Dictionary Format Research Articles

Effects of digital dictionary format on incidental acquisition of spelling knowledge and cognitive load during second language learning: Click-on vs. key-in dictionaries

Recent research has shown that students involved in computer-based second language learning prefer to use a digital dictionary in which a word can be looked up by clicking on it with a mouse (i.e., click-on dictionary) to a digital dictionary in which a word can be looked up by typing it on a keyboard (i.e., key-in dictionary). This study investigated whether digital dictionary format also differentially affects students' incidental acquisition of spelling knowledge and cognitive load during second language learning. A comparison between a click-on dictionary condition, a key-in dictionary condition, and a non-dictionary control condition for 45 Taiwanese students learning English as a foreign language revealed that learners who used a key-in dictionary invested more time investment on dictionary consultation than learners who used a click-on dictionary. However, on a subsequent unexpected spelling test the key-in group invested less time investment and performed better than the click-on group. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Social and Cultural Competence of Interpreter in the Context of Intercultural Dialogue

The article highlights some of the linguistic and socio-psychological aspects of the interpreter’s work in the polycultural environment. It emphasizes the significance of the holistic social and cultural competence, and some of the new role functions that an interpreter is to undertake in the context of intercultural dialogue. Socio-cultural competence is one of the basic interpreter’s competences that help a communication act between the representatives of different languages and cultures to be successfully performed. Contemporary global polycultural environment issues some new challenges that an interpreter working in the sphere of international and cross-cultural cooperation is to accept. Intercultural dialogue as a universal idea and fundamental principal of the global world order has enriched all languages vocabulary with the cluster of special words connecting to the specifics of cross-cultural and interethnic communication at present time. Yet the polycultural vocabulary is in process of formation and hasn’t been completely sorted out. The situation gives an interpreter a chance to be an active participant of the world polycultural dictionary formation. The process of general socialization causes the socialization of a language itself. The extending of socio-cultural aspect in the interpreter’s activity is taking place thanks to its social component. An interpreter may face a necessity to get used to new peacemaker’s roles in the process of communication. Sometimes an interpreter is to correct extra linguistic factors of communication for its successful realization in the intercultural dialogue context. Professional activity in the area of intercultural dialogue helps an interpreter to improve his/ her socio-cultural competence yet it has to be in focus during the professional training of interpreters and translators in the polycultural world we all are learning to live in.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.20.1781

À l’écran: Short French Films and Activities Manual with DVD by Kelle Truby, et al.

reader to understand better the origins of words in English but also help with the acquisition and retention of French vocabulary. For example: Consider the English word ‘lassitude,’ which means weariness or lack of energy, and which doesn’t seem related in stem to any other English word with a similar meaning. Where does it come from? It makes more sense when you know that in French there is a transitive verb lasser, which means to tire out or weary (someone or something). Cela me lasse—That tires me out. The adjective las or lasse (fem) means tired or weary, and the present particle lassant used as an adjective means tiring, wearying. (All the French You Use 5) It is important to note that Rosenthal’s goal was not to provide an alphabetical listing of words in dictionary format in these volumes. In fact, his goal is to provide an amusing look at French words that exist in English by grouping words according to their close counterparts (for example, raisin and prune). One might then ask how one is to use Rosenthal’s books if one is curious about the origins of a particular word. This question is easily answered and satisfied by the alphabetical listing of all the words at the back of both books. Finally, while both of these books are a fun read, they also include a listing of sources and references with annotated commentary that Rosenthal used to research word origins and that would be useful for any instructor of French. Indeed, without in the least being heavy-handed, both of Rosenthal’s latest volumes provide a delightful way to learn more about both French and English. Canisius College (NY) Eileen M. Angelini TRUBY, KELLE, DESIRÉE PRIES, and KRISTINA BAER. À l’écran: Short French Films and Activities Manual with DVD. Boston: Heinle Cengage, 2011. ISBN 978-1-111-77228-4. Pp. 28. $21.95 (book + DVD). Intermediate and advanced intermediate French language students will enjoy this extremely useful text for introducing French film and for improving listening comprehension skills. The authors have succeeded in incorporating approachable , meaningful, and communicative instructional content for each chapter. This manual would be very easily incorporated as an adjunct to any intermediate level curriculum. It provides a welcome change of focus from explicit grammar and vocabulary practice using the film medium as impetus for discussion. The films deliver a total immersion setting, and the material is fun, engaging, and appropriate for students at this level. The seven short films range from three to eleven minutes in duration (it would be helpful in future editions if a listing of these film lengths were provided). Whether amusing, touching, or action-packed, the film selections provide thought-provoking content with instructionally rich lesson material. Film topics are varied, ranging from an animated film about a young boy and his favorite team sweater to an amusing drama about a crash landing triggered by a dropped cell phone connection. The linear organization of the book need not be adhered to, as instructors may choose to use as few or as many chapters as they choose, allowing for much flexibility when class time is limited. The instructor edition also provides the script for each film for ease of review and quick access to the material. Reviews 933 The book is organized by chapters, with one chapter and accompanying exercises devoted to each film. Each chapter is organized into sections that are used consistently throughout the text. The “Préparation au visionnement du film” section includes discussion questions and essential vocabulary and expressions. The next section, “Pendant le visionnement,” contains two parts: “Premier visionnement ” asks students, for example, to fill in a chart with target information or to watch the film without sound and be prepared to respond to questions about the setting, actions, or plot details; “Deuxième visionnement” instructs students to watch the film a second time with sound, if they had previously viewed it muted, and respond to true and false selections or multiple choice answers. “Allez plus loin” challenges the students further by asking them to do close readings of the narration of particular scenes for cloze vocabulary exercises. This section is omitted...

Finding a Balance: Customary Legal Terms in a Modern Maori Legal Dictionary

English holds an almost exclusive status as the language of legal enactment in Aotearoa New Zealand but a substantial corpus of law-related texts in the Māori language now reveals a terminology comprising a language for special purposes; namely a legal Māori terminology pertaining to Western legal concepts. In creating a legal dictionary however, due attention must be paid to the place of Māori customary legal terms. One reason is precautionary: to ensure that Māori legal concepts are not excluded from the content of the dictionary. Further, an identifiable core of such Māori customary legal terms incorporating newer Western legal senses, has a strong presence within the lexicon of legal terms so far identified from the corpus texts. Two simple ways have been identified to ensure appropriate attention is paid to those customary legal terms: to prioritise the analysis and completion of dictionary articles comprising customary legal terms ahead of all other terms; and to identify and clarify customary legal Māori ideas when formatting individual dictionary articles. Some illustrative comparison is made with the dictionary format of two other well-known Māori language dictionaries.

The Early Intervention Dictionary: A Multidisciplinary Guide to Terminology, Third Edition

by Jeanine G. Coleman, Bethesda, MD, Woodbine House, 2006, 457 pp, Paperback, $21.95. A third edition of the Early Intervention Dictionary, by Jeanine Colman, is an essential companion to understanding early intervention (EI) services. The author's aim is to “identify and comprehensively define EI terminology, making it accessible and understandable to parents and all professionals.” As such, this book draws on the expertise of individuals in a wide array of disciplines, including osteopathic and pediatric medicine, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. With the aid of an Advisory Board, the author marshals her extensive background in child development to provide an important resource for EI professionals and a helpful guide for parents. This book follows the usual dictionary format, acting primarily as a reference tool. Entries are listed in alphabetical order, with all except the most common words within a definition also defined. For example, Cystic fibrosis is defined as “an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormally thick mucous secretions, which contribute to chronic lung damage, and a lack of enzymes needed to break down and absorb fats, which causes malnutrition. Cystic fibrosis is a serious illness that nearly always shortens a child's life expectancy.” All italicized words have their own entries with additional italicized terms, allowing the reader to pursue as much or as little information as is needed. There are some features that set this guide apart from information that could be found in a medical dictionary or on the Internet. First, the author directs readers to related information with the inclusion of “Refer to” items at the end of definitions. Similarly, “Compare” notes are used to link terms that are the opposite of, or otherwise contrasting to, a defined word. This tool allows the reader to begin with the definition of a single term, such as “Intrauterine Growth Retardation,” and then find more information on definitions of birth length, birth weight, and head circumference, in addition to growth charts provided in an appendix. The appendices provide the second unexpectedly helpful feature. In addition to the aforementioned growth charts, appendix entries include metric conversion tables, an Apgar scoring chart, information on nutritional intake and stages of standard feeding for infants, and recommended immunization schedules. Despite this wealth of information, the author intentionally excludes in-depth information on the various conditions, limiting scope to meet the goals of clarifying frequently used terms in EI services and providing a starting point in the search for more detailed information. Definitions included in the Early Intervention Dictionary are drawn from the disciplines of pediatric medicine, child development, early childhood education, early childhood special education, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, audiology, counseling, social work, child life, education of the hearing impaired and visually impaired, and special education. Entries were chosen on the basis of reviews of current articles and literature, medical, therapeutic, educational, and psychological reports on individual children, and discussions with students and professionals working with infants and toddlers in EI programs. The entries are defined specifically, as they apply to the population of young children (0–5 years) who receive or transition out of EI services. This facilitates understanding by both EI professionals and parents by excluding accurate but unrelated information related to older children or adults. In addition, this third edition includes new or updated information on autism spectrum disorders, mental illness and neurological issues, sensory integration dysfunction, and transitioning from EI to special education services. The Early Intervention Dictionary is an essential reference for EI offices. As the author correctly points out, individuals who join an EI team are rarely knowledgeable about all the disciplines that make up comprehensive home-based services; this book provides a basis for shared understanding by EI staff. Providers may also consider bringing this guide along on home visits, as some families do not have computers or Internet access. Although this book would be helpful for families with very medically involved children, it does not provide enough in-depth information on specific conditions to warrant a purchase for the majority of families who use EI services. Overall, however, the Early Intervention Dictionary provides a concise, child-focused guide to understanding the medical conditions and risk factors associated with EI services. April D. Chang, MPA, MA Heller School for Social Policy and Management Brandeis University Waltham, MA Candace Chang, MSW Bay Cove Early Human Services Dorchester, MA

Operating Department Practice A-Z (second edition)

To the uninitiated, the operating theatre and anaesthetic room can be a daunting and often confusing environment, rife with medical jargon, acronyms, abbreviations and colloquialisms. The dictionary-like format of this text is intended to aid trainee operating department practitioners, medical students and indeed any practitioner who is involved in the care of patients in the surgical setting. The second edition of this text has been expanded to include a wider scope of information than the more focused first edition to address the growing curriculum of the trainee operating department practitioner. The book is divided into four main sections: abbreviations, medical terminology (prefixes, suffixes), the A-Z itself, and appendices. The abbreviations section includes a strange mixture of terms that are in everyday use and often bizarre entries (for instance, CRTAP [cartilage associated protein] and DAD [doctor assisted suicide]), which admittedly may represent commonly used terms in the authors' local areas. There are duplications and 'Americanisms' (for instance, CBC [complete blood count] and FBC [full blood count]), which illustrate the confusion of having several abbreviations for the same term. The dictionary format of the A-Z is relatively easy to use, with quick and advanced references for each entry, the latter often having cross-references to related terms within the A-Z. In many cases the need for both references is questionable, but it is understood that there is a requirement to have a uniform layout throughout the text. The detail of the entries is often concise, and while by no means comprehensive, it offers a good base for further research into specific entries. To this end, perhaps external references to sources of detailed information would enhance this function. Some entries such as 'back – pertaining to the posterior surface' and 'throb – to beat or pulse' are unnecessary. Another criticism is the authors' inconsistency relating specifically to drugs, in some instances referring to proprietary names and in others using the generic. Relatively little information is given about commonly used drugs with more historical detail relating to many rarely used, obsolete, and now unavailable drugs. The appendices include some useful information relating to signs, symbols and formulae, useful normal values and examples of classification systems. In combination they build an easily accessible aide memoir that is useful, not only to the novice but also to qualified practitioners. Criticisms aside, we recognize that the authors have produced a text that provides the target audience with a brief, quick reference tool that could prove useful to trainee operating department practitioners during their study and placements, in conjunction with more detailed reference texts.

What Do You Do with a Dictionary?: A Study of Undergraduate Dictionary Use

What Do You Do with a Dictionary? A Study of Undergraduate Dictionary Use1 Muffy E. A. Siegel Temple University Introduction i: "n the fall of 2006, 1 became concerned that dictionaries had .not maintained a good relationship with current undergraduates . Indeed, one of my students had written (1) below: 1. Mr. Webster and I have been friends for a mighty long time, but lately he's been forgetting to call. (Temple University anthropology major) Naturally, I wanted to find out how college students today use dictionaries , what they want from their dictionaries, and whether they feel that they are getting it. However, most previous studies on dictionary attitudes and use among students have focused mainly on second language learners, whose habits and needs are quite different from those of native speakers (Tomaszczyk 1979; Bejoint 1981; Battenburg 1991; Atkins 1998; Neci 2002). The relatively small amount of research on students' use of dictionaries in their native languages seems to have 1I am grateful to all the students and colleagues in the Temple University English department and First Year Writing Program who helped to provide and gather data for this paper, especially Sheldon Brivic, Richard Beards, Eli GoIdblatt , and Roland Williams. My thanks also go to Erin McKean, for encouraging my interest in diis topic and for making helpful suggestions during the development of the questionnaire, as well as to William Frawley and anonymous referees for thisjournal, for their comments. Dictionaries:Journal oftheDictionary Society ofNorth America 28 (2007), 23-47 24Muffy E. A. Siegel started with Barnhart (1962), who asked professors what they thought their students wanted from dictionaries, and continued with Quirk (1974), who surveyed 220 students at University College, London. Ten years later, Greenbaum et al. (1984) repeated and extended Quirk's study in the United States, with 240 University of Wisconsin students, and Kipfer (1985) did a similar study with US high school students. Since all this work pre-dated important cultural influences such as widespread use of the internet and large increases in the proportion of US youth attending college, I decided to undertake a new study of US college students' use of dictionaries. In order to measure dictionary attitudes and use in a rigorous way, I had instructors distribute a questionnaire in class to 350 undergraduate students at Temple University, where I teach linguistics in the English department. The questionnaire asked how much the students use dictionaries, what format they use, what information is most important to them, what they want to do with this information, and, most importantly, what suggestions for improvements or general comments they have about dictionaries. As in the earlier studies, the questionnaire was fairly general, so it did not provide some interesting details, such as what dictionary format students preferred for which tasks. (The entire questionnaire appears as the Appendix) The results generally indicate that most Temple students still consider dictionaries important tools, especially for their own writing, although they use dictionaries a bit less frequently than Greenbaum's sample ofWisconsin college students, taken in 1977-8. Undergraduates also continue to use dictionaries primarily in order to find correct meanings and spellings, rather than any more abstract historical or grammatical information . The freshmen at Temple would like definitions to be more precise and current, yet easier to understand, while the majority of my sample of advanced students say that they want dictionaries to display a wide choice of one-word synonyms, as if they were thesauruses as well. The Sample2 I drew my sample of 350 from undergraduates enrolled in nine different, randomly selected composition and English classes at Tem2The Temple statistics in this section are taken from Temple's website, www.temple.edu, in November, 2006. A Study of Undergraduate Dictionary Use25 pie, a large public urban university in Philadelphia, PA. Temple has about 24,000 undergraduates, 68% of whom are Pennsylvania residents . The middle 50% of the entering freshmen's SAT scores for both reading and math fall between 500 and 600. There are also about 8,000 graduate and professional students. Many of the students are the first in their families to attend college, and they are largely a practical lot. Some of them are not comfortable at first...

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A dictionary of legal theory

Modern legal theory contains a wide range of approaches and topics: from economic analysis of law to feminist legal theory to traditional analytical legal philosophy to a range of theories about justice. This healthy variety of jurisprudential work has created a problem: students and theorists working in one tradition may have difficulty understanding the concepts and terminology of a different tradition. This book works to make terminology and ways of thinking accessible. This dictionary covers topics from 'the autonomy of law' to the 'will theory of rights', from 'autopoiesis' to 'wealth maximization', and from 'John Austin' to 'Ludwig Wittgenstein'. The most important concepts and ideas are presented in a simple dictionary format. There are also many longer entries, where the initial definition gives an accessible explanation, but the entry goes on to give more detailed information about the history of an idea and the debates currently surrounding it.

Functional morphology

This paper presents a methodology for implementing natural language morphology in the functional language Haskell. The main idea behind is simple: instead of working with untyped regular expressions, which is the state of the art of morphology in computational linguistics, we use finite functions over hereditarily finite algebraic datatypes. The definitions of these datatypes and functions are the language-dependent part of the morphology. The language-independent part consists of an untyped dictionary format which is used for synthesis of word forms, and a decorated trie, which is used for analysis.Functional Morphology builds on ideas introduced by Huet in his computational linguistics toolkit Zen, which he has used to implement the morphology of Sanskrit. The goal has been to make it easy for linguists, who are not trained as functional programmers, to apply the ideas to new languages. As a proof of the productivity of the method, morphologies for Swedish, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Latin have already been implemented using the library. The Latin morphology is used as a running example in this article.

Medical education terminology

Many who participate in conferences on medical education quite often face difficulty in understanding new educational terms and concepts introduced by speakers. Looking for definitions or descriptions is often not an easy task. Furthermore, when searching various dictionaries and publications, one learns that the definitions of many terms, if they do in fact exist, are often equivocal or unrelated to medical education. There is universal agreement on the importance of common understanding of various terms and methods, especially in view of rapidly growing globalization of medical education and the use of different languages for communication. In addition, the concept of continuous medical education that links undergraduate with postgraduate and continuing education (CME) demands that the terms used in different stages and by different people have the same meaning for all partners in the educational process. Starting in March 2002 (Vol. 24, No. 2) Medical Teacher has been serializing the Glossary of Medical Education Terms (see page 450 of this issue). The Glossary was prepared with the intention of assisting in communication among medical educators. The developed formulations of educational definitions, terms and methods derive from different sources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries, articles and the Internet. An attempt has been made to present as clearly as possible the most broadly accepted views. The greatest difficulty is that there are often quite significant differences in definitions of the same or similar concepts and terms. Unfortunately, this is often the case in multi-professional fields such as medical education. Over the past few decades, many changes in medical education, in particular at the undergraduate level, have been introduced. Increasingly innovative curricula, methods and educational tools have been developed through the cooperation of medical professionals with pedagogues, sociologists, psychologists, information specialists and those in many other related professions. However, they have helped bring to medical education various concepts, definitions and vocabularies not known before to medical professionals. In many cases, this has quite unintentionally caused confusion, controversy and misunderstanding, as the vocabulary used by disciplines outside medicine often has a different focus and meaning. The dictionary format has been chosen for the Glossary in order to provide answers to specific questions, as well as short descriptions to give a wider understanding of each term or method. All of the terms discussed are presented in relation to their relevance for medical education. As population health and information management are becoming a more and more broadly integral part of undergraduate medical education, the Glossary includes also the most important terms from these areas as well as terms used in the administration and management of health systems. In addition, the Glossary includes short descriptions of some important associations and organizations involved in medical education. In all branches of science and the arts, terms are often used with meanings specific to subject and context. As the number of new concepts is growing, the meaning of some definitions may therefore not be clear to all readers, especially if they are developed in different languages. Therefore it was not intended to provide absolute conclusive definitions in all cases. Some of the entries may prove to be controversial when read by medical educators from different professional backgrounds. The Glossary aims to stimulate discussion in a field that is full of debate and different ideas. Finally, the author would like to encourage and welcome any criticism, corrections, additions and proposals for change in the formulation of different terms, to be considered for the next edition of the Glossary. It is hoped that this publication will enable better understanding and communication between educators. It is hoped, also, that this will help to put current discussions about medical education in context.

Dictionary design for text image compression with JBIG2

The JBIG2 standard for lossy and lossless bilevel image coding is a very flexible encoding strategy based on pattern matching techniques. This paper addresses the problem of compressing text images with JBIG2. For text image compression, JBIG2 allows two encoding strategies: SPM and PM&S. We compare in detail the lossless and lossy coding performance using the SPM-based and PM&S-based JBIG2, including their coding efficiency, reconstructed image quality and system complexity. For the SPM-based JBIG2, we discuss the bit rate tradeoff associated with symbol dictionary design. We propose two symbol dictionary design techniques: the class-based and tree-based techniques. Experiments show that the SPM-based JBIG2 is a more efficient lossless system, leading to 8% higher compression ratios on average. It also provides better control over the reconstructed image quality in lossy compression. However, SPM's advantages come at the price of higher encoder complexity. The proposed class-based and tree-based symbol dictionary designs outperform simpler dictionary formation techniques by 8% for lossless and 16-18% for lossy compression.

The Routledge critical dictionary of feminism and postfeminism

Approachable for general readers as well as for students in women's studies-related courses at all levels, this guide follows the critical dictionary format in combining over a dozen in-depth background chapters with more than 400 A-Z dictionary entries. The background chapters are written by major voices in the field of feminist studies, and include thorough coverage of the history of feminism, as well as extensive discussions of topics such as post-feminism, men in feminism, feminism and technologies and feminism and philosophy. The dictionary entries cover the major individuals and issues essential to an understanding both of feminism's roots and of the trends that are shaping its future. Readers will find entries on people such as Aphra Behn, Simone de Beauvoir, Princess Diana, Courtney Love and Robert Bly, and on subjects such as Afro-American feminism, cosmetic surgery, the new man, prostitution, reproductive technologies and slasher films.

A full and efficient machine tractable dictionary for natural language processing: A revised version of the CUVOALD

A lexicon is an essential part of any natural language processing system. The size, content and format of the lexicon is crucial in determining the power and sophistication of a natural language processing system. However, a lexicon which provides comprehensive, consistent and accurate lexical information and which is in a format facilitating fast retrieval is not easily available. This paper reports on a project which aims at the development of such a lexicon. The resulting lexicon is actually the modified and extended version of the machine tractable version of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. The modification and extension concentrate mainly on the aspects of comprehensiveness, consistency, explicitness, accuracy and the dictionary format. The modified and extended version is considered a desirable source of lexical information for any natural language processing system.

Anaesthesia A to Z

This book has primarily been produced to help candidates for the part III fellowship examination grapple with the extensive breadth of required knowledge by using a dictionary format. The idea is to provide ready access to information on physiology, pharmacology, anatomy, physics, statistics, history, clinical anaesthesia, equipment, intensive care, …

Historical Dictionary of Israel

Few countries have been the focal point of more substantial and continuing international attention and aroused more controversy than Israel. Although much has been written about Israel, this volume fills a void in the literature by providing a convenient reference work in which the reader can obtain objective information about people, places, and events. In a dictionary format, it provides information on history, politics, international relations, society, culture, economics, demography, and geography...Clearly written entries...The work's strength is enabling users to gain a good understanding of the political aspects of the state...a thorough, solid reference source...- REFERENCE BOOKS BULLETIN This dictionary, which serves as a good introduction to the subject, is the only one of its kind in the English language and is thus a useful reference work for professionals and lay readers alike. - LIBRARY JOURNAL ...Reich's selection seems judicious...a generally accurate and extremely useful reference work, which will certainly be consulted frequently by all those interested in the State of Israel. - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES

Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present

Prepared in dictionary format, this volume reexamines the uses of political trials. Through the conduct and context of key trials throughout history, the reader is made to understand an aspect of public life too easily misconstrued, although never neglected: the political side of litigation. Most of the trials in this volume were significant enough to continue to shape our interpretation of the law long after the court made its judgment and all appeals were completed. The dialogue they initiated may last for decades, even for centuries. Such trials provide us with an insight into the vital aspects of our public life, the civilizing capacity of politics.

The Facts on File dictionary of artificial intelligence

This dictionary defines over 2000 terms in all major areas of artificial intelligence, from search and knowledge representation to problem solving, cognition, logics, robotics and automatic programming. Current concepts, techniques and systems are all brought together in standard dictionary format.

The Language of biotechnology: a dictionary of terms

Expanded and updated! A single easy-to-use reference of specialized terms in the various areas of biotechnology, including agriculture, biochemistry, bioengineering, pharmaceutical chemistry, and environmental chemistry. Arranged in dictionary format for easy look-up, entries include short definitions as well as expanded definitions that explain the usage of each word with examples. If you're a scientist involved in any area of biotechnology, you'll find this book an essential reference.

The Gallaudet Survival Guide to Signing

Here is the best book for beginners to learn basic American Sign Language vocabulary! The "Survival Guide.".. Features more than 500 of the most commonly used signs, complete with illustrations and descriptions on how to form each one. Offers fast access with an easy-to-follow dictionary format. Lists the different words a single sign can express, cross-referenced alphabetically. Illustrates the American Manual Alphabet and manual numbers, and shows how to use them in conversation. Suggests how to sign successfully and how to use this book most effectively. Start using American Sign Language today with the "Gallaudet Survival Guide to Signing!"