English Dictionary Research Articles

Culture in the OED online Phrases and Quotations

Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the word culture in selected co-texts and contexts with negative connotations in the OED online<fnote> The OED (Oxford English Dictionary) online (from now on OED, unless when it is necessary to specify “online”) “is a work in progress. Hundreds of new entries are added every year […] with the aim of producing a completely updated third edition”. https://www.oed.com/page/245; see also https://public.oed.com/how-words-enter-the-oed/. Last access: June 7, 2023.</fnote> 21st-century definitions, phrases, compounds, and quotations. The study was prompted by the use of the words oriental and especially culture in a few comments following the August 2022 announcement of the Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies name change to the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies: this new name was selected because “many [staff and students] considered the word Oriental to be inappropriate”.<fnote> (https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/article/announcing-a-change-of-name-to-the-faculty-of-asian-and-middle-eastern-studies). Last access: September 23, 2022.</fnote> Alongside the word oriental, the word culture, significantly absent in the announcement, is used in various comments carrying a negative connotation. Research findings indicate that in several OED Phrases and Quotations the word culture is used in the same co-text as words that have a negative connotation. These words give (or “pass on”) their negative connotation (and/or “inappropriateness”, according to the context) to the word culture itself.

From Great Britain to the Spanish Philippines via British India… and back

Abstract This research uncovers lexical contact between English and other languages in texts about the part of the Spanish Philippines under the control of the British East India Company from September 1762 to April 1764. Better known as the Manilha Consultations, the texts in English sent to, and received from, British India are scrutinised in search of the British East India Company’s vocabulary. That vocabulary partly consists of lexemes found in the English/British East India Company’s consultations worldwide but unrecorded in monolingual dictionaries and glossaries of major and/or minor varieties of English. The Manilha Consultations contain lexemes unrecorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Hobson-Jobson Glossary, and/or the Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. The 38 lexemes here considered instances of the British East India Company’s vocabulary might be included in those, and/or other, dictionaries and glossaries of British English, Indian English, and/or Philippine English if expansive criteria for lexeme inclusion were applied.

Traqueotomía versus traqueostomía, la necesidad de una aclaración lexicográfica

In the healthcare field, the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms “tracheotomy” and “tracheostomy” in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. “Traqueotomía” strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. “Traqueostomía” identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. “Traqueostomía” becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term “traqueostomía” when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

A lexicographical approach to neologisms created through blending

Blending has long been regarded as an unproductive word-formation process. “Portmanteau”, a word formed through blending, can be traced back to Lewis Carroll’s Through The Looking-glass, published in 1871, but the earliest words created this way were found to be in use in the late Middle English period and many of them did not survive. The number of blends failed to experience any apparent increase in the several centuries that ensued. Since the beginning of the 20th century, blending has been playing an ever-increasing role in forming neologisms. Simonini (1966) found that blend words comprised approximately 3% of new English words. Algeo’s (1991) research into neologisms revealed that about 5% of the words were blends. Among the 1,186 new words analyzed by Cook and Stevenson (2010), around 43% were blends. The growing number of new blends in the English vocabulary means the inclusion of more such words in English dictionaries. In the recent updates of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), neologisms such as shockvertising, sharenting, Xennial, and staycation are formed through blending. This paper intends to make a thorough research into new blends recorded not only in monolingual English dictionaries such as the OED, Collins English Dictionary, and Merriam-Webster Dictionary but also in bilingual dictionaries such as An English-Chinese Dictionary of Neologisms in Present-day English and A Dictionary of Blends in Contemporary English. The blends found therein will be classified, and the deficiencies in the coverage of blends in dictionaries like the OED will be discussed in detail.

THE PHRASEOSEMANTIC FIELD “ACTION” AS A COMPONENT OF THE VALUE ’HEALTH’ IN THE PHRASEOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The purpose of the article is to highlight, analyze and describe the phraseosemantic field “Action” as a mandatory component of the ’health’ value in the phraseosystem of the English language. The object of study is English phraseological units of the core of this field, selected from authoritative English explanatory dictionaries; the subject of research is the determination of key qualification features of the phraseosemantic field “Action”. As a result of the work carried out, units representing the English phraseosemantic field “Action” were selected, their contextual use was presented, and a conceptual description of the units of the core of this field was carried out. In general, health is positioned as a natural, non-transitory, absolute vital value of the highest level of the hierarchy of values, along with beauty, truth, and happiness. Conclusions. The analysis of the selected material shows that the basis for preserving, maintaining and achieving the value of ’health’ is the ability of a person to actively and purposefully act, enter into productive relationships, relationships with people, the surrounding material and non-material world. Activity is defined as the process of performing a certain purposeful and clearly understood action by the subject, in particular physical. It is possible and provided by the subject in the presence of conditions necessary for a healthy person, including: the absence of disease, normal body functioning, body dynamic balance in the “Human — Environment” system; spiritual and social well-being, the ability to adapt, the performance of social functions (communication, work, education, etc.). The main parameters of human activity: processability, dynamism, physiological conditionality, ability to perform. The key qualification features of the English phraseosemantic field “Action” are determined: representation, for the most part, of the beginning of a certain action, process; practical, empirical implementation and direction of activity; energy, perseverance and liveliness during the performance of a certain activity.

Contextual information in the dictionary: A critical approach of the additional example feature in online monolingual English dictionaries wit

Contextual information in the dictionary: A critical approach of the additional example feature in online monolingual English dictionaries wit

A comparative analysis of online English language dictionaries and online Portuguese language dictionaries from the perspective of learning Portuguese as a foreign language

There are studies that have analysed Portuguese language dictionaries and that have highlighted the importance of the presence of examples in dictionaries (Santiago, 2012; Lu, 2018). Owing to this importance, it was decided to compare the frequencies of examples of two sets of words, namely, contrastive words and verbs that may convey recommendation or advice. These frequencies were obtained from a sample of the main body of Portuguese language dictionaries that are available online and from a sample of the main body of online English language dictionaries that have an orientation towards learning English as a foreign language. This comparison was carried out by using a search bar and a software application created by the author. From the analyses of the data which had been collected, it was argued that, in some cases, learners of Portuguese as a foreign language would have to make use of other sources of examples to learn to use the target words. On the other hand, in similar cases, the need to use sources of examples apart from those presented in the main body of the target English language dictionaries, while learning the English language, could be reduced. The pedagogical implications of this argument for learning and teaching Portuguese as a foreign language were presented. The limitations of the present study and future research possibilities were also discussed.

When PALMs are in your THOUGHTs, you head south: Evidence for diffusion of the low-back vowel system from New York to New Orleans

In New Orleans, there is a white, working-class dialect of English, sometimes called “Yat”, that has several notable similarities with that of New York City. These similarities have been argued to be the result of 19th-century dialect contact between residents of the two cities. This paper examines the palm vowel in New Orleans and argues that it too shows evidence of diffusion from New York around this time period. Words of the palm lexical set that have been part of the English lexicon since before the 19th century, such as father and calm, are found to be merged with the thought phoneme in New Orleans, while more recent palm words such as garage are merged with lot. A handful of traditional lot words, such as John and god, are also sporadically attested with the thought phoneme. Since traditional New York City English also possesses a palm vowel backer than lot, with words such as John and god variably included in it—a pattern that is not widely found in other dialects closely connected to New Orleans English—the findings are interpreted as further evidence for dialect diffusion from New York to New Orleans.

Translingual English words of Korean origin and beyond: skinship, fighting, chimaek

ABSTRACT This study offers an overview of contemporary translingual English words derived from Korean and examines their unique characteristics. Previous research has highlighted that translingual words transcend borders (Kiaer, 2019), can emerge accidentally and swiftly propagate through online platforms, and exhibit various spelling variations (Ahn, 2021). By analyzing data from online databases like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Google Trends, this study explores additional qualities present in translingual English words originating from Korean. The qualities of Korean translingual words reveal intricate and diverse developmental trajectories. They enjoy widespread usage in a global context even before gaining local traction. The popularity of these words has surged alongside the remarkable growth of the K-pop fandom and the influence of Asian English speakers who introduce variations in spelling and meaning. Ultimately, this study delves into the pragmatic borrowing of Korean words by English speakers worldwide, underscoring the significant impact of Korean on contemporary English language dynamics.

Cantonese culinary lexical interaction between Hong Kong and Singapore English

The English language continues to function as a form of linguistic capital in former British colonies. Although previous studies on World English lexicon documented how and what English lexical items entered another language, few studies have been conducted to investigate the typology of lexical interaction between two postcolonial English varieties. This paper aims to describe how Cantonese-origin English culinary lexical terms were spread from either Hong Kong or Singapore, whilst illustrating the possible multitrajectory pathways of lexical interaction in the Cantophone world by demonstrating five types of translingual practices of food words with Cantonese roots. The lexical examples of food words discussed in this paper were taken from Instagram, Google Map, Google Search, Google Trends, and Oxford English Dictionary. Drawing on the theoretical notion of the ‘sunflower model’, this qualitative study argues that Sinograph (a logographic written system; also known as Honzi) is a space of mediation, which plays an influential role in shaping the trajectories of culinary lexical terms across multilingual Asia. Findings also suggest that individuals’ multilingual competencies and the bidirectional influences between two Sinitic varieties (Cantonese and Mandarin) could shape spelling variations and conventions in Asian Englishes.

Corpus philology: Using the Dictionary of Old English to get bigger data for Old English spelling variation

Abstract This article presents a methodology for obtaining large datasets for the spelling of individual phonological segments in Old English texts, based on searching the Dictionary of Old English Corpus for the attested spellings listed in the Dictionary of Old English A-H. It exemplifies this ‘corpus philology’ through a study of 216,526 spellings for words beginning with h followed by a vowel, using a variety of techniques to evaluate the methodology’s precision and recall, which are calculated as very high for <h->initial spellings (precision 100% precision, recall 92.1%) and moderate, but still usable, for <h->less spellings (precision 85.5%, recall 58.3%). Data for fourteen other segments related to the behaviour of h- in Old English is presented in the Supplementary Materials that complement the paper online. This dataset of 379,484 spellings from 2,605 Old English texts is shown to seriously problematize the findings of traditional philology, the conclusions of which are in contrast based on only a handful of spellings from a few texts, and to have the potential to radically enhance our understanding of the literary and linguistic histories of English.

THE DIFFICULTIES FACED AND THE STRATEGIES USED BY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS IN LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The study aims to identify the difficulties faced and the strategies used by English Department students at Universitas Trunojoyo Madura in learning English. The study used a mixed-method approach, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The source of data was one class in the second semester that consisted of thirty-seven students. The data were the difficulties faced by the students in learning English and the strategies they used to deal with them. The research instrument used was questionnaires containing both close-ended and open-ended questions. The data that was obtained from closed-ended questions were analysed quantitatively while those that were derived from open-ended questions were analysed qualitatively. The results showed that the difficulties faced by English Department students in learning English include pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary and they exercised different strategies to solve them. Specifically, the strategies to solve the difficulty in learning pronunciation were listening to English songs, singing English songs, watching English movies or films, imitating using Google Translate, and practising the pronunciation by themselves. The strategies to tackle the difficulty in learning grammar were watching YouTube, reading English books, learning from the internet, learning through Instagram, and learning by themselves. Furthermore, there were several ways that they used to deal with the difficulty in learning vocabulary, for example, they used English dictionaries, watched English movies, read English books, used English songs, and memorized new vocabulary.

The Term "Information" in English-Language Dictionaries

The article covers the study of the issue of the origin and interpretation of the meanings of the term information based on entries in English-language dictionaries. Primary attention is paid to the content of entries in law dictionaries and encyclopedias of English-speaking countries. The issue is part of the problem of etimology and semantics of the term information. The article describes the methodology for selecting sources for analysis, comparative characteristics of sources. Based on the presented dictionary and encyclopedia entries, a conclusion is made about the interpretation of the term information that is typical for English law dictionaries. The results of the study can be used in legislation to clarify the meaning of individual definitions, in legal practice to clarify international documents, in expert activities for the interpretation of legal texts, as well as in the educational process for the training of philologists and lawyers.

The Arabic Element in Scots Lexis

Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis.

ANALISIS KEEFEKTIFAN MEDIA MONOPOLI BAHASA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS 4 SEKOLAH DASAR

The problem of students' difficulties in mastering vocabulary must be addressed immediately. This is because gaining a solid understanding of proper vocabulary is very important for learning English. To achieve fun and effective learning, teachers must innovate and adapt by utilizing educational media. If the media used by a teacher is not effective, it can hinder students' ability to understand the material and result in learning failure. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of using language monopoly media in teaching English to introduce rooms and objects in a house. Researchers used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, using direct observation techniques and interviews with 25 students and class teachers. Data analysis in this study consisted of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that there was an increase in student achievement scores in learning English for the introduction of rooms and objects in the house. Furthermore, the observed differences in students' vocabulary proficiency and comprehension before and after exposure to language monopoly media. The conclusive task revealed that students achieved a significant increase in their scores, indicating that the use of monopoly language media was effective in increasing their mastery of the English lexicon.

Masculinity and the Questions of “Is” and “Ought”: Revisiting the Definition of the Notion of Masculinity Itself

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) lists 1571 as the year of the first recorded use of the English word ‘masculinity’; the Ancient Greek α˘νδρϵι´α¯ (andreia), usually translated as ‘courage’, was also used to refer to manliness. The notion of manliness or masculinity is undoubtedly older still. Yet, despite this seeming familiarity, not only is the notion proving to be highly elusive, its understanding by the society being in a constant flux, but is also one which is at the root of bitter division and confrontation, and which has tangible and far-reaching real-world effects. At the same time, while masculinity has been attracting an increasing amount of attention in academia, the large body of published work seldom goes to the very foundations of the issue, failing to explicitly and with clarity reach a consensus as to how masculinity ought to be understood. Herein, I critique the leading contemporary thought, showing it to be poorly conceived and confounded, and often lacking in substance which would raise it to the level of the actionable and constructive. Hence, I propose an alternative view which is void of the observed deficiencies, and discuss how its adoption would facilitate a conciliation between the currently warring factions, focusing everybody’s efforts on addressing the actual ethical, deconfounded of specious distractions.

Pragmatics of coloronyms in art spaces (based on the French and English languages)

This article considers formation and evolution vectors of lexical units belonging to the semantic field “Color” in English and French. The purpose of this study is to describe the functional status and pragmasemantic parameters of the color vocabulary in the French and Russian-speaking art space. The relevance of the presented work is due to the intensive transformation of the extralinguistic space today. We gain deeper knowledge of it and more complicated structure of this knowledge, which leads to the evolution of the language systems themselves whose vocabulary shows the most sensitive reactions and, consequently, the highest dynamics. The work is based on English and French dictionaries, as well as on the texts of special literature, articles, reviews and comments from users of specialized art sites and forums. The article clarifies the concept of a coloronym and provides the basic principles of color space standardization and related nominations. We establish the most significant functional trends that determine the emergence of new coloronyms. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of nomination in the diachronic aspect. Based on a detailed structural and historical analysis of lexical units, we draw conclusions about the productivity of certain types of human activities, which serve as a source of a significant number of coloronyms: traditionally it is the sphere of fashion, art, as well as craft, industry, medicine and travel. The study also reveals the growing role of extralinguistic factors in the current processes of color naming, highlighting the policy of world-famous organizations as a specific factor in the creation of new units.

A Study of Chinese Loanwords in Modern English

There are more and more independent English words formed by Chinese pinyin in English words, and many Chinese borrowed words even appear in English dictionaries and become complete English words. Some researches have found that the particularity of English and historical reasons led to the occurrence of this phenomenon, but there are few articles explaining why this phenomenon occurs and what impact it will have on the culture of different countries in the future. Through the method of literature research and observation, this paper studies why there are more and more Chinese loan words and the importance of Chinese loan words to English, and draws the conclusion that nowadays Chinese loan words have become an indispensable part of English dictionary, which is due to the collision of different cultures and the formation of similar parts of Chinese culture and other countries increasingly frequent. The significance of this study lies in that understanding the development and evolution of languages will help to build a bridge of communication between Chinese and foreign languages and cultures.

Building resilience: Getting the supply chain back on track through uncertain times

The Oxford English Dictionary defines resilience as the ability to recover and bounce back after significantly pressing life events with long-lasting impact. The past three years have been among the most turbulent since the Great Depression of the 1900s. But in a more connected world, where socioeconomic conditions are co-dependent on a global supply chain, the way companies look at disruptions has to be different. Come what may, supply chains must be well oiled to keep the intricately connected cogs of the global machinery running. And for that organisations must be prepared to anticipate and tackle issues that come their way or seek out opportunities that make them less vulnerable to supply chain upsets. In other words, they must work on being more resilient than ever before. This paper takes a deep dive into how continuous global adversity has affected organisations and their supply chains and how they can learn from these events to be prepared yet agile for the way ahead.

Student’s Perception On Use Of Hello English Apllication in Vocabulary Learning For EFL Classroom


 
 
 
 The purpose in the research to find evidence of whether the use of Hello English (HE) as a medium of instruction in the classroom has a significant impact on students' vocabulary skills in EFL classes. This study uses a qualitative design. To collect data, researchers used questionnaires that have been distributed. The respondent in this research 25 students EFL classroom. Researcher found Hello English to be of interest to students because it can be accessed from smartphones. and using Hello English for smartphone-based learning, students no longer need to carry heavy dictionaries and can more easily learn new words by accessing the Hello English dictionary. The researcher conclude applying Hello English to the EFL classroom makes students interested in learning and more positively responsive to teachers, the second teachers believe that learning with smartphones will increase students' interest in learning. The last student can get used to speaking in English and practice your pronunciation. Students realize how important vocabulary is to understanding conversations