Compression Ignition Diesel Research Articles

Energy, exergy, economic and sustainability assessments of a compression ignition diesel engine fueled with tire pyrolytic oil[formula omitted]diesel blends

Every year, millions of tons of tire become unusable around the world and waste tire dumps threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, recycling of waste tires has attracted attention recently. In this study, energy, exergy, economic and sustainability analyses of a compression ignition diesel engine fueled with tire pyrolytic oil-diesel blends were performed and the results were compared with that of neat diesel. Tire pyrolytic oil was produced from waste tires with vacuum pyrolysis technique. Hydro-sulfuric acid treatment, vacuum distillation and oxidative desulfurization processes were applied to reduce emission values of tire pyrolytic oil. Tire pyrolytic oil was blended with neat diesel as 10 vol% (TPO10D90), 30 vol% (TPO30D70) and 50 vol% (TPO50D50). The test engine was single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, compression ignition diesel engine and the experiments were conducted for different test engine loads of 3 Nm, 6 Nm, 9 Nm and 12 Nm at constant crankshaft speed of 2000 rpm. The highest energy and exergy efficiencies were obtained for TPO10D90, while the lowest ones were obtained for neat diesel. At 12 Nm, the energy efficiency of test engine was obtained to be 26.89% for neat diesel and 28.15% for TPO10D90, while the exergy efficiency of test engine was found to be 25.19% for neat diesel and 26.36% for TPO10D90. The energy loss per capital investment cost was obtained to be 0.87×10−4 kW/$ for TPO10D90 and 1.03×10−4 kW/$ for neat diesel at 3Nm. At 12 Nm, the highest sustainability index was determined to be 1.358 for TPO10D90, while the lowest sustainability index was 1.337 for neat diesel. Results showed that TPO10D90 had better performance at each test engine load in terms of energy, exergy, economic and sustainability and the increase in tire pyrolytic oil content of blend made the results worse but better than neat diesel. As a conclusion, it can be said that tire pyrolytic oil production from waste tires is important fact from the viewpoint of both waste management and protection of fossil fuel resources depletion.

Measuring and comparing the ignition delay time of the reference diesel, convectional diesel, additive ethanol and biodiesel from soybean oil using a shock tube

The objective of this work is to correlate the ignition delay times of reference diesel, convectional diesel, ethanol and biodiesel from soybean oil measured in a shock tube with a 5% additive increase in the cetane number. The results were correlated with the cetane number of the respective fuels and compared with the ignition delay times available in the studies by others authors. The shock tube is a metal tube in which gas at low pressure and at high pressure is separated by a diaphragm. When the diaphragm breaks in predetermined conditions (high pressure in this case) produces shock waves that move from the high-pressure chamber (known driver section) to the low-pressure chamber (known driven section). The tests were performed under the following initial conditions: reflected shock wave temperature from 903 to 1260 K, equivalence ratio of 1 and reflected shock wave pressures of 24 bar. For determining and recording the ignition delay time, pressure sensors with high acquisition rate and luminosity sensors were used. With information from pressure sensors and the luminosity sensor, ignition delay times of reference diesel, convectional diesel, additive ethanol and biodiesel from soybean oil were recorded. We concluded that the ignition delay time of additive ethanol was twice as large as the ignition delay time of reference diesel. The ignition delay time of biodiesel from soybean oil was approximately three times greater than the ignition delay time of reference diesel. The ignition delay time of the reference diesel was smaller than the convectional diesel. The contribution of this work is that it shows why additive ethanol and pure biodiesel should not be used as substitutes for diesel compression ignition engines without any major changes in the engines. The ignition delay times of these fuels are at least two to three times longer than the ignition delay time of reference diesel.

Experimental Investigation of Castor Oil and Methanol Powered DI-CI Engine with Thermal Barrier Coated Piston

Biodiesel has gained the attention of many researchers all over the world. Although several biodiesel are utilized as fuel for diesel engine, the thermal efficiency of the engine while running with biodiesel does not meet the standards of neat diesel. In this research work an attempt was made to run the direct injection compression Ignition (DI-CI) diesel engine with thermal barrier coated piston with castor oil and methanol fuel blends. Thermal barrier coating (TBC) increases the heat absorption rate thereby reduces the amount of heat rejected to the exhaust system. TBC also overcomes the problem of using biodiesel in CI engines that it compensates the efficiency loss due to lower calorific value of biodiesel. On the other hand, methanol blended with castor oil has the ability to reduce the oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions simultaneously. The experimental results show that an increase of 3.07% in brake thermal efficiency is achieved when the thermal barrier coated CI engine is fuelled with methanol and castor oil blend when compared with neat diesel. Also, the NOx emissions and smoke intensity are reduced by 44% and 28.5% respectively with the same blend.

A Simulation Study for Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Strict pollutants regulations, real driving emissions compliance and CO<sub>2</sub> reduction mandates are stretching the boundaries of traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) development. Despite major improvements in the last decade, car manufacturers still face challenges in simultaneous abatement of CO<sub>2</sub> and local emissions of conventional diesel compression ignition and gasoline spark ignition powertrains. By combining a clean fuel like gasoline with a high efficiency thermodynamic cycle (compression ignition) it is possible to create a powertrain that is clean both globally and locally, and so breaking the historical trade-off between decreasing CO<sub>2</sub> vs. pollutants criteria. The concept is known worldwide as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Very low vehicle out CO<sub>2</sub> cannot be achieved if ICEs are not combined with a hybrid electric powertrain. Saudi Aramco also looks into the possibility of combining GCI with hybrid electric technologies. A 0D simulation of powertrain was performed using the Stateflow<sup>®</sup> approach and Fuzzy Logic Toolbox™ in MATLAB<sup>®</sup> and Simulink<sup>®</sup> on different driving cycles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The purpose of this paper is to design the control strategies for different hybrid architectures based on certain parameters such as speed and torque, power demand and battery. Optimizing these parameters helped to achieve some significant results. So four hybrid architectures with variable battery sizes were optimized and simulated to prove the possibilities of CO<sub>2</sub> benefits. The simulation results showed that a C-class vehicle equipped with a GCI engine and different hybrid powertrains can emit under 64g/km of CO<sub>2</sub> like the target from European commission in 2030.</div></div>

Effect of nanoparticles and hydrogen on combustion performance and exhaust emission of corn blended biodiesel in compression ignition engine with advanced timing

In this study, we have evaluated the influence of Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition in hydrogen-corn blended biodiesel combustion performance and exhaust emission using a dual direct-injection compression-ignition engine. 5% of Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide were mixed with corn-vegetable oil methyl ester under ultrasonication. Results revealed that the addition of nanoparticles improved the Brake power by 22% (Titanium dioxide) and 4% (Zinc oxide). Consequently, 18% and 15% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption indeed at 50% load compared to neat diesel. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles also resulted in a reduction of emission values of 37% and 26% in hydrocarbon, 26% and 36% for carbon monoxide, 19% and 15% in nitrogen oxide and followed by 13% and 8% of smoke opacity. Therefore, the results proved that hydrogen-corn biodiesel blended with nanoparticles additive reports a positive effect on compression-ignition diesel engines without major modifications in engine.

Influence of alternative fuels on combustion and characteristics of particulate matter morphology in a compression ignition diesel engine

The improvement of combustion and harmful emissions reduction has been driven by multiple factors; alternative fuels can be one of the important factors. In this study, Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) and Ethanol-RME-Diesel blend are used as an alternative fuels in a single cylinder diesel engine. The impact of alternative fuel on particulate matter (PM) characteristics and gaseous emissions were studied. These results reveal that ethanol blend increases the in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) compared to the GTL and diesel fuel by 4% and 13% respectively. The particulate size distribution (PSD) was smaller from the combustion of ethanol blend compared to diesel and GTL fuel. The experimental results indicated that the ethanol blend produces smaller size of soot agglomerate and lower number of soot primary particles (npo) than to the rest of fuel. Furthermore, it can be observed that the soot particles emitted from ethanol blend has less spherical shape due to smaller fractal dimension (Df) than to the diesel and GTL fuel. It is found that the NOX emissions were lower from the combustion of GTL fuel than ethanol blend and diesel fuel.

Investigation and performance analysis of water-diesel emulsion for improvement of performance and emission characteristics of partially premixed charge compression ignition (PPCCI) diesel engines

Partially premixed charge compression ignition (PPCCI) engine is a promising technique as compared with the conventional diesel engine. The present research paper shows the use of water-diesel emulsion at varying concentrations in PPCCI engine. Three concentrations of water in the water-diesel emulsion like 3%, 6% and 9% used in PPCCI engines. A four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine modified to PPCCI engine by using intake manifold system taken for the experiments. It has been found that the water concentration enhancement leads to improvement in the brake specific fuel consumption and an increase in the brake thermal efficiency. It also reduces the CO, UHC, smoke opacity and Nox emissions from the engine.

Numerical study using detailed chemistry combustion comparing effects of wall heat transfer models for compression ignition diesel engine

The present work highlights the effect of wall heat transfer models on numerical predictions of combustion phenomenon in compression ignition diesel engine. A comparison of engine’s performance is made using O’Rourke and Amsden, Han and Reitz and Angelberger heat transfer models. A detailed chemistry model employed comprises of 61 species and 235 reactions for n-heptane/diesel combustion. RANS RNG k-e turbulence model (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes: RANS; re-normalisation group: RNG; turbulent kinetic energy—rate of dissipation of turbulence energy: k-e turbulence model) is used here to model mass, momentum and energy transport equations for engine computational fluid dynamics simulations. The study performed is on turbocharged 130PS 5.675L diesel engine and presented against experimental findings. Effect of different wall treatment models on accuracy and inherent computational time requirement for predicting engine P–θ (cylinder pressure vs. crank angle) curve, indicated mean effective pressure and AHRR (apparent heat release rate) is discussed in this paper. This comparative study facilitates in choosing optimum heat transfer model for in-cylinder combustion study vis-a-vis the trade-offs between solution accuracy (which drives product quality) versus computational time (which drives time to market).

Effects of fuel injection parameters on premixed charge compression ignition combustion and emission characteristics in a medium-duty compression ignition diesel engine

From the different power plants, the compression ignition diesel engines are considered the best alternative to be used in the transport sector due to its high efficiency. However, the current emission standards impose drastic reductions for the main pollutants, that is, NO x and soot, emitted by this type of engines. To accomplish with these restrictions, alternative combustion concepts as the premixed charge compression ignition are being investigated nowadays. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of different fuel injection strategies on the combustion performance and engine-out emissions of the premixed charge compression ignition combustion regime. For that, experimental measurements were carried out in a single-cylinder medium-duty compression ignition diesel engine at low-load operation. Different engine parameters as the injection pattern timing, main injection timing and main injection fuel quantity were sweep. The best injection strategy was determined by means of a methodology based on the evaluation of a merit function. The results suggest that the best injection strategy for the low-load premixed charge compression ignition operating condition investigated implies using a high injection pressure and a triple-injection event with a delayed main injection with almost 15% of the total fuel mass injected.

Combustion Phenomena, Emissions and Performance Characteristics of Lemongrass Oil in Direct Injection (DI) Compression Ignition Diesel

Development of alternative fuels used in IC engines employ traditionally advance process which creates a fuel related issues, decisive fuel properties are indentified and their specific values are defined to solve problem. The present work deals with lemongrass oil (cymbopogon flexuosus) as an alternative fuel. By using trans-esterification process the lemongrass oil converted into biodiesel. This biodiesel is blended with the conventional diesel with various proportions and tests were conducted on 20%, 30% and 50% lemongrass oil blends with diesel. The performance characteristics, emissions and combustion phenomena are studied at 1500rpm of engine speed and compression ratio of 17.5 in a 4- stroke cycle mono cylinder DI compression ignition diesel engine. Comparison studies are made with conventional diesel fuel. Experimental outcomes revealed the successful ignition process in which the heat energy released from a DI compression ignition diesel engine fueled with lemon grass oil is within the limits.

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance and Reducing Emissions Using Binary Biodiesel Fuel Blend

Fossil fuel consumption provides a negative impact on the human health and environment in parallel with the decreased availability of this valuable natural resource for the future generations to use as a source of chemical energy for all applications in energy, power, and propulsion. The diesel fuel consumption in the transport sector is higher than the gasoline in most developing countries for reasons of cost and economy. Biodiesel fuel offers a good replacement for diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Earlier investigations by the authors revealed that a blend of 70% amla seed oil biodiesel and 30% eucalyptus oil (AB70EU30) is the favorable alternative renewable fuel blend that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. With any fuel, air/fuel mixing and mixture preparation impact efficiency, emissions, and performance in CI engines. Minor adjustments in engine parameters to improve air/fuel mixing and combustion are deployable approaches to achieve good performance with alternative fuel blends in CI engines. This paper provides the role of a minor modification to engine parameters (compression ratio, injection timing, and injection pressure) on improved performance using the above mixture of binary fuel blends (AB70EU30). The results showed that the use of AB70EU30 in modified engine resulted in higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to normal diesel for improved combustion that also resulted in very low tailpipe emissions.

Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on an Opposed-Piston Compression Ignition Diesel Engine

High power-to-weight and fuel efficiency are bounded with opposed-piston compression ignition (OPCI) engine, which makes it ideal in certain applications. In the present study, a dynamic three-dimensional CFD model was established to numerically investigate the combustion process and emission formation of a model OPCI engine with hydrogen enrichment. The simulation results indicated that a small amount of hydrogen was efficient to improve the indicated power owing to the increased in-cylinder pressure. Hydrogen tended to increase the ignition delay of diesel fuel due to both dilution and chemical effect. The burning rate of diesel fuel was apparently accelerated when mixing with hydrogen and premixed combustion became dominated. NOx increased sharply while soot was sufficiently suppressed due to the increase of in-cylinder temperature. Preliminary modifications on diesel injection strategy including injection timing and injection pressure were conducted. It was notable that excessive delayed injection timing could reduce NOx emission but deteriorate the indicated power which was mainly attributed to the evident decline of hydrogen combustion efficiency. This side effect could be mitigated by increasing the diesel injection pressure. Appropriate delay of injection coupled with high injection pressure was suggested to deal with trade-offs among NOx, soot and engine power.

Experimental investigation of the effect of fatty acids configuration, chain length, branching and degree of unsaturation on biodiesel fuel properties obtained from lauric oils, high-oleic and high-linoleic vegetable oil biomass

A very good understanding of the structure, level, type and physical property relationships of fatty acids in plants oils and their methyl esters (FAMEs) is of utmost importance when selecting vegetable oils for a particular desired biodiesel quality that meets the operating condition requirements of the compression-ignition diesel engine and the climatic dictate of the environment under which the engine is operated. It is on this premise that the degree of influence of fatty acid configuration, chain length, branching and unsaturation on cold flow and critical properties of biodiesel was investigated. The critical properties studied include: saponification and cetane number, iodine value, higher heating values, density, flash point and kinematic viscosity. The feed stock consists of three groups of vegetable oil biomass. The group one is made up of highly saturated, lauric coconut and palm kernel oils while group two consists of high linoleic, soyabean and corn oil biomass with low percentage of mono-unsaturated and high percentage of poly-unsaturated fatty acid. High oleic olive and canola oil constituted the third group of biomass. The triglycerides in these oils were converted to methyl esters by alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction under standard conditions. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compositional analyses of these feed stocks was done by using Agilent, HP 6890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame ionization detector and 6890 Auto Sampler that connects with a controller box (GC-FID). The various biodiesel cold flow behaviour and critical properties under investigation were evaluated by the American society for testing materials (ASTM D6751-07b) and the European union (EN 14214) standard procedures and techniques.Better cold flow behaviour was exhibited by biomass with higher degree of unsaturation, longer chain length, higher degree of branching and with cis configuration. While critical properties showed a lot of variations based on fatty acid profile.

ISSUES OF CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEELED VEHICLES WITH HYBRID ENGINES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UKRAINIAN CLASSIFIER OF GOODS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

This article discusses the problematic issues of the study of the characteristics of wheeled plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in accordance with the requirements of the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity. Existing types of hybrid power plants are considered. We consider the problems that are solved by experts in automotive industry in the study of wheeled vehicles with hybrid power plants. Problems of determining the type of hybrid power plant of a wheeled vehicle, the principle of its operation, and, consequently, the influence of this on the determination of the code according to the UKT ZED (Ukrainian Classification of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity) are considered. Currently, in expert practice, there is no single approach in carrying out research to determine which characteristics the wheeled vehicle meets according to the Ukrainian Classifier of Goods of Foreign Economic Activity. In this article the main types and types of hybrid power units, the principles of their operation and the effect on the definition of the code under the UKT ZED are given.
 In relation to wheeled vehicles to one or another code under the UKT ZED it is necessary to determine the scheme of the operation of the hybrid power plant. In this case, hybrid power units operating on a parallel and serially parallel circuit should be classified in the code of code 8703 2 "Other vehicles with spark ignition internal combustion engine and crankshaft coupling" or 8703 3 "Other vehicles from an internal combustion engine with compression ignition (diesel or semi-diesel), and hybrid power plants that operate in a sequential scheme to the code number 8703 90 90 00 "other" as not falling under the requirements of the other the position of the booty on the principle of its work.

From fundamental study to practical application of kerosene in compression ignition engines: An experimental and modeling review

The use of kerosene in direct injection compression ignition engines is fundamentally due to the introduction of the Single Fuel Concept. As conventional direct injection compression ignition diesel engines are made specifically to use diesel fuel, the usage of kerosene will affect engine emissions and performance due to differences between the fuel properties of kerosene and diesel. As a result, in order for kerosene to be properly and efficiently used in diesel engines, it is needful for the scientific community to know the properties of kerosene, its autoignition and combustion characteristics, as well as its emissions formation behavior under diesel engine operating conditions. Moreover, it is desirable to know the progress made in the development of suitable kerosene surrogates for engine applications as it is a crucial step toward the development of reliable chemical reaction mechanisms for numerical simulations. Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive review is carried out systematically to better understand the characteristics and behavior of kerosene under direct injection compression ignition engine relevant conditions. In this review work, the fuel properties of kerosene are summarized and discussed. In addition, fundamental autoignition studies of kerosene in shock tube, rapid compression machine, fuel ignition tester, ignition quality tester, constant volume combustion chamber, and engine are compiled and evaluated. Furthermore, experimental studies of kerosene spray and combustion in constant volume combustion chambers are examined. Also, the experimental investigations of kerosene combustion and emissions in direct injection compression ignition engines are discussed. Moreover, the development of kerosene surrogates, their chemical reaction mechanisms, and the modeling of kerosene combustion in direct injection compression ignition engines are summarized and talked about. Finally, recommendations are also given to help researchers focus on the areas which are still severely lacking.

Ducted Fuel Injection: Effects of Stand-Off Distance and Duct Length on Soot Reduction

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ducted fuel injection (DFI) has been shown to be an effective method to significantly reduce soot formation in mixing controlled compression ignition (MCCI) diesel combustion. This reduction has been demonstrated in both combustion vessels and in an optical engine. The mechanisms driving the soot reduction are to date not fully understood. Optimal duct configurations are also not immediately evident. The objective of this study is to show the effects of two geometric variables, namely distance from fuel injector orifice exit to duct inlet (0.1-6 mm) for a 2x14 mm duct, and duct length variation (8-14 mm) at a given stand-off distance of 0.1 mm.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A 138 μm on-axis single-orifice injector operated at 100-250 MPa was used in a heated, continuous flow, constant pressure vessel with optical access. Results show that the shortest stand-off distance of 0.1 mm yields the greatest soot reduction for a 2x14 mm duct, but interpretation of this result is confounded by the fact that the ambient air entrained into the duct gets cooler and denser at shorter stand-off distances. Also, at the stand-off distance of 0.1 mm, the longer the duct, the greater the soot reduction. Additionally, the performance of a 2x8 mm duct placed at a longer stand-off distance is comparable to a longer duct with a short stand-off distance, i.e. the duct exit locations are similar. The results also show that greater soot reduction correlates with faster penetration, longer ignition delay, and shorter combustion duration. Stated differently, downstream of the duct the DFI diesel flame is faster, leaner, and hotter.</div></div>

Comparative study of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine with a partially premixed lean charge compression ignition diesel engines

Partially Premixed Lean Charge Compression Ignition (PPLCCI) Diesel Engines combustion is skilled for diminishing the NOx and PM emissions outflow all the while staying higher engine brake thermal efficiency. Whereas, the utilization of the PPLCCI combustion system is the ultimate purpose to produce low-temperature combustion (LTC). The aim of this work is studying the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of PPLCCI at different premixed ratios of the in-cylinder charged mixture. The PPLCCI combustion mode is a compromised case between the conventional combustion and the HCCI combustion, which is considered as LTC mode. The experiments are performed by using four strokes, constant speed, and a water-cooled diesel engine. There is an external fuel injection system has been installed to allow the partially premixed lean charge of fuel and air to be well mixed before going to the engine cylinder through the intake manifold. The remainder of the fuel is injected directly by the traditional diesel engine injector. Combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics are studied at different engine loads. The diesel engine has been running conventionally with direct injection mode and lean charge compression ignition diesel engines combustion at three premixed ratios of 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. From the experiments, it is observed remarkable enhancements for partially premixed compression ignition combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics compared with the conventional combustion mode.

Exhaust Gas Characteristics According to the Injection Conditions in Diesel and DME Engines

In this paper, the effect of high-pressure injection pressure on particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is discussed. Many studies have been conducted by active researchers on high-pressure engines; however, the problem of reducing PM and NOx emissions is still not solved. Therefore, in the existing diesel (compression ignition) engines, the common rail high-pressure injection system has limitations in reducing PM and NOx emissions. Accordingly, to solve the exhaust gas emission problem of a compression ignition engine, a compression ignition engine using an alternative fuel is discussed. This study was conducted to optimize the dimethyl ether (DME) engine system, which can satisfy the emission gas exhaust requirements that cannot be satisfied by the current common rail diesel compression ignition engine in terms of efficiency and exhaust gas using DME common rail compression ignition engine. Based on the results of this study on diesel and DME engines under common rail conditions, the changes in engine performance and emission characteristics of exhaust gases with respect to the injection pressure and injection rate were examined. The emission characteristics of NOx, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were affected by the injection pressure of pilot injection. Under these conditions, the exhaust gas characteristics were optimized when the pilot injection period and needle lift were varied.

Integrated valorization of waste cooking oil and spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production: Blending with higher alcohols, FT–IR, TGA, DSC and NMR characterizations

This work deals for the first time with recycling a binary blend of waste cooking oil (WCO) and spent coffee grounds oil (SCGO) (50/50% by volume) into biodiesel. Additionally, this work aimed at valorizing both wastes while improving fatty acids composition to obtain a stabilized product due to low degree of unsaturation of SCGO besides, reducing its high acid value. Furthermore, blending with Euro diesel and higher alcohols of butanol, pentanol and hexanol to improve some biodiesel properties was investigated. Furthermore, FT–IR, UV–vis., TGA, DSC and NMR analyses to assess the blends quality was examined. Results have proved the advantage of pre-blending and higher alcohols addition to improve the fuel properties. The biodiesel exhibits excellent cetane number of 56.64, oxidation stability of about 6.51 h and iodine value of 83.71 (g iodine/100 g) due to the low degree of unsaturation (89.02). Blending with higher alcohols improves density and cold flow properties while keeping acceptable level of cetane number, flash point and higher heating value (HHV) rather than lower alcohols. Consequently, this opens new gates for biodiesel research area. In conclusion, this work reinforces that blending of WCO and SCGO improves biodiesel properties and add to the economy of this industry. Therefore, further examination on the blends effect in compression ignition diesel engines through engine emissions and combustion characteristics is recommended.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATOMIZING SPRAY FROM DIESEL INJECTORS USING ALGAE AND BIODIESEL FUELS

Fuel atomization in diesel compression ignition engines is significantly affected on the performance, evaporation, self-ignition, and emissions of the engine. Therefore, the quality of the spray atomization has to study at first. Algae-Derived renewable diesel fuel in a single hole nozzle atomizer has been chosen as an alternative fuel for diesel. The differences in physical properties of algae-derived renewable diesel, biodiesels (from palm and cooked oil) and pure diesel are effected on both spray characteristics and the internal nozzle flow. Numerical simulations are presented in this study using Eulerian-Eulerian technique to model the spray-gas interaction. The spray moments model has been used to characterize the spray parameters. First, the model is validated against the spray tip penetration of diesel spray characteristics obtained from the experimental data conducted in house-code using constant volume spray chamber and the results show a good agreement. Then, comparisons were made among the selected fuels. The numerical simulations show that the algae-derived renewable diesel is very similar to pure diesel and can be used as an alternative fuel.