Abstract
Water in diesel emulsion when used as fuel in diesel engine has shown simultaneous reduction in both nitrogen oxides and particulate matters. However, when water in bio-diesel emulsion is used, the effect of simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate reduction is not achieved. The current study aims at investigating the diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions using water in bio-diesel fuel prepared by a homogenizer that produced micro-water particles in the emulsion. A 1.8L indirect injection diesel engine was operated using bio-diesel fuel which contains 95% diesel and 5% palm oil methyl ester, mixed with 5%, 10% and 20% by volume of water. Engine testing was conducted at full load condition with the engine speeds ranges from 1000 to 4000 rpm. Torque, engine speed and fuel consumption were measured along with emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, O2. The results showed small reduction in brake power, 1.4% and 2.1% for WBDE-5 and WBDE-10 respectively, at maximum torque. While, reduction in exhaust gas temperature, CO2 and smoke opacity for all the tested emulsions were exhibited. On the other hand, NOx was found to increase with increase in water contents due to the higher oxygen content in the bio-diesel fuel. WBDE-20 showed the worst efficacy due to having water content of 20% by volume.
Highlights
Diesel engines are preferred over the gasoline engines because of their robustness, fuel economy and high power output either in automobiles or in industrial applications
Another study with a single cylinder diesel engine claimed that 10% and 25% NOx reduction has been achieved with 10% and 20% water content respectively [4]
water in bio-diesel emulsions (WBDE)-20 exhibited the lowest torque after 2000 rpm with a maximum reduction of 20% compared to B5 diesel
Summary
Diesel engines are preferred over the gasoline engines because of their robustness, fuel economy and high power output either in automobiles or in industrial applications. Out of several methods available for the introduction of water in to the combustion chamber, emulsified diesel fuel has been widely accepted practice for its efficacy in reducing both NOx and PM, and it does not require any engine modification. Micro-water particles in the emulsion droplets reach the superheated state much earlier than diesel fuel which in turn leads to secondary atomization of the droplets, resulting in better air-fuel mixture and better combustion is achieved. When WiDE was tested on multi cylinder industrial diesel engine, a maximum of 37% reduction in NOx has been reported under steady state operation [3]. Another study with a single cylinder diesel engine claimed that 10% and 25% NOx reduction has been achieved with 10% and 20% water content respectively [4]. On a separate study by Barnaud et al [9] and Matheaus et al [10], a drop of 50% and 16% of PM was observed, respectively
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