Diesel Generator Research Articles

Оценка нестабильности последовательных впрыскиваний топливной аппаратуры дизелей

The issues of uneven cyclic feed in sequential injections by diesel fuel equipment are considered, which is directly related to solving the problem of ensuring the quality of operation of engines of various types and purposes when operating at low loads and rotational speeds. The special importance of solving these problems from the standpoint of ensuring fuel efficiency, environmental pollution, solving issues of engine reliability and improving their operational properties was noted. The features of the formation of residual fuel pressure in the high-pressure pipeline are revealed. The periodic fluctuations of the cyclic feed and injection parameters from cycle to cycle are estimated. A study of possible options for the operation of fuel equipment in low fuel supply modes has been carried out. Based on the analysis, a criterion for evaluating the instability of successive injection cycles for diesel fuel equipment during its operation in various modes has been introduced. By studying numerical examples, the conditions of unstable fuel supply processes in successive injections of various characteristic modes are determined. The criterion determines the quality of the fuel equipment of marine diesel engines and diesel generators in terms of ensuring a minimum stable idle speed and the possibility of ensuring stable reduced fuel supplies. The variability of fuel supply processes in sequential feeds is the cause of increased exchange processes of electric power flow during parallel operation of diesel alternators and reduces the performance characteristics of diesels for various purposes when operating in partial modes. In the process of carrying out development work, scientific research and during the refinement of diesels, the instability criterion allows us to assess the quality of the fuel equipment precisely in partial modes. This is of particular importance for diesel engines of fishing vessels operating for a long time at shared loading modes and low idle speeds, as well as for engines of the tugboat fleet and auxiliary diesel generator sets of all types of facilities used.

BARRIERS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPLEMENTATION IN INDUSTRIES

The energy consumption of the industries in U.P is around 8% among the several energy consuming sectors. The most energy consuming sector in U.P is the residential sector with 80.36% of the total energy consumption followed by the industrial and transport sector with energy consumption share of approx. 8% and 7% respectively. In the industries, electricity is the fourth most consumed energy with 13.61% of share among the coal (46.24%), diesel (15%) and fuel wood (23.83%). The Drivers & Barriers is based on insight into the consumer's choice and decision making behavior which are very important parameters in the implementation of the energy efficiency. It demonstrates that a good idea may move and inspire people, but it takes more to make them act towards the implementation of the energy efficiency. Key Words: Energy Efficiency, Diesel Generator,Energy Audit

Optimal Sizing and Management of Hybrid Wind Turbine-Diesel-Battery System for Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination in NEOM City

Optimal sizing and management of hybrid wind turbine-diesel-battery system for reverse osmosis seawater desalination in NEOM city is the objective of the paper. Therefore, the paper explored the different factors to optimize and introduce a technoeconomic evaluation and energy management of a stand-alone wind turbine (WT) system, diesel generator (DG), and battery storage (BS). The suggested WT/DG/BS system is implemented to feed seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) unit in NEOM. The necessitated desalinated water per day is 100 m3. To determine the optimal size of WT/DG/BS corresponding to the minimum cost of energy (COE) and net present cost, two different ratings of the SWRO units (SWRO-100 and SWRO-150), three control dispatch strategies (load following, cycle charging, and combined dispatch), and five types of batteries are considered. HOMER software is performed to simulate and optimize the WT/DG/BS. The optimization results indicated that the best battery storage is the Trojan SAGM battery. In this case, the COE ranged between $0.337/kWh and $0.564/kWh. The lowest COE of $0.377/kWh is obtained when using a combined control strategy and SWRO-100 unit, whereas the worst COE of $0.564/kWh is obtained when using load following control strategy and SWRO-150 unit. The best option of the WT/DG/BS system to supply the SWRO unit is option number 26. This system includes one wind turbine of 90 kW, DG of 25 kW, 47 Trojan SAGM batteries, a 23.8 kW converter, a SWRO-100 unit, and a combined control strategy. The net present cost and the initial cost are $950,725 and $221,495, respectively. The annual operating cost and annual consumed fuel are $56,409 and 36,396 L, respectively. Compared with using only a 25 kW diesel generator, the COE reduced from $0.373/kWh (using only DG/BS) to $0.337/kWh (using the best option) by around 9.65%. Under this condition, the values for the internal rate of return, return on investment, and simple payback are 11%, 7.8%, and 8.3 years, respectively.

Optimization and performance enhancement of renewable energy microgrid energy system using pheasant bird optimization algorithm

The main aim of this research work is to design and select an optimal renewable energy resource based microgrid (MG) system for rural area electrification of India. MG system consists of diesel generator (DG), battery bank (BB), wind turbine (WT), biomass generator (BMG) and solar photovoltaic (PV) modules with seven different configurations. The optimal system is selected based on technological, economic, environmental, social and reliability parameters. For this objective, a novel algorithm called pheasant bird optimization algorithm (PBOA) is presented and compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and HOMER Pro. Results show that PV/WT/BMG/BB/DG is an optimal configuration with sizes of 1148 units of PV, 42 units of WT, 20 units of BMG, 36 units of BB and 1 unit of DG. PBOA has determined the optimal resource size for the MG system. In terms of social and reliability parameters for the PV/WT/BMG/BB/DG system, PBOA generated values of 93.58 %, for RF, 0.08754 for EGJC and 0.01 % for LPSP. For the optimal configuration, PBOA estimated NPC, COE, CE values are ₹66185779, ₹9.3 and 650901 kg/yrs respectively. PBOA reaches the minimal NPC of ₹66185779 in just 180 iterations, whereas PSO, ACO, GA, and CSA required 360, 200, 360 and 250 iterations respectively. PBOA also achieved minimal COE at a rate of 1.52, 1.11, 1.11 and 1.94 times faster than PSO, GA, CSA and ACO respectively. The contribution of PV and WT sources to the total generated electricity is approximately 50 % and 35 % respectively. PBOA exhibits faster convergence time and iteration compared to the PSO, ACO, GA and CSA algorithm. The comparison results indicate that the optimal PV/WT/BMG/BB/DG configuration select for rural areas. This research provides valuable information for policy makers and investors on the implementation of MG system in rural regions.

Enhancing Ethiopian power distribution with novel hybrid renewable energy systems for sustainable reliability and cost efficiency

Economic development relies on access to electrical energy, which is crucial for society’s growth. However, power shortages are challenging due to non-renewable energy depletion, unregulated use, and a lack of new energy sources. Ethiopia’s Debre Markos distribution network experiences over 800 h of power outages annually, causing financial losses and resource waste on diesel generators (DGs) for backup use. To tackle these concerns, the present study suggests a hybrid power generation system, which combines solar and biogas resources, and integrates Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) technologies into the system. The study also thoroughly analyzes the current and anticipated demand connected to the distribution network using a backward/forward sweep load flow analysis method. The results indicate that the total power loss has reached its absolute maximum, and the voltage profiles of the networks have dropped below the minimal numerical values recommended by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards (i.e., 0.95–1.025 p.u.). After reviewing the current distribution network’s operation, additional steps were taken to improve its effectiveness, using metaheuristic optimization techniques to account for various objective functions and constraints. In the results section, it is demonstrated that the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) outperforms other metaheuristic optimization techniques across three important objective functions: financial, reliability, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This comparison is based on the capability of the natural selection whale optimization algorithm (NSWOA) to achieve the best possible values for four significant metrics: Cost of Energy (COE), Net Present Cost (NPC), Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and GHG Emissions. The NSWOA achieved optimal values for these metrics, namely 0.0812 €/kWh, 3.0017 × 106 €, 0.00875, and 7.3679 × 106 kg reduced, respectively. This is attributable to their thorough economic, reliability, and environmental evaluation. Finally, the forward/backward sweep load flow analysis employed during the proposed system’s integration significantly reduced the impact of new energy resources on the distribution network. This was evident in the reduction of total power losses from 470.78 to 18.54 kW and voltage deviation from 6.95 to 0.35 p.u., as well as the voltage profile of the distribution system being swung between 1 and 1.0234 p.u., which now comply with the standards set by the IEEE. Besides, a comparison of the cost and GHG emission efficiency of the proposed hybrid system with existing (grid + DGs) and alternative (only DGs) scenarios was done. The findings showed that, among the scenarios examined, the proposed system is the most economical and produces the least amount of GHG emissions.

Technical and Enviro-economic Analysis of a 0.78 kWp PV System

Aim: To determine the technical, economic and environmental performance analysis of an installed PV backup system. Study Design: To attain this goal, analysis were performed using a freely available PVSyst 6.7.0 software tool. Economic evaluation was performed using respective present worth of individual component prices. Environmental performance comparison is made between the PV system and diesel generator when each is used as an independent backup system. Input in-situ measured data were determined, measured and keyed into the tool. Place and Duration of Study: The system is installed in an institutional building in a tropical climatic zone with coordinates 0.42 N and 35.03 E. The system was studied for a period of one year where data was collected and recorded for techno-enviroeconomic analysis. Methodology: The system consists of four PV modules rated at 0.78 KWp, charge controller and an inverter unit and battery bank, and is utilized as a power backup system to supply electricity whenever power failure occurs, which is frequent and real in Kenya. The techno-enviroeconomic performances analysis of the system were evaluated using the PVSyst software, a freely available design and analytical tool, where input data were measured and recorded at the site. Results: The performance analysis of the system showed that PV array efficiency of 13.24%, FF of 0.68, CF of 21.23%, and PR of 73.63% and generated electrical energy of 1092 kWh/year. The LCOE of PV electricity was 0.059 $/kWh, while total saving of CO2 emission in tons of CO2 was 9.0 tCO2 with LCE value of 331 gCO2/ kWh. Conclusion: Techno- enviroeconomic performance results of the studied PV system show that the system can contribute significantly to the mitigation of CO2 emission. This work also could be helpful for consumers and policy makers in the choice of renewable based or fossil based backup generation systems.

Sustainable astronomy: A comparative life cycle assessment of off-grid hybrid energy systems to supply large telescopes

Abstract Purpose Supplying off-grid facilities such as astronomical observatories with renewable energy–based systems (RES) instead of diesel generators can considerably reduce their environmental impact. However, RES require oversized capacities to counter intermittency and comply with reliability requirements, hence shifting the environmental impact from operation to construction phase. We assess whether 100% RES scenarios are favorable from an environmental point of view and discuss the trade-offs in systems with backup fossil generators versus 100% renewable ones. Methods In this comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), we study various RES supply systems to power a new telescope in the Atacama Desert, Chile. We compare six setups, including 100% RES scenarios, namely, photovoltaics (PV) with batteries and hydrogen energy storage; high-renewable scenarios, with fossil fuel power generation next to RES and storage; and a system combining PV with diesel generation. We base system sizing on a techno-economical optimization for the start of operation in 2030. Foreground data stem from life cycle inventories of RES components since 2015 and 2030 electricity mix assumptions of production countries. We assess environmental impact in the categories climate change, mineral resource depletion, and water use. Results and discussion We find that 100% RES and high-renewable scenarios result in emissions of 0.077–0.115 kg CO2e/kWh supplied, compared to 0.917 kg CO2e/kWh in the reference case with solely diesel generation. One hundred percent RES scenarios have a lower CO2e impact than high-renewable scenarios. However, the latter lower the mineral resource depletion and water use by about 27% compared to 100% RES scenarios. Applying hybrid energy storage systems increases the water use impact while reducing the mineral resource depletion. Conclusions None of the six energy systems we compared was clearly the best in all environmental impacts considered. Trade-offs must be taken when choosing an energy system to supply the prospective off-grid telescope in Chile. We find high-renewable systems with some fossil generation as the better option regarding power reliability, mineral resource depletion, and water use, while inducing slightly higher greenhouse gas emissions than the 100% RES scenarios. As remote research facilities and off-grid settlements today are mainly supplied by fossil fuels, we expect to motivate more multifaceted decisions for implementing larger shares of RES for these areas. To advance the LCA community in the field of energy systems, we should strive to incorporate temporal and regional realities into our life cycle inventories. To ease the path for upcoming studies, we publish this work’s inventories as detailed activity level datasets.

Faulty machining and micro-segregation assisted fatigue failure of cylinder head stud of a diesel generator

A detailed failure analysis of cylinder head stud bolt of a four-stroke diesel generator has been presented. The study included optical emission analysis, tensile testing, hardness testing, optical microscopy, SEM, and EDX analyses. The investigation showed that the main mechanism of failure was corrosion-fatigue. Fatigue initiation was assisted by pitting corrosion induced by faulty machining, moisture, and presence of tempered martensite and non-metallic inclusions at the surface. Propagation of the fatigue crack was encouraged by localized corrosion within the tempered martensite, non-metallic inclusions, and Mn/Cr/Mo/Si micro-segregation. Both excessive C and Mn/Cr/Mo/Si micro-segregation caused the formation of mixed microstructure of tempered martensite and fresh martensite with retained austenite. The non-uniform microstructure led to non-uniform hardness distribution and caused localized deformation during cyclic loading and promoted fatigue crack propagation.

Negawatt-Driven Sustainable Energy Management Based-on Nanomaterial-Enhanced Batteries

With the dramatic increase of energy demand around the world, it has become a necessity to monitor and optimize energy consumption to conserve its use and decrease carbon emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of MicroGrids (MGs) that encompass a diverse array of energy sources, including renewable energy, Diesel Generators (DGs), and Battery Storage Systems (BSS). In this study, critical constraints are addressed such as distributed generator limits and grid power exchange. Moreover, the potential integration of nanomaterials within BSS to enhance energy efficiency and achieve Negawatt energy are explored. The main objectives are to evaluate the performance of various energy system configurations, with a specific focus on nanomaterial-enhanced batteries, and identify the optimal strategy to minimize operating costs while maximizing Negawatt energy production. By considering technical, economic, and environmental factors, this research aims to provide valuable insights into sustainable and efficient Microgrid solutions for future energy management.

Study results in curvilinear motion of high-speed track machine with electromechanical transmission

Introduction. Transport and technological means based on tracked undercarriages have found their use in both military and civilian industries. Their widespread use is due to a number of advantages that contribute to the further development of mechanization of production, increasing the efficiency of transportation of minerals, and developing infrastructure during the development of new territories. Ensuring cross-country ability and mobility of vehicles with tracked undercarriages, including tracked conveyor-tractors, is possible through the use of hybrid electromechanical transmissions. One of the components of scientific research in this direction is carrying out simulation modeling of the movement of equipment. Modeling the motion process will make it possible to substantiate the energy characteristics of the electromechanical transmission of a tracked vehicle and confirm the adequacy of previously performed theoretical studies.Research methods. The main objective of the simulation was to confirm the effectiveness of the theoretical studies performed. The studies in the VISSIM programming environment using typical motion cycles that equivalently reflect the operating conditions and use of a tracked machine were carried out.Results. As a result of the research, quantitative estimates of the influence of the power of a diesel generator and the charge of an energy storage device on the dynamic performance of equipment were obtained. It has been established that in order to meet the requirements for promising samples, the power of the energy storage device should be at least 2.5 kWh when using a standard internal combustion engine.Discussion and conclusion. The research results can be used to create, based on the existing scientific and technical background, a promising robotic complex with an electromechanical transmission.

Model predictive control-based energy management system for an isolated electro-thermal microgrid in the Amazon region of Ecuador

Access to electricity is a fundamental key to developing countries' growth. Microgrids (MG) have become potential solutions to provide energy to isolated rural areas in a safe and environmentally friendly way. Therefore, proposals for alternative solutions to bridge the electrification gap in the Ecuadorian Amazon – which has the most significant percentage of its population without access to electricity – are of significant interest. Consequently, this paper presents the design of an Energy Management System (EMS) based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for an isolated electro-thermal microgrid comprising a photovoltaic generator, a diesel generator, a lithium-ion battery Energy Storage System (ESS), electrical loads, and a domestic hot water system. The EMS aims to supply energy reliably and safely, minimize the MG's operation costs, and extend the ESS's useful life while satisfying the end users' comfort. This study includes an estimated degradation model for the ESS’s State of Health (SOH), an essential parameter contributing to reducing the microgrid's operating costs in the long term. Simulation results using one-year data present the influence of the prediction horizon on the MG’s scheduling. In addition, the benefits of the proposed EMS are highlighted by comparing it with the results achieved by a Unit Commitment approach, where it is demonstrated that the proposed EMS presents a reduction in MG operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions while maximizing the utilization of renewable energy and extending the lifespan of the ESS. Finally, an experimental validation, using a Typhoon Hardware-in-the-loop HIL-402 device in real-time operation, stands out the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed MPC-based EMS.

Multi-level optimal energy management strategy for a grid tied microgrid considering uncertainty in weather conditions and load

Microgrids require efficient energy management systems to optimize the operation of microgrid sources and achieve economic efficiency. Bi-level energy management model is proposed in this paper to minimize the operational cost of a grid-tied microgrid under load variations and uncertainties in renewable sources while satisfying the various technical constraints. The first level is day ahead scheduling of generation units based on day ahead forecasting of renewable energy sources and load demand. In this paper, a recent meta-heuristic algorithm called Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (CHIO) is used to solve the problem of day-ahead scheduling of batteries, which is a complex constrained non-linear optimization problem, while the Lagrange multiplier method is used to determine the set-point of the Diesel Generator (DG). The second level of the proposed EMS is rescheduling and updating the set-points of sources in real-time according to the actual solar irradiance, wind speed, load, and grid tariff. In this paper, a novel real-time strategy is proposed to keep the economic operation during real-time under uncertainties. The obtained results show that the CHIO-based bi-level EMS demonstrates an optimal economic operation for a grid-connected microgrid in real-time when there are uncertainties in weather, utility tariffs, and load forecasts.

Dual harvesting from exhaust gas of diesel generators using thermoelectric generators and cold water tank

The present work concerns a dual harvesting concept applied to exhaust gas of Diesel generators using thermoelectric generators and cold water tank. To proceed, a simplified thermal modelling is developed and appropriate parametric analysis of power generation with the TEGs and heat recovered is conducted in function of the Diesel generator power and the TEG thermal conductivity and thickness. It was shown that powers up to 534 W can be generated with the TEGs and heat recovery rates up to 4463 W can be obtained for a Diesel generator power of 125 kW. Also, it was shown that the temperature difference across the TEGs and the power generated increase exponentially when the Diesel generator power and ratio of thickness to thermal conductivity of TEGs increase.

Capacity optimization of independent hybrid renewable energy system under different operational strategies based on improved gray wolf algorithm

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power exhibit strong stochasticity and volatility, resulting in decreased power supply security and sustainability. A strategically optimized hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is crucial for maintaining stable load operations and achieving sustainable energy development. This paper introduces an energy optimization management model for an independent HRES consisting of wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, diesel generators, and energy storage units. Operational strategies focus on energy storage-led loads following diesel generator-led load prioritizations. The model aims to optimize objectives to include economic, environmental, and power supply reliability indices. A dynamic adaptive parameter approach balances the parameters of the objective function at various instances. The optimal capacity allocation of the model is solved using the improved gray wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm. This approach incorporates the golden sine strategy, the levy flight strategy, and the dynamic inverse learning strategy into the traditional GWO algorithm. Analyzing different test functions, evaluation metrics, and actual load data indicates that the proposed algorithm excels in global optimization capabilities and search speeds. The model significantly reduces the economic and environmental costs of the HRES microgrids and improves the sustainable development of renewable energy in various scenarios.

Economic feasibility of using agrivoltaics for tomato farming

Economic feasibility of using agrivoltaics for tomato farming

Potential microgrid model based on hybrid photovoltaic/wind turbine/generator in the coastal area of North Sumatra

<span lang="EN-US">The high potential for renewable energy in the North Sumatra region, especially the coast of the Belawan area, needs to be exploited properly. The design that will be carried out is to explore the potential in coastal areas by simulating microgrid systems and hybrid system-based electricity installations. The method that will be used is to find the accuracy of strategic location points by considering the panel surface temperature which will later influence the power output of the power plant. Then find the ideal installation location as a reliable system when irregular climate conditions occur, of course this phenomenon will have a significant effect on energy balance and energy conversion, especially in coastal areas. The potential for installation construction will be carried out with a hybrid system using power sources from photovoltaics, wind turbines and diesel generators assisted by HOMER Pro software. The results of testing with simulations and information data that have been recorded in the software can later be used as a benchmark in planning electrical installations and also for identifying microgrid protection challenges. Then the measurement results that have been obtained for the installation of a hybrid-based microgrid system on Photovoltaic (PV) are DC output power of 618.80 W with measurements of sunny weather conditions, then the potential wind speed on the wind turbine reaches 5 m/s and the potential use of a diesel generator reaches 40% with power output capacity 1 kW.</span>

Experimental evaluation of the significance of scheduled turbocharger reconditioning on marine diesel engine efficiency and exhaust gas emissions

Poor clearances, misalignments, and carbon deposits in a turbocharger due to high running hours can decrease engine efficiency. This study analyzes the effects of turbocharger reconditioning on the performance and emissions formation of a marine diesel generator engine. The engine test experiments were performed on a university training ship's auxiliary diesel engine with 4309 running hours before and after the TC overhaul. As a result, cylinder peak pressure was increased by a maximum of 3.57 % while fuel saving of 5–8 g/kWh was realized. Lower exhaust gas temperatures and improved charge air pressure by up to 7.7 % were recorded. A significant CO emission reduction of 21.6 % was recorded at idle load whereas NOx and CO2 emissions were reduced to a maximum of 4.86 % and 7.30 % at 50 % engine load. The results indicate that scheduled TC overhaul and maintenance are very useful to improve the engine’s fuel economy, and performance and reduce exhaust emissions.

Effectiveness of building envelope parameters and adopting PV panels to reduce reliance on local generators in hot-dry climate

The growing energy demand, associated with the inability of the current infrastructure to satisfy this demand, has presented numerous challenges in Iraq's electricity sector. As a result, there has been an increased dependence on local diesel generators to mitigate power outages in homes. However, these generators raise environmental concerns and are associated with high operating CO₂ emissions. Here, using the DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus simulation software, the effectiveness of different building envelope modifications and photovoltaic panels as alternative energy sources was examined. Specifically, the impact of wall and roof insulation, window glazing, and shading devices on energy efficiency was analyzed. The results indicated that roof insulation is the most effective in reducing energy consumption by 28.8%, followed by wall insulation by 13.01%, while the effect of windows glazing and shading devices was insignificant. Furthermore, the installation of solar panels led to a significant reduction in energy demand by 53.6%, thereby decreasing operating carbon dioxide emissions and providing a practical alternative to the use of local generators. Our study offers valuable insights into the design of energy-efficient residential buildings in hot and dry climates. It highlights the importance of selecting appropriate building materials and integrating renewable energy sources, presenting a more environmentally effective solution to mitigate energy shortages.

Green Power Ev Charging Station Design and Analysis for Electric Vehicles

The primary goal of this research is to design on electric vehicle charging station with less emission in Chennai due to an increase in electric vehicles. The wind and solar are common renewable energy sources which produces green power. These renewable sources can also be implemented with diesel generator and grid connection to run the Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station. This research also focuses on the cost of energy and the total cost of the system for different sources to operate EV charging station. The sources to operate an EV charging station in various period of time to charge the vehicle are analyzed. The sensitivity analysis like derating of solar also done to examine the status of different parameters in entire system with low cost. The design of low-cost system for Electric Vehicle charging station will be a useful implementation to Chennai city for charge various EV vehicles. The result shows that the price of energy and total cost of the system are 0.176 $/kWh and $ 363,094 respectively for entire system which considers to charge different EV bike and EV car through EV charging station. The simulation for this research work is carried out in HOMER Grid software.

Automatic Transfer Switch Control Panel

Abstract: In Addressing the challenge of power outages, this paper introduces a diesel generator (DG) as a reliable backup power source. The centerpiece of the system is an automated transfer switch, meticulously engineered to transition power sources seamlessly. This automation is crucial for eliminating human error and ensuring swift action during power failures. The transfer switch, crafted predominantly from relays, underwent rigorous testing on a breadboard to ensure flawless operation. The design process was methodically segmented into three distinct phases: the power supply unit, the voltage comparator, and the switching mechanism. Each phase was individually tested and then meticulously assembled onto a printed circuit board (PCB). This innovative paper delivers a cost-effective and high-performing solution, ideal for both urgent and routine standby applications, ensuring continuous power supply with minimal interruption.