsion containing 57% of petroleum diesel fuel, 30% of rapeseed oil and 13% of water (by volume). At the maximum power mode, the replacement of petroleum diesel fuel with this emulsion enabled to reduce exhaust smoke opacity from 16.0 to 7.5% according to the Hartridge scale. By the modes of the thirteen-mode cycle the integral specific emission of nitrogen oxides NOx decreases from 6, 610 to 5, 552 g/(kW·h).

Investigation of Various Parameters of Dual Fuel Engine Using Biomass Waste – Producer Gas as an Induced Fuel

Due to various shortcomings of the transmission of electricity in rural areas, the concept of rural electrification is gaining popularity these days. Many small-scale biomass-based gasifier-engine systems are installed in the villages in order to provide an uninterrupted and cheap supply of electricity for various kinds of everyday requirements. In the present work, an optimized downdraft biomass gasifier is used to produce the producer gas from three different biomass materials viz. Sugarcane bagasse, cotton stalks and wood chips. These biomass materials are used in two different combinations viz. 1:1 ratio of sugarcane bagasse & wood chips; 1:1 ratio of cotton stalks and wood chips. The composition of gas produced from both the samples shows that the cotton stalks and wood chips generate a gas with higher calorific value as compared to the one produced using sugarcane bagasse and wood chips. These gases are used to run a dual fuel CI engine. The comparative investigation of various parameters, i.e. performance, emission and noise characteristics of a modified dual fuel engine is done, by running the engine on pilot fuel mode as well as on dual fuel mode using two different samples of producer gas. The maximum diesel replacement of ∼54% is observed with a ∼5% loss in brake thermal efficiency in the case when cotton stalks and wood chips are used as raw materials. The NOx emissions were reduced by ∼70% with a slight increase of ∼3 dB in the noise levels of the engine.

Experimental investigation on engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI CI engine using tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel blends doped with nanoparticles

AbstractThis article investigates the utility of waste tyre oil as a potential source of partial replacement of diesel fuel. The experimental study of engine parameters such as performance, emissions, along with combustion characteristics of tyre oil blends with cerium oxide (CeO2) and without CeO2 nano additive in a four‐stroke single‐cylinder water‐cooled compression ignition engine was conducted without any engine adjustment. Tyre oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. These experimental results reveal that B5 blend has increased Brake thermal efficiency compared to other blends and nearer to diesel fuel at full load. The emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC), smoke are lower than diesel fuel by 3, 3.22% for B5 blend of full load. If CeO2 nano additives are doped with tyre oil blends in such case the B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm blends were increased in efficiency of 2.85% and emissions like HC, CO, Smoke are decreased by 3, 1.33, 7.7%, respectively compared to diesel. From the experimental results, B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm fuel blend is the best fuel ratio for a CI engine for increased efficiency, reduced emission and better combustion. Hence, the tyre oil with CeO2 nano additives is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engine.

Gaseous and particle emissions in low-temperature combustion diesel–HCNG dual-fuel operation with double pilot injection

Alternative fuels and energy vectors are becoming increasingly important in terms of technical, geopolitical, economic, and environmental aspects. In particular, gaseous fuels and vectors, such as fossil or synthetic natural gas (NG) blended with hydrogen, commonly help provide optimal strategies to reduce global and toxic emissions of internal combustion engines, owing to their adaptability, anti-knock capacity, lower toxicity of pollutants, reduced CO2 emissions, and cost-effectiveness. However, diesel engines still represent the reference category among internal combustion engines in terms of maximum thermodynamic efficiency. The possibility offered by dual-fuel (DF) systems to combine the efficiency and performance of diesel engines with the environmental advantages of gaseous fuels has been the subject of extensive investigations. However, the simple replacement of diesel fuel with gaseous fuel does not allow for optimising the engine performance, owing to the high percentage of unburned gaseous fuel, which compromises the potential reduction of CO2; therefore, more complex combustion strategies should be realised. In this study, with the aim of improving the DF combustion process, an experimental investigation was performed to analyse low-temperature combustion (LTC), using NG and two enriched hydrogen-compressed NG blends as primary fuels. The LTC mode was activated by means of a very early advanced pilot injection and carried out in two close steps. The double pilot injection was used to control the energy release rate in the first combustion stage, thereby minimizing the increase of the rate of pressure and allowing the extension of the operation range under LTC. The experimental activity was also focused on analysing the particle emissions, as it is well known that these emissions, together with those of nitrogen oxide, constitute the main pollutants resulting from diesel fuel combustion. The results demonstrated the potential to reduce the unburned fuel, NOx, and particle emissions simultaneously, while maintaining equivalent CO2 emissions to a diesel-only engine. Both the timing and pressure of the pilot injection proved to be critical parameters for optimising the emissions and performance.

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance and Reducing Emissions Using Binary Biodiesel Fuel Blend

Fossil fuel consumption provides a negative impact on the human health and environment in parallel with the decreased availability of this valuable natural resource for the future generations to use as a source of chemical energy for all applications in energy, power, and propulsion. The diesel fuel consumption in the transport sector is higher than the gasoline in most developing countries for reasons of cost and economy. Biodiesel fuel offers a good replacement for diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Earlier investigations by the authors revealed that a blend of 70% amla seed oil biodiesel and 30% eucalyptus oil (AB70EU30) is the favorable alternative renewable fuel blend that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. With any fuel, air/fuel mixing and mixture preparation impact efficiency, emissions, and performance in CI engines. Minor adjustments in engine parameters to improve air/fuel mixing and combustion are deployable approaches to achieve good performance with alternative fuel blends in CI engines. This paper provides the role of a minor modification to engine parameters (compression ratio, injection timing, and injection pressure) on improved performance using the above mixture of binary fuel blends (AB70EU30). The results showed that the use of AB70EU30 in modified engine resulted in higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to normal diesel for improved combustion that also resulted in very low tailpipe emissions.

The efficacy of multiple-criteria design matrix for biodiesel feedstock selection

The increasing demand for energy and depletion of fossil fuels are drawing attention to biofuel as a replacement for petroleum diesel. Hundreds of non-edible biodiesel feedstocks are available and are derived from seeds and animal fat or tallow. However, the selection of appropriate feedstock is fraught with difficulty, as these feedstocks have not been fully evaluated for various parameters that impact upon the performance and cost of the biofuel. Various technical, environmental, economic and social factors influence biodiesel feedstocks selection process. This paper focuses on technical aspects such as physico-chemical properties and fatty acid compositions of biodiesels in the screening process. Six biodiesels, namely papaya seed oil biodiesel (PSO), stone fruit kernel oil biodiesel (SFO), jatropha oil biodiesel (JBD), rapeseed oil biodiesel (RBD), beauty leaf tree biodiesel (BLT), and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB) were analysed in this study. Twelve physico-chemical properties of kinematic viscosity (KV), density, higher heating value (HHV), oxidation stability (OS), acid value (AV), flash point (FP), cold filter plug point (CFPP), cetane number (CN), iodine value (IV), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and long chain saturated factor (LCSF) were selected as criteria for ranking the above biodiesels. Three weightage (%) methods of EQUAL, CRITIC and ENTROPY were used for weight determination of criteria. Four different multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods, namely PROMETHEE Graphical Analysis for Interactive Assistance (GAIA), Weighted sum method (WSM), Weighted product method (WPM), and Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used for the analysis. Properties of these biodiesels were found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751-2, EN 14214 and the Australian standard. Finally, the results show that SFO was ranked as the best performer amongst the six biodiesel feedstocks examined in this study, PSO came out as the second best, and the WCB biodiesel feedstock was identified as the worst performer.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Ternary Fuel Blends in Diesel Engines

The unprecedented use of petroleum fuels in recent years has created an imbalance in the supply and demand. Moreover, fast depletion of these fuels, price perturbation and multi-fold increase in greenhouse gas emissions are debatable issues amongst the scientific fraternity. A sustainable solution to the above problems is to shift towards the renewable alternative fuels. In the Indian context, diesel substitute have special relevance. Ethers have some promising properties similar to diesel, out of which Diethyl ethers (DEE) are most promising alternatives. The present investigation deals with the effect of DEE blends on the performance and emission characteristics of unmodified compression ignition (CI) engines. During the present investigation, ternary blends of diethyl ether, jatropha biodiesel (JB) in diesel were prepared in different proportions. The physico-chemical properties and spray characteristics of the test fuels including density, viscosity, calorific value and Sauter mean diameter (SMD) were also calculated. The experimental results reveal that there is no significant effect of the addition of DEE and JB on the brake thermal efficiency. However, the ternary blend carrying 7.5 % of DEE and JB yields the maximum efficiency of 27.9% which is nearly equal to that of peak efficiency of diesel fuel i.e. 28.4%. The exhaust emissions studies reveal that the percentage of CO, HC, NOX and smoke opacity were reduced significantly. Therefore usage of ternary fuel blends of diesel, JB and DEE is a viable approach for the partial replacement of diesel.

Effects of Combustion Vestibule Configuration on the Competence, Emissions and Combustion attributes of Direct Injection Diesel Prime Mover Powered with Diesel and Corn Oil Methyl Ester (CROME)

Combustion processes and emissions attributes squarely depend on combustion vestibule volume shapes relative to injector jet directions and cone angles. For injectors with more number of holes, these parameters change and may result in enhanced performance. By this we can make the gases to flow in different patterns compared to conventional engine and can anticipate higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced emanations to meet stringent norms. Hence to optimize combustion chamber shapes (CCS) and vary squish, appropriate injection strategies are essential. In this occasion lab probes were conducted on a single cylinder four stroke open or induction swirl diesel engine using corn oil methyl ester (CROME) as fuel. For this variety of CCS were designed and manufactured. Injector with 6 numbers of hole and 0.2 mm orifice size was used to check its effects on the biodiesel powered engine. The suitable engine available was having Hemispherical Bowl Piston (HBP). To probe the effects of other CCS on the performance of diesel engine, Cylindrical Bowl Piston (CBP), Toroidal Bowl Piston (TBP) and Toroidal Re-entrant Bowl Piston (RBP) vestibule volume shapes were manufactured keeping ratio of compression same. For 100% replacement of diesel by biodiesel the injection pressures and injection timings tested were in the range of 210 bar to 250 bar and 19°bTDC to 27°bTDC which are based on our previous research works on other biodiesels. But the performance was maximised for 240 bar and 27°bTDC for all CCS which is reported in this paper. Engine variables such as fuel flow rate, brake power, torque, and temperature of exhaust smoke, combustion variables such as rate of heat release (HRR), peak pressure (PP), ignition delay (ID), combustion duration (CD), and exhaust emissions such as smoke opacity, HC, CO, and NOx, were measured. Results obtained with RBP shape and for CROME with 6 number of hole injector concluded in overall ameliorated competence with lesser emission levels of CO, HC and smoke, but NOx was almost same as that of diesel. Also reduced ID, CD and increased PP resulted in decreased burning time loss (BTL) increasing competence. Hence this research work shows that the CROME is also compatible and capable of replacing diesel in a diesel engine efficiently.

Energy-exergy analysis of compression ignition engine running with biodiesel fuel extracted from four different oil-basis materials

ABSTRACTEnergy is a determining factor for the global economy blossom. Nowadays, near 80% of the entire energy obtained from fossil fuel is principally applied for transportation area. Exhaustion of fossil fuel sources and greenhouse gases discharge inspire to the search of alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Due to the similar fuel attributes, biodiesel can be regarded as a replacement for diesel. In this study, it is aimed at producing four different biodiesel blends using sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, and restaurant waste oil by employing the Transesterification method. Energy and exergy analyses for pure diesel and four extracted biodiesel fuels were conducted operating a direct injection and four-cylinder in-line diesel engine with 3970 c.c. At 50%, and 100% engine load for the speed of 1700 and 2400 rpm. Brake specific fuel consumption, Energy parameters (Input energy, Brake thermal efficiency of the engine, Combustion efficiency, and Energy losses), and exergy parameters (Exergy destruction and exergy efficiency) were assessed. It was found that by increases in brake thermal efficiency, the brake-specific fuel consumption lowers. At 1700 rpm, B20 canola biodiesel blend has the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption and has the best efficiency. At 2400 rpm, B10 canola biodiesel blend presents the lowest fuel consumption and the highest efficiency. In the case of exergy analyses, B10 canola biodiesel shows the highest exergy efficiency in both engine speeds. And the canola biodiesel blends present the lowest exergy destruction in all engine states.

Autoignition of diesel-like fuels under dual operation with H2

The partial replacement of diesel fuel with gaseous fuels in diesel engines allows for reducing soot, increasing the renewable fraction of the fuel and decreasing CO2 emissions. Hydrogen is a promising alternative; since it is a non-carbon compound, it can be produced from renewable sources and it has suitable combustion properties. However, the use of hydrogen in diesel engines could require some modifications on the engine calibration. Among the different phenomena involved in diesel combustion, autoignition significantly affects the engine efficiency. This work analyzes the autoignition behavior of diesel and biodiesel fuels under a H2-rich ambient. Two different liquid fuel replacements (10% and 20% by energy) have been tested in a constant-volume combustion chamber. Three different chamber temperatures (535°C, 602°C, and 650°C) and equivalence ratios (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) have been checked. Results show that, in the case of diesel fuel, hydrogen delays autoignition and reduces the combustion rate, the latter caused by a higher fuel dilution with air. The influence of H2 in the autoignition of biodiesel is less significant. A reduction in the OH radicals pool appears as the main reason for retarding ignition. The lower pressure peaks with hydrogen suggest unburnt hydrogen to be relevant.

Hydrous Ethanol Steam Reforming and Thermochemical Recuperation to Improve Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine Emissions and Efficiency

Dual-fuel strategies can enable replacement of diesel fuel with low reactivity biofuels like hydrous ethanol. Previous work has shown that dual-fuel strategies using port injection of hydrous ethanol can replace up to 60% of diesel fuel on an energy basis. However, they yield negligible benefits in NOX emissions, soot emissions, and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) over conventional single fuel diesel operation. Pretreatment of hydrous ethanol through steam reforming before mixing with intake air offers the potential to both increase BTE and decrease soot and NOX emissions. Steam reforming can upgrade the heating value of the secondary fuel through thermochemical recuperation (TCR) and produces inert gases to act as a diluent similar to exhaust gas recirculation. This study experimentally investigated a novel thermally integrated steam reforming TCR reactor that uses sensible and chemical energy in the exhaust to provide the necessary heat for hydrous ethanol steam reforming. An off-highway diesel engine was operated at three speed and load settings with varying hydrous ethanol flow rates reaching fumigant energy fractions of up to 70%. The engine achieved soot reductions of close to 90% and minor NOX reductions; however, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions increased. A first law energy balance using the experimental data shows that the developed TCR system effectively upgraded the heating value of the secondary fuel. Overall, hydrous ethanol steam reforming using TCR can lead to 23% increase in fuel heating value at 100% conversion, a limit approached in the conducted experiments.

An experimental investigation into engine characteristics fueled with Lal ambari biodiesel and its blends

Nowadays the production of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil feedstock is attaining more attention than edible vegetable oil for the replacement of diesel fuel. The novelty of this experimental paper is that it discussed the new biodiesel feedstock as a substitute fuel for a CI engine that has not drawn much consideration among other researchers. Diesel, Lal ambari biodiesel and its blends were used for conducting a short-term test and their effects on CI engine characteristics under different loading conditions have been evaluated. Engine tests have led to the assessment of the performance parameters such as exhaust gas temperature, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel emission characteristics corresponding to oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and smoke and combustion characteristics. These include heat release rate, the maximum rate of pressure rise, cylinder pressure and ignition delay; they were recorded and analyzed furthermore to decide the ideal fuel blend. Results show that the BTE for blend LA20 decreased by 2.5%, while the BSFC increased by 4.4% more than diesel at full load condition. Reduction in smoke emission was recorded for LA20 by 16.6%, while on the other hand, CO2 emissions increased by 3.5% compared to diesel fuel at full load condition. The HRR and cylinder pressure was lower for biodiesel, and its blends at full load condition. The experimental result proved that Lal ambari biodiesel and its blends could be a potential alternative fuel for a CI engine.

A Bio-Diesel Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Based on Decoupling Methodology and Detailed H2/O2/CO/C1~C3 Mechanism

Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement, and may have superior brake thermal efficiency with certain blends compared to traditional diesel counterpart at higher compression ratios. The combustion chemistry process of biodiesel, which has not been well understood, is of great interests to some engine researchers. Researchers have developed some complicated chemical kinetic mechanisms for bio-diesel, which cannot be used in engine CFD with current computational resources. The present work aims to construct a new chemical kinetic mechanism with a medium size for biodiesel combustion. Since 2016, H2/O2/CO/C1 and C2-C3 detailed sub-mechanisms (the C3 model contained in AramcoMech2.0) have been developed for accurately predicting laminar flame speeds, ignition delay times, and important species evolutions, and have been validated against a large array of experimental measurements over a wide range of conditions. In this paper, a 3-component biodiesel surrogate chemical kinetic mechanism constructed in 2015 based on decoupling methodology has been combined with the new ‘core’ H2/O2/CO/C1~C3 detailed mechanism to generate a new bio-diesel chemical kinetic mechanism. In the surrogate mechanism construction, three skeletal sub-mechanisms are used for the three biodiesel components (MD, MD5D, and n-decane). The final mechanism, which has 183 species and 1002 reactions, has been validated with available experiment data. It will be validated extensively with more experimental biodiesel data and applied to engine CFD for understanding biodiesel combustion.

Experimental study on diesel engine coupled with a catalytic converter run on dual-fuel mode using biogas produced from agricultural waste

This work studied experimentally the performance and exhaust gas emission of a diesel engine coupled with a catalytic converter run on dual-fuel mode using refined biogas resulted from agricultural waste. The content of methane on the biogas is 70%. The experiments were carried out at constant load 1500 kW. The engine rotation varies from 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm. The biogas flow rate varies from 0 to 6 L/min. The output power of the engine operated on dual-fuel mode is better than the engine operated with pure diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of the diesel engine with flow rate of 2 L/min and 4 L/min is better than diesel only. The specific fuel consumption of the diesel engine operated on dual-fuel mode is higher than pure diesel mode. The opacity number of the engine operated on dual-fuel mode is better than pure diesel mode. However, the CO number and HC number of the engine operated on dual-fuel mode are higher than pure diesel mode. The diesel replacement ratio is within the range 15.6% % to 74.8%. It is recommended to run the present diesel engine in dual fuel mode with biogas flow rate 2 L/min - 4 L/min.

Production and characterization of bio-mix fuel produced from the mixture of raw oil feedstock, and its effects on performance and emission analysis in DICI diesel engine.

Bio-mix is a fuel derived from the raw mixture of different non-edible oils to enhance the saturation level. In this study, raw oil mixture was transesterified to form bio-mix methyl ester (BMME). Fuel properties of BMME was measured and results showed that saturated fatty acids (SFA), cetane number (CN), and oxidation stability (OS) were increased, whereas density, viscosity, HHV, flash point, iodine number, and acid number were decreased for BMME as compared to individual biodiesels. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of BMME was higher than diesel fuel but similar to individual biodiesel, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was lower than diesel fuel but higher than the individual biodiesel. (NOx) and CO2 emission of BMME was found lower (approximately 20%); meanwhile, smoke opacity and CO emission biodiesel increased compared to diesel fuel, whereas (HC) emission of BMME was lower at low load condition but it is increased at high load. Bio-mix fuel could be the good replacement of diesel fuel.