Diclofenac Research Articles

Investigating the teratogenic potential of diclofenac sodium on chick embryos: A warning for pregnant women

Teratogenic and embryotoxic effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) on different developmental stages of the chick-embryos was investigated by examining different parameters such as its mortality rate, hatching, morphological measurements, weighing its internal organs and calculation of different indices. Experiment was divided into four trials with different dose (0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.3 mL in groups A, B, and C, respectively and group D received 0.3 mL saline solution (0.9% NaCl) and group E remained un-injected) administration and observation. Results of first and second trial showed statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in bodyweight, body-length, forelimb and hindlimb length between experimental and control groups. In third trial, diclofenac sodium administration showed a statistically (p<0.01) significant difference in the bodyweight, body-length, forelimb, hindlimb length, liver weight, egg weight (EE ratio) and kidney somatic index (KSI). The beak-size, heart weight, kidney weight, cardiac somatic index (CSI) and hepato somatic index (HSI) were not significant (p>0.05) when compared with the control groups. In trial 4, forelimb, hindlimb length, heart weight, CSI and HSI were statistically (p<0.01) significant. Body-length and liver weight were significant (p<0.05). While bodyweight, beak size, kidney weight and KSI were non-significant (p>0.05). The mortality rate was increased with increase dose of DS and also affected the hatching. DS effect on chick embryos can be applied to humans because the early development of mammals and birds are closely related. So, it was concluded that DS should be used with caution during pregnancy especially during first trimester of pregnancy.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Anacyclus Valentinus L. Essential Oil and its Oxygenated Fraction.

Synthetic antioxidants and anti-inflammatories are widely used by the food and pharmaceutical industries. Like any synthetic product, these are toxic and represent a significant health risk. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of Anacyclus valentinus essential oil and its oxygenated fraction, as well as their in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oil was hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type device and the oxygenated fraction was obtained by column chromatography using diethyl ether. The essential oil and its oxygenated fraction were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant activities were performed using three different methods Radical scavenging activity (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching test, and the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), using BHT as a positive control. The activity of antiinflammatory of essential oil and its oxygenated fraction was assessed by the protein denaturation method using the diclofenac sodium as a positive control. The essential oil of Anacyclus valentinus was represented mainly by oxygenated sesquiterpene compounds (37.7%), hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (14.7%), oxygenated monoterpenes (18.4%) and non-terpenic compounds (15.6%). The oxygenated fraction was composed mainly of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (40.6%), oxygenated monoterpenes (38.5%), and non-terpene compounds (19.4%). Essential oil and oxygenated fraction showed antioxidant activity. The most potent activity was observed by the oxygenated fraction in the DPPH (IC50 = 8.2 mL/L) and β - carotene bleaching (IC50 = 5.6 mL/L) tests. While the essential oil of A. valentinus showed very good anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.3 g/L higher than that of diclofenac (IC50= 0.53 g/L). The results showed that the essential oil and the oxygenated fraction of A. valentinus are rich in sesquiterpene compounds and possess interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, other studies are necessary to be able to offer these extracts to the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and analgesic potential of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia prostrata ait. and Crotalaria burhia Buch–Ham

Euphorbia prostrata (E. prostrata) and Crotalaria burhia (C. burhia) are widely found in flora of the Cholistan Desert of Bahawalpur, Pakistan and are traditionally used to treat pain and chronic disease. The current study aimed to evaluate their phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, in-vivo phagocytic activity, and analgesic activity. Both the plant extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, in-vitro antioxidant by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, in-vivo immunomodulatory activity by macrophages phagocytosis using carbon clearance rate assay and analgesic activity by acetic acid produced writhing method. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols, quinines, proteins, terpenes, glycosides, and alkaloids. FTIR analysis revealed the existence of different functional groups in both extracts. The DPPH method showed that E. prostrata exhibited a high antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 62.5 μg/ml whereas C. burhia showed a lower antioxidant potential. At the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), both the extracts showed a significant increase in the phagocytic index by 5.2 ± 0.2, and, 4.8 ± 0.1 (p < 0.001) respectively which was close to the 100 mg/kg b. wt of the standard drug (Levamisole) 5.4 ± 0.2. Both the extracts at the dose of 200 mg/kg b. wt also significantly reduced the writhing (abdominal contractions) count by 13.7 ± 0.3 and, 25.3 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001), showing 71.8% and 47.6% of reduced analgesic activity compared to the standard drug dicloran (diclofenac sodium), respectively. In conclusion, extracts of both plants indicate their role in the management of various disorders to relieve pain and modulate the immune system.

Drug release from Pluronic F68 hydrogels

The evaluation of drug percutaneous absorption plays a pivotal role in assessing the efficacy of dermal/transdermal drug delivery systems. Drug therapies rely on biomedical systems capable of precisely regulating drug dosage, controlling the rate of drug release, and mitigating the common side effects associated with many drug delivery formulations. Pluronics are being broadly used as amphiphilic excipients in many drug delivery systems due to their capacity to create supramolecular assemblies in water, exhibiting significant potential for sustained drug delivery. We herein report on the release kinetics of diclofenac sodium contained in novel biocompatible drug delivery systems consisting of aqueous solutions of Pluronic F68. The latter is tested as a release vehicle for percutaneous administration of diclofenac sodium. Its release from Pluronic F68 nanoassemblies in water was experimentally examined by means of a static Franz-type diffusion cell, equipped with a porous membrane simulating the skin absorption, and supported by rheology. Furthermore, the drug release process was modeled through a mass balance for the diclofenac sodium describing its diffusion in pseudostationary conditions through the porous membrane.

Analgesic and Psychotropic Effects of a New Bradykinin Antagonist.

A bradykinin B1 receptors antagonist PAV-0056, an 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivative, intragastrically administrated to mice at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg causes analgesia in the "formalin test" not inferior to that of diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) and tramadol (20 mg/kg). PAV-0056 at doses of 0.1 and 10 mg/kg has no anxiolytic and central muscle relaxant effects in mice and does not damage the gastric mucosa in rats. Based on the results of the conditioned place preference test, PAV-0056 also does not induce addiction in mice.

Influential versatile potential of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei – an ethnobotanical approach

Aim of the study is to determine the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and radical scavenging potentials of both leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei. DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide activity relate to inhibition ratio with different concentrations of extracts (μg/mL). Antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and anti-inflammatory activities were also analyzed which showed high radical scavenging activity in a dose depending manner. Comparatively, leaves and stems of Entada rheedii showed higher radical scavenging activities compared to Myristica beddomei. Furthermore, both leaves and stem of Entada rheedii showed appreciable α-amylase inhibitory effects when compared with acarbose (standard drug) and also possess a strong anti-inflammatory effect (Diclofenac sodium, standard drug), compared to Myristica beddomei extracts. Overall, our results established the key evidence for Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei extracts to be considered as a natural therapeutic aliment as the substitution for oxidative stress.

EVALUATION OF VEDANASTHAPANA (ANALGESIC) EFFECT OF MOCARASA: SHALMALI NIRYASA (SALMALIA MALABARICA – GUM DC)

Pain, said to be one of nature’s earliest signs of morbidity and is also one of the most typical presentations seen in medical practice, brings disturbance in the equilibrium state of a person. In order to manage such conditions, several drugs are available in the present era. Among them, some are expensive, and some have side effects such as dyspepsia and gastrointestinal bleeding, burning sensations, etc. For relieving pain, Acharya Charaka mentioned Vedanasthapana Daseimani Gana (Group of 10 Drugs), of which Mocarasa (Salmalia malabarica Dc.) is one among them. This study is taken up to evaluate the Vedanasthapana (Analgesic) karma of Mocarasa on albino mice using Eddy’s hot plate method. The Eddy’s Hot plate method is followed with three groups of Albino mice (6 mice in each group) as control group, standard drug group and trial drug group. Distilled water is fed to the control group, Mocarasa kwatha (decoction) for the trial drug group and Diclofenac sodium for the standard drug group. Statistically, the analgesic effect in the trial drug started gradually at 60 min and continued up to 120 min. Meanwhile, the standard group showed immediate onset of action at 15 min duration and progressively increased up to 120 min. The trial drug and the standard drug showed insignificant differences, which reveals that both have similar analgesic activity.

Ziziphus rugosa Leaf: Pharmacognostical Characters and Anti-Inflammatory Properties against Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema

Ziziphus rugosa belongs to the family Rhamnaceae, which includes many flowering species, primarily trees and shrubs, and sometimes vines. This study aims to describe the pharmacognostic characteristics and potential anti-inflammatory properties of Z. rugosa leaf. The pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical studies were performed following standard procedures. Acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts were screened for anti-inflammatory potential using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Ziziphus rugosa was identified by its evergreen nature, recurved hooks, and drupe-type fruits. Leaves are elliptic/rounded with cordate base exhibiting a dark green glossy upper surface and pubescent lower surface. The leaf exhibited a dorsiventral nature in the transverse section, covering trichomes, collenchyma, sclerenchyma patch, and calcium oxalate crystals as key histological characters. Anamocytic stomata, covering trichomes, crystals, and fragments of vessels, are the imperative elements in powder. The extracts contain carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, proteins, and flavonoids. The acetone extract at 400 and 200 mg/kg displays a maximum inflammation inhibition of 56.96% and 48.77% among the extracts, and the standard diclofenac sodium inhibits inflammation by 65.61% at 24 hours. The altered liver superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels in the positive control group are significantly near normal in the treatment groups. The histopathological studies of treated animals show significant protection against paw and liver tissue damage. Pharmacognostical study outcomes aid in the identification of species along with ascertaining standardization parameters. Further fractionation of acetone extract followed by isolating compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity would provide an alternative to managing inflammation.

The Protective Effects of Vitamin B Complex on Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Nephrotoxicity: The Role of NOX4/RhoA/ROCK.

Diclofenac sodium (DIC) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Unfortunately, its prolonged use is associated with nephrotoxicity due to oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of vitamin B complex (B1, B6, B12) against DIC-induced nephrotoxicity and its impact on NOX4/RhoA/ROCK, a pathway that plays a vital role in renal pathophysiology. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) normal control; (2) vitamin B complex (16 mg/kg B1, 16 mg/kg B6, 0.16 mg/kg B12, intraperitoneal); (3) DIC (10 mg/kg, intramuscular); and (4) DIC plus vitamin B complex group. After 14 days, the following were assayed: serum renal biomarkers (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, kidney injury molecule-1), oxidative stress, inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6), and fibrotic (transforming growth factor-β) markers as well as the protein levels of NOX4, RhoA, and ROCK. Structural changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis were detected using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome stains. Compared to DIC, vitamin B complex significantly decreased the renal function biomarkers, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and fibrotic cytokines. Glomerular and tubular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and excessive collagen accumulation were also reduced. Protein levels of NOX4, RhoA, and ROCK were significantly elevated by DIC, and this elevation was ameliorated by vitamin B complex. In conclusion, vitamin B complex administration could be a renoprotective approach during treatment with DIC via, at least in part, suppressing the NOX4/RhoA/ROCK pathway.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula was evaluated using tail-flick method, eddy’s hot plate method, acetic acid induced writhing responses and in-vivo anti-inflammatory property was determined using carrageenan rat paw edema. The ethanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula at different concentrations significantly inhibited the nociception in comparision with different standard drugs that showed anti-nociception. The test extract also reduced the edema induced in rats using carrageenan paw edema method as compared with the standard drug Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg. The results obtained in this research study found to be very significant when compared to standard reference drug.

Design of low-cost natural casein biopolymer based adsorbent for efficient adsorption of multiple anionic dyes and diclofenac sodium from aqueous solutions

The treatment of various organic pollutants from industrial wastewater using bio-based materials has gained significant attention owing to their excellent properties such as low-cost, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradability. In this perspective, casein (Cn), a protein-based biopolymer, was extracted from the cow milk as a low-cost adsorbent, and the adsorption performances were determined for the pristine Cn. The adsorbent was employed for the removal of two different classes of targeted pollutant anionic dyes such as Congo red (CR), Eriochrome Black T (EBT), Eosin Y (EY), and pharmaceutical waste i.e., diclofenac sodium (DS) and displayed better adsorption performances with the maximum adsorption capacity of 85.54, 31.72, 70.42 and 358.42 mg g-1 respectively. The interactions between Cn and pollutants are mainly ascribed to the electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, and π-π interactions. Furthermore, to validate with realistic application the adsorbent proved with an excellent removal efficiency of 91.43% for fabric whitener i.e., Ujala Supreme®. These obtained results suggest that the Cn could be the potential adsorbent to effectively eliminate toxic pollutants from the aqueous solutions.

3D printed cartridges for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water

The entry of pharmaceuticals into water is a key worldwide concern, with drugs being identified in all near-aqueous ecologies at often worrying concentrations. Pharmaceutical waste in environmental water has been shown to affect environmental equilibrium and pose a risk to humans adversely. In the present study, we fabricated a novel system containing 3D printed sustainable, porous Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) cartridges and RP-HPLC-DAD methodology to remove non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac sodium (DS) and indomethacin (IND) from water samples called “Cartridges.” The device was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM)-mediated 3D printing technology using indigenous hot-melt extruded filaments. To enable FDM 3D printing, the filaments were fabricated using PETG as a primary material and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Affnisol™, and Eudragit®EPO as water-soluble pore-forming materials. We showed that the thermoplastic, recyclable PETG composite material, which presents microporous properties after removal of PVA, Affnisol™, and Eudragit®EPO, is effective for extracting both drugs from water solution. The usefulness of the current strategy was demonstrated by the extraction of DS and IND from an aqueous solution followed by RP-HPLC analysis. The% extraction recovery was more than 80 % for both drugs, with an overall relative standard deviation of less than 3 %. The proposed approach can bring a ray of hope in extraction and sample preparation in the analytical industry due to a shift to the use of sustainable cartridges with customizable shapes, sizes, and chemical properties.

Lactobacillus species modulates TNF-α and Nrf2 expression in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema

BackgroundThe buildup of activated immune cells at injury sites accelerates the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species which further promotes oxidative stress, leading to an inflammatory response that can in turn intensify oxidative stress. This study evaluates the activity of three Lactobacillus species sourced from Nigerian locally fermented drink products for acute inflammatory regulation potentials in Wistar rats using paw oedema model induced by carrageenan. Material and methodsOedema was induced with 1% iota-carrageenan in experimental groups and thereafter received 5 × 107 CFU/mL of L. fermentum CIP 102980, L. fermentum NBRC 15885 and L. plantarum CIP 103151 treatments while positive control group received diclofenac sodium (150 mg/kg body weight of rats). The occurrence of inflammation, oxidative stress were assessed at intervals (t = 1, 4, 24, and 72 hrs) on rat paw tissues via biochemical estimation of NO, MPO, MDA and GSH. Routine haematoxylin and eosin stain was used to investigate neutrophil infiltration and immunostaining of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) was performed to evaluate inflammation and oxidative stress respectively. ResultsLactobacillus treated groups showed significant control to mitigate the influx of infiltrating neutrophils to rat paws, as well as interacting with non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione) to act as antioxidants by increasing their levels, regulating lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase compared to diclofenac sodium group. LAB treatments also downregulated the production of TNF-α cytokine and upregulated Nrf2 compared to untreated group. ConclusionLactobacillus exert potent therapeutic benefits against oxidative stress damage and influx of neutrophil cells in inflamed rats.

Effect of preoperative oral medication of Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen and Etoricoxib on the effectiveness of maxillary infiltration anaesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A Randomized Clinical Study

Introduction Preoperative pain of endodontic origin, has its effect on the patient‘s attitude towards the endodontic treatment. Dental anxiety associated with the above may cause ineffective anaesthesia of the tissues of interest. To assess the efficacy of preoperative oral single-dose administration of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs namely, Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg and on the effectiveness of infiltration anaesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis of maxillary first molars. Material and Methods Sixty (n=60) patients with a chief complaint of moderate to severe pain of endodontic origin participated in the study. Patients were asked to indicate their pain scores on a visual analog scale (VAS) and then they were divided into three groups of n=20. Then according to their groups, the patients received a single dose of Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg one hour before administration of the infiltration anaesthesia with 2% lignocaine containing 1:80,000 epinephrine. The patients indicated their pain score on VAS after one hour of drug administration and again after completion of the access opening. Differences in the pain scores at these three intervals were noted. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS v.20 software and subjected to descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA test with the acceptance level of significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg had shown a gradual decrease in mean pain scores after the completion of access opening, which was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Etoricoxib 60 mg (p=0.01) showed lower mean pain scores compared to Diclofenac sodium 50 mg and Ibuprofen 200 mg. Conclusion Within the limitations of the present study, Etoricoxib significantly lower mean pain scores when compared with the other two groups. Key Words Drug efficacy, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Visual Analog

The electro-Fenton/sulfite process with Fe-Mn bimetallic catalyst for diclofenac degradation at neutral pH

The application of bimetallic catalysts in heterogeneous electro-Fenton (Hetero-EF) is limited due to its poor performance over a wide pH range. In this work, the Hetero-EF/sulfite process was constructed with FeMn@C as the catalyst to improve the degradation of pollutants under neutral pH. The removal efficiency of diclofenac (DCF) (97.8%) was significantly higher than that of Hetero-EF (15.0%) at pH 7, in which the degradation rate constant k was increased by 19.75 times. The existence and transformation process of various active species (•OH, SO4•-, O2•-, and 1O2) in the process were verified by capture experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) test. The possible DCF degradation pathway was also proposed. The introduction of sulfite could reduce Fe3+ and Mn3+, promote the Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Mn(II)/Mn(III) cycles, strengthen the generation of active species, and thus promote the degradation of pollutants. The removal efficiency was still maintained 76.6% after five cycles. The Hetero-EF/sulfite process is a simple, feasible, and efficient method to degrade pollutants, which has a broad application prospect.

An Analytical Target Profile for the Development of an In Vitro Release Test Method and Apparatus Selection in the Case of Semisolid Topical Formulations.

This study focuses on how to define an Analytical Target Profile (ATP) which is intended for use in practice and on facilitating the selection of in vitro release test (IVRT) technology for diclofenac sodium topical hydrogel and cream. The implementation involves incorporating the new draft guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH Q14) and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) Chapter 1220. Four IVRT apparatuses were compared (USP Apparatus II with immersion cell, USP Apparatus IV with semisolid adapter, static vertical diffusion cell, and a new, in-house-developed flow-through diffusion cell) with the help of the ATP. Performance characteristics such as accuracy, precision, cumulative amount released at the end of the IVRT experiment, and robustness were investigated. We found that the best apparatus for developing IVRT quality control (QC) tests in both cases was USP II with an immersion cell. All four different IVRT apparatuses were compared with each other and with the data found in the literature.

Ultrasound assisted biogenic synthesis of Palladium nanoparticles using Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and catalytic activities

We have synthesized palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) from aqueous leaf extract of Cocculus hirsutus (CH) by ultra-sonication in an easy, non-toxic, and eco-friendly manner. PdNPs synthesized were analyzed using UV–vis, FT-IR, powder XRD, TEM, and DLS instruments. From UV–vis spectra, the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) signal indicated that the formation of PdNPs. The synthesized PdNPs shows spherical shape, crystalline and polydispersibility nature with a mean particle size of 10±3 nm was observed from XRD and TEM. FTIR analysis reveals the active role of phenolic constituents from CH leaf extract in reduction and surface functionalization of nanoparticles. The stability of the PdNPs was assessed by devious the Zeta potential analysis. The as-prepared PdNPs showed antibacterial efficacy (maximum zone of inhibition is 11.20 mm for S. typhimurium) and antifungal efficacy (maximum zone of inhibition is 32.80 mm for C. albicans) against disease causing human pathogens, strong anti-inflammatory activity for BSA denaturation and blistering catalytic activity against 4-NP reduction up to 5 cycles (6 min; 100 % reduction, rate constant is 0.532 min−1). The potency of the anti-inflammatory activity was found to be 90 % using PdNPs against the standard drug Diclofenac sodium (90 %) for 500 µg/mL. The above mentioned activities were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the PdNPs in treating bacterial, inflammation related conditions and also as an effective catalyst in wastewater treatment.

Modeling dry eye with an air–liquid interface in corneal epithelium-on-a-chip

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a complex ocular condition characterized by an unstable tear film and inadequate tear production, leading to tissue damage. Despite its common occurrence, there is currently no comprehensive in vitro model that accurately reproduce the cellular characteristics of DES. Here we modified a corneal epithelium-on-a-chip (CEpOC) model to recapitulate DES by subjecting HCE-T human corneal epithelial cells to an air–liquid (AL) interface stimulus. We then assessed the effects of AL stimulation both in the presence and absence of diclofenac (DCF), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct gene expression changes in response to AL and AL_DCF, affecting pathways related to development, epithelial structure, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Both treatments upregulated PIEZO2, linked to corneal damage signaling, while downregulating OCLN, involved in cell–cell junctions. They increased the expression of inflammatory genes (e.g., IL-6) and reduced mucin production genes (e.g., MUC16), reflecting dry eye characteristics. Metabolomic analysis showed increased secretion of metabolites associated with cell damage and inflammation (e.g., methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, lauroyl-carnitine) in response to AL and even more with AL_DCF, indicating a shift in cellular metabolism. This study showcases the potential use of AL stimulus within the CEpOC to induce cellular characteristics relevant to DES.

Adsorption of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs traces in water on clay minerals

The aim of this study was to assess the adsorption of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely Paracetamol (PRC), Diclofenac (DIC), Ibuprofen (IBU), and Ketoprofen (KET), using both batch and continuous experiments with clay. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM coupled to EDX, and Zeta potential, were employed to characterize both raw and calcined clay. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the kaolinite nature of the clay. SEM data revealed a lamellar structure formed in the clay after calcination at 550 °C. Adsorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal adsorption conditions. Batch kinetics of adsorption demonstrated rapid adsorption of all four NSAIDs, with the highest adsorption occurring at pH 4 (DIC, IBU, and KET) and pH 6 for PRC, using a concentration of 20 mg L−1 of calcined clay. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for all NSAIDs adsorption processes. Maximum adsorption capacities, as determined by the Langmuir model, were 80 mg g−1 for PRC, 238 mg −1g for DIC, 138 mg g−1 for IBU, and 245 mg g−1 for KET. In fixed bed column studies, three dynamic models (Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson) were utilized to describe the breakthrough curves, with linear regression used to identify key characteristics for process design. The fixed bed column adsorption study revealed that DIC exhibited the highest removal efficiency at 98%, while KET, IBU, and PRC were more persistent, with removal efficiencies of 77.1%, 76.7%, and 67.1%, respectively. The Thomas model was deemed appropriate for describing the breakthrough curve. These findings offer valuable insights into the interactions between clay and pharmaceuticals with varying physicochemical properties. They also provide information on the adsorption models, saturation, and adsorption capacities of various pharmaceuticals on natural clays, which can be crucial for further research and environmental remediation efforts.

Comparison of In vitro Dissolution Tests of five brands of Diclofenac Sodium delayed release tablets in Moroccan market

This study aims to evaluate the similarity of in-vitro dissolution profiles, of commercially available generics of diclofenac sodium delayed-release tablets, of 25mg strength, with the innovator brand in Moroccan Market. Dissolution profiles for five brands were determined using the paddle method from the United States Pharmacopoeia. For the aptitude verification of the method, in our experimental conditions, linearity and accuracy tests were performed. The rate of dissolution was determined by Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy at 276nm. The assessment between the generics and the brand medicine was carried out under the similarity factor approach. We also presented an overview of the dissolution principles of tablet dosage form, and the pharmacopoeia dissolution test recommendations in our case. To compliance with US pharmacopoeia specifications, the rate of dissolution should be not more than 10% after 2hours in the acid stage, and not less than 75% at 45 minutes in the buffer stage. Furthermore, two dissolution profiles are considered similar when the f2 value is ≥50. According to routine quality control, evaluating the rate dissolution at the final point, all the generic medicines marketed in Morocco, meet the specification of the dissolution testing. However, using the comparison of dissolution profiles, only generic-2 is interchangeable with the innovator brand.