Diesel Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

The effect of Aluminum oxide nanoparticles addition with Jojoba methyl ester-diesel fuel blend on a diesel engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics

In the current work, an experimental investigation was conducted to recommend the optimal concentration of alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) into Jojoba biodiesel-diesel (JB20D) fuel blend at which the best diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions were attained. The Al2O3 nanoparticles with concentrations varied from 10 to 50 mg/l by step of 10 mg/l were mixed into JB20D fuel blend with the help of ultrasonic stabilization. The results of the present study revealed that JB20D slightly reduced the engine performance and increased its emission characteristics at all engine tested operating conditions as compared to pure diesel oil. Utilizing of Al2O3 additives was found to improve all engine performance characteristics. However, the best emission characteristics were obtained at the dose level of 20 mg/l, where remarkable emissions reduction were observed; NOx by 70%, CO by 80%, UHC by 60%, and Smoke opacity by 35%. While the best of both mechanical performance and engine combustion characteristics were achieved at a concentration of 40 mg/l, where the reduction in the brake specific fuel consumption – bsfc was by 12% and increase in the cylinder peak pressure – pmax, the maximum rate of pressure rise – dp/dθmax, and maximum rate of gross heat release – dQg/dθmax were 4.5%, 4%, and 4%, respectively. According to the comparisons of engine performance and emissions, the recommended concentration of Al2O3 in JB20D blends was concluded to be 30 mg/l, which gave remarkable enhancement in all engine performance parameters.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of IDI Diesel Engine Using Homogenized Water in Bio-Diesel Emulsion

Water in diesel emulsion when used as fuel in diesel engine has shown simultaneous reduction in both nitrogen oxides and particulate matters. However, when water in bio-diesel emulsion is used, the effect of simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate reduction is not achieved. The current study aims at investigating the diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions using water in bio-diesel fuel prepared by a homogenizer that produced micro-water particles in the emulsion. A 1.8L indirect injection diesel engine was operated using bio-diesel fuel which contains 95% diesel and 5% palm oil methyl ester, mixed with 5%, 10% and 20% by volume of water. Engine testing was conducted at full load condition with the engine speeds ranges from 1000 to 4000 rpm. Torque, engine speed and fuel consumption were measured along with emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, O2. The results showed small reduction in brake power, 1.4% and 2.1% for WBDE-5 and WBDE-10 respectively, at maximum torque. While, reduction in exhaust gas temperature, CO2 and smoke opacity for all the tested emulsions were exhibited. On the other hand, NOx was found to increase with increase in water contents due to the higher oxygen content in the bio-diesel fuel. WBDE-20 showed the worst efficacy due to having water content of 20% by volume.

Model Established on Exhaust Emissions of Vehicle Based on Speed and Vehicle Specific Power

A diesel exhaust emission model of vehicle based on speed and vehicle specific power is proposed in this paper. The actual emission data of the vehicle measured in a city road is taking as the research object. After constructing the vehicle driving cycle, a clustering algorithm based on real-time vehicle specific power and emission-sharing rate is used to classify the similar driving states. The relationship between the average emission rate and driving parameters is established by the least-squares regression fitting, thus the micro emission model of the driving parameters and emissions of the vehicle is established. The results show that the prediction error of the exhaust emission rate model which established by the method proposed in this paper is less than 4% for the same vehicle. Within a certain accuracy range, the modeling method proposed in this paper can predict emissions preferably.

Taguchi-based combined grey relational and principal component analyses for multi-response optimization of diesel engines

PurposeDiesel engine can produce power more efficiently with lower exhaust emissions when operated at optimum input parameter settings. To achieve this goal, the purpose of this paper is to optimize the input parameters of diesel engine which will lead to optimum performance and exhaust emissions.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the goal of improving diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions, four input parameters were considered in the study. Five different levels of each input parameter were taken. Four response variables under no load, half load and full load conditions were recorded. Experiments were performed in random manner according to selected Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. The data were analyzed using grey relational analysis coupled with principal component analysis. Analysis of S/N ratio was performed to obtain the optimum combination of input parameters. The grey relational grade at optimum setting of the input parameters was obtained by regression analysis.FindingsResults of the current research work give the optimum input parameter settings for no load, half load and full load conditions of diesel engine. Engine produces power more efficiently with low exhaust emissions when operated at these optimum settings.Practical implicationsIn view of the compliance to the stringent air pollution norms of the nations and fast depleting fossil fuels, it is of the utmost importance to design and operate the engine in the optimum range of its input parameters so that it produces more power with low exhaust emissions. This paper aims at optimizing input parameters of diesel engine to improve performance and exhaust emissions. Results of the study presented in this paper are significantly useful for diesel engine-related researchers and professionals.Originality/valueFrom the literature review, it appears that only few researchers have conducted studies pertaining to the optimization of the input parameters of diesel engine to improve performance or exhaust emissions. Although few studies related to the optimization of compression ratio, fuel injection timing, fuel injection pressure and air pressure have been reported, no work related to optimization of temperature and pressure of turbocharged air has been reported. Therefore, the main focus of the current research work is on optimizing the charge air temperature and pressure with respect to performance and exhaust emissions.

Engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water-diesel emulsion fuel blended with manganese metal additives

Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is one of the alternative fuels that capable to reduce the exhaust emission of diesel engine significantly especially the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, the usage of W/D emulsion fuels contributed to higher CO emissions. Supplementing metal additive into the fuel is the alternate way to reduce the CO emissions and improve performance. The present paper investigates the effect of using W/D blended with organic based manganese metal additives on the diesel engine performance and exhaust emission. The test were carried out by preparing and analysing the results observed from five different tested fuel which were D2, emulsion fuel (E10: 89% D2, 10% - water, 1% - surfactant), E10Mn100, E10Mn150, E10Mn200. Organic based Manganese (100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm) used as the additive in the three samples of the experiments. E10Mn200 achieved the maximum reduction of BSFC up to 13.66% and has the highest exhaust gas temperature. Whereas, E10Mn150 achieved the highest reduction of CO by 14.67%, and slightly increased of NOx emissions as compared to other emulsion fuels. Organic based manganese which act as catalyst promotes improvement of the emulsion fuel performance and reduced the harmful emissions discharged.

Investigation of microalgae HTL fuel effects on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions using surrogate fuels

This paper builds on previous work using surrogate fuel to investigate advanced internal combustion engine fuels. To date, a surrogate fuel of this nature has not been used for microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) biocrude. This research used five different chemical groups found in microalgae HTL biocrude to design a surrogate fuel. Those five chemical groups constitute around 65% (by weight) of a microalgae biocrude produced by HTL. Weight percentage of the microalgae HTL biocrude chemical compounds were used to design the surrogate fuel, which was miscible with diesel at all percentages. The engine experiments were conducted on a EURO IIIA turbocharged common-rail direct-injection six-cylinder diesel engine to test engine performance and emissions. Exhaust emissions, including particulate matter and other gaseous emissions, were measured with the surrogate fuel and a reference diesel fuel. Experimental results showed that without significantly deteriorating engine performance, lower particulate mass, particulate number and CO emissions were observed with a penalty in NOx emissions for all surrogate blends compared to those of the reference diesel.

Effects of Diesel Exhaust on Cardiovascular Function and Oxidative Stress.

Air pollution is a major global health concern with particulate matter (PM) being especially associated with increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diesel exhaust emissions are a particularly rich source of the smallest sizes of PM ("fine" and "ultrafine") in urban environments, and it is these particles that are believed to be the most detrimental to cardiovascular health. Recent Advances: Controlled exposure studies to diesel exhaust in animals and man demonstrate alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, vascular tone, endothelial function, myocardial perfusion, thrombosis, atherogenesis, and plaque stability. Oxidative stress has emerged as a highly plausible pathobiological mechanism by which inhalation of diesel exhaust PM leads to multiple facets of cardiovascular dysfunction. Diesel exhaust inhalation promotes oxidative stress in several biological compartments that can be directly associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. Further studies with more sensitive and specific in vivo human markers of oxidative stress are required to determine if targeting oxidative stress pathways involved in the actions of diesel exhaust PM could be of therapeutic value. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 819-836.

Effect of emulsified fuels based on fatty acid distillates on single cylinder diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions

In this contribution an experimental investigation concerning the effect of emulsified fuels based on fatty acid distillates (FAD) on a single cylinder diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions was investigated. The single cylinder diesel engine assessment was conducted under selected test conditions, fixing the engine speed and varying the load. Emulsified fuels were formulated using blends of fatty acid distillates in diesel fuel as continuous phase, as well as deionized water as dispersed phase and Nonyl phenol with 8mol of ethylene oxide as surfactant. Over these conditions the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), ignition delay (ID), rate of heat release (ROHR), cumulative heat release, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) were analyzed. The results indicate that the use of emulsified fuels produce increases in the specific fuel consumption and decreases in the brake thermal efficiency for emulsions compared to diesel fuel and a blend of 30% FAD in diesel. On the other hand, later starts of combustion and retarded ROHR for emulsified fuels compared to diesel fuel and a blend of 30% FAD in diesel were obtained. Further, lower NOx and higher HC and CO emissions for emulsified fuels were reported.

Diesel particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fire stations.

Firefighters are known to be exposed to a wide variety of combustion products during operational and training firefighting activities. However, the potential for exposure to diesel exhaust emissions, recently classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, also exists within the fire station environment. In this study, concentrations of diesel particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been measured in the engine bays, duty offices and dormitory areas of eight fire stations in Queensland, Australia. Operation of fire appliances and mechanical equipment during start of shift checks were found to contribute more strongly to overall engine bay diesel particulate matter concentrations than the number of fire appliance departures and returns. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found to be transported further into fire station living environments than diesel particulate matter. This study highlights a number of potential strategies for reducing firefighter exposures to components of diesel engine exhaust in the fire station environment.

Improvement of diesel combustion and exhaust emission by variable valve timing system

Improvement of diesel combustion and exhaust emission by variable valve timing system

Optimal Deployment of Dynamic Wireless Charging Facilities for an Electric Bus System

Diesel engine buses still make up the majority of the bus fleet in the United States, even with the problem of diesel exhaust and greenhouse gas emissions. Electric buses, which generate no emissions, are a promising green alternative for bus fleets. However, electric buses have a limited travel range and a time-consuming recharging process. Dynamic wireless charging, which allows electric buses to charge while traveling, could alleviate the drawbacks of electric buses. With dynamic wireless charging technology, electric buses can operate with smaller batteries, and the stationary recharging time at the base station can be shortened. The key design variables in deploying dynamic wireless charging facilities for an electric bus system are battery size and the location of the wireless charging facilities. This paper addresses the problem of simultaneously selecting the optimal locations for the wireless charging facilities and designing the battery size for an electric bus system. A mixed integer linear program was developed to minimize the total implementation cost. The model was demonstrated with a real-world bus system. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can solve the optimal deployment problem of dynamic wireless charging facilities for an electric bus system.

Biodiesel unsaturation degree effects on diesel engine NOx emissions and cotton wick flame temperature

As compared with conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel has better lubricity and lower particulate matter (PM) emissions however nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions generally increase in biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine. Strict regulation on NOx emissions is being implemented in current Euro 6 standard and it is expected to be tighter in next standard, thus increase of NOx cannot be accepted. In this study, biodiesel unsaturation degree effects on NOx emissions are investigated. Canola, palm and coconut oils are selected as the feedstock based on their unsaturation degree. Biodiesel blends of B20 were used to fuel a single cylinder diesel engine and exhaust emissions were sampled directly at exhaust tailpipe with a flue gas analyser. Biodiesel flame temperature was measured from a cotton wick burned in simple atmospheric conditions using a thermocouple. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was also used to identify the functional groups presence in the biodiesel blends. Oxygen content in biodiesel may promote complete combustion as the NOx emissions and flame temperatures were increased while the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were decreased for all biodiesel blends. It is interesting to note that the NOx emissions and flame temperatures were directly proportional with biodiesel unsaturation degree. It might be suggested that apart from excess oxygen and free radical formation, higher NOx emissions can also be caused by the elevated flame temperatures due to the presence of double bonds in unsaturated biodiesel.

Diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using diesel-organic germanium fuel blend

The global diesel fuel stock has been decreasing due to its non-renewable source. Hence, many researchers have focused on an alternative fuel that can reduce the use of fossil fuel. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel, bio-alcohol and other biomass sources have been extensively research to find its potential to be used in internal combustion engines aimed at discovering alternative sources to fossil fuels. The advantage of using biodiesel is that is produces less greenhouse gases overall than fossil fuels when burn and less particulates such as soot and other fine particles. This experiment compared the performance of pure diesel (D), biodiesel (BD) and organic germanium-biodiesel blend (BG5) at five different speeds ranging from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm. Results showed that BG5 shows a different combustion performance compared to BD. When compared to BD in terms of engine power, no significant changes observed at a low speed (1200 rpm). On the contrary, at higher speeds (1800 rpm and 2400 rpm), BG5 blend fuel showed increased engine power of 12.2 % and 9.2 %, respectively. Similarly, results on torque showed similar findings as engine power, whereby the improvement could be seen at higher speeds (1800 rpm and 2400 rpm) when torque increased by 7.3 % and 2.3 %, respectively. In addition, the emission results indicated that for all speeds, CO2, and NO had reduced at an average of 2.1 % and 177 %, respectively. Meanwhile, CO emission had slightly increased compared to BD at low speeds by 0.04 %. However, the amount of CO released had decreased at an average of 0.03 % as the engine speed increased. Finally, measurement of O2 shows an increment at 16.4 % at all speed range.

Characterization of indoor diesel exhaust emissions from the parking garage of a school.

Diesel exhaust (DE) emissions from a parking garage located in the basement of a school were characterized during spring and winter using direct reading devices and integrated sampling methods. Concentrations of CO and NO2 were evaluated using electrochemical sensors and passive colorimetric tubes, respectively. Elemental and total carbon concentrations were measured using the NIOSH 5040 method. Particle number concentrations (PNCs), respirable particulate matter (PMresp) mass concentrations, and size distributions were evaluated using direct reading devices. Indoor concentrations of elemental carbon, PNC, CO, and NO2 showed significant seasonal variation; concentrations were much higher during winter (p<0.01). Concentrations of the PMresp and total carbon did not show significant seasonal variation. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.9 (p<0.01) and 0.94 (p<0.01) between the parking garage and ground floor average daily PNCs, and between the parking garage and first floor average daily PNCs, respectively. Since DE is the main identified source of fine and ultrafine particles in the school, these results suggest that DE emissions migrate from the parking garage into the school. Our results highlight the relevance of direct reading instruments in identifying migration of contaminants and suggest that monitoring PNC is a more specific way of assessing exposure to DE than monitoring the common PMresp fraction.

Spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and carcinogenic risk assessment for PAHs and PCBs in air and soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the province of thermal power plants.

Atmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.8% in summer). For PAHs, deposition to the soil was the dominant mechanism in winter while in summer volatilization was equally important. For PCBs, volatilization dominated in summer while deposition was higher in winter. Cancer risks associated with inhalation and accidental soil ingestion of soil were also estimated. Generally, the estimated carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable risk level of 10-6. The percentage of the population exceeding the acceptable risk level ranged from <1% to 16%, except, 32% of the inhalation risk levels due to PAH exposure in winter at urban/industrial sites were >10-6.

Experimental and numerical consideration of the effect of CeO2 nanoparticles on diesel engine performance and exhaust emission with the aid of artificial neural network

Reduction of exhaust emission and fuel consumption is one of the most important challenges in the engine communities. One of the methods to overcome the issue is improving fuel by modification or reformulation of its composition. To this end, the experiments were conducted such that the power, emissions, and fuel consumption on a CI diesel engine were altered using fuel blend of diesel with nanoparticles. For this purpose, cerium oxide nanoparticles in 10–30nm scale were used and added to the base fuel blend in rates of 10, 20, and 40ppm. The results showed a significant reduction in NOx and HC and a slight increase in CO emissions as compared to pure diesel fuel. In addition, a slight decrease was observed in fuel consumption while the brake power exhibited no significant changes for this fuel blend.Three sets of input elements namely, BSFC, nanoparticle addition, and engine speed were considered whereas power, NOx, HC, and CO emissions are output parameters. The results, however, indicate that 12 neurons of hidden layer, together with application of Levenberg-Marquardt training rule led to the best network performance with the least MSE value of 0.000172. According to the current investigation, the network modeling succeeded in presentation of efficient interconnecting relation between nanoparticle impact in fuel with engine power and pollutant emissions.

EVALUATION OF THE PISTONS TEMPERATURE STATE REGULATION IMPACT ON THE DIESEL ENGINE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES

The paper analyzes the possibilities of comprehensive improvement of fuel efficiency and diesel exhaust emission regulations in the implementation of the control thermal state of its pistons. A method for evaluating the quality of a diesel engine, taking into account the intensity of the oil cooling piston, the start of fuel injection into the combustion chamber, as well as a model of operation of the power plant. The efficiency of the implementation of pistons temperature state regulation of automobile, combine, tractor diesel engines and stationary diesel generators.

Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of IC engine using sunflower oil methyl ester as fuel with oxygenated additive and EGR

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions with biodiesel as fuel and diethyl ether (DEE) as additive. Sunflower methyl ester was selected as a base fuel for the engine and DEE as an oxygenate with varying percentages. The experiment was conducted on a single-cylinder naturally aspirated direct-injection diesel engine with constant speed. Engine emissions are one of the major sources of pollution in the atmosphere. An approach to solve this problem is to add oxygenates to biodiesel. In this research work, an attempt has been made to analyze the effect of diethyl ether as an additive. Parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust emission of CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke intensity were measured, and significant improvements were observed with the addition of diethyl ether with biodiesel as a blend. The brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel varied from 11.91 to 20.9%. NOx emission was reduced from 469 to 261 ppm in full load. Hydrocarbon (HC) varied from 200 to 130 ppm in full load. Similar variations were inferred for other emissions also.

IDI diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using biodiesel with an artificial neural network (ANN)

Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention each passing day because of its fuel properties and compatibility. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke indirect diesel injection (IDI) engine fueled with Rice Bran Methyl Ester (RBME) with Isopropanol additive. The investigation is done through a combination of experimental data analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. The study used IDI engine experimental data to evaluate nine engine performance and emission parameters including Exhaust Gas Temperature (E.G.T), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (B.The) and various emissions like Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and smoke. For the ANN modeling standard back propagation algorithm was found to be the optimum choice for training the model. A multi-layer perception (MLP) network was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. It was found that ANN was able to predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions with a correlation coefficient of 0.995, 0.980, 0.999, 0.985, 0.999, 0.999, 0.980, 0.999, and 0.999 for E.G.T, BSFC, B.The, HC, O2, CO2, CO, NOX, smoke respectively.

The changes in hematological profile of adult male rats after exposure to diesel exhaust emission

The changes in hematological profile of adult male rats after exposure to diesel exhaust emission