Dichloromethane Soluble Fraction Research Articles

Cytotoxic Xenia Diterpenoids from the Soft Coral Xenia umbellata

Eleven new xenia diterpenoids, umbellacins A-G (1-7), 14,15-epoxy-xeniolide H (8), 3-acetyl-14,15-epoxy-xeniolide H (9), and umbellacins H and I (10, 11), were isolated from a methylene chloride-soluble fraction of the soft coral Xenia umbellata. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro.

Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by tanshinones from the root ofSalvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

We screened natural products to find compounds with anti-osteoporotic potential using a coculture-based system by which osteoclast differentiation is effectively achieved. We found that methylene chloride soluble fraction of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) suppressed osteoclast differentiation. Five tanshinones, tanshinone IIA (1), tanshinone 1 (2), cryptotanshinone (3), 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I (4), and ferruginol (5) were subsequently isolated from fraction. Among the five compounds, compounds 1-4 reduced the formation of TRAP-positive multinuclear osteoclasts. These results suggest that the identified tanshinones may be useful candidates for development of therapeutic agents to treat osteoporosis and other bone-resorptive diseases.

Triterpenoid from Styrax japonica SIEB. et ZUCC, and Its Effects on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 and Type 1 Procollagen Caused by Ultraviolet Irradiated Cultured Primary Human Skin Fibroblasts

Long term and repeated exposure of ultraviolet light on the skin often induces chronic skin diseases such as skin cancer as well as photoaging, and the mechanisms of these skin damages are closely associated with up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase's (MMPs) activities. The methylene chloride soluble fraction of methanol extract from the stems of Styrax japonica. (Styracaceae) showed significant MMP-1 inhibition in primary human skin fibroblasts cause by ultraviolet irradiation. Four triterpenoids were isolated by column chromatography. Among them, Erythrodiol-3-acetate reduced of MMP-1 and induced of type 1 procollagen at the protein levels in a dose-dependent manner.

Pentacyclic triterpenoids and their cytotoxicity from the stem bark of Styrax japonica S. et Z.

The methylene chloride soluble fraction of MeOH extract from the stem bark of Styrax japonica S. et Z. (Styracaceae) showed significant cytotoxicity by SRB method against five human tumor cell lines. Four known pentacyclic triterpenoids, oleanolic aldehyde acetate (1), erythrodiol-3-acetate (2), euphorginol (3), and anhydrosophoradiol-3-acetate (4) were isolated by activity-guided fractionation. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectral analysis. Compounds 1-4 were isolated from S. japonica for the first time.

Antibiotic Activity of Couroupita guianensis

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial activity of extracts from Couroupita guianensis Aubl. tissues were measured against 12 gram positive, 12 gram negative, and one protozoan. Methanol extracts of leaves, flowers, fruit, stem and root barks, and stem and root heartwood of the plant inhibited growth of the microorganisms, a phenomena that was enhanced by further fractionation of the methanol extracts into petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol soluble fractions. Most activity was in the petrol fractions of the flowers, fruit, and stem bark; the ethyl acetate fraction of the flowers, and stem and root bark; and the dichloromethane fractions of the stem and root barks. Some fractions of the stem bark and flowers exhibited antifungal activity.

Identification of an Anti-Inflammatory Principle from the Stem Bark ofMillettia versicolor

The dichloromethane-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Millettia versicolor Welw. (Leguminosae) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity. The chromatographic fractionation and subsequent analysis of the spectroscopic data of this extract led to the isolation and identification of 2-acetyl-7-methoxynaphtho[2,3- b]furan-4,9-quinone (1) along with two known quinones. Pharmacological data demonstrate that compound 1 has relevant anti-inflammatory properties whereas the other two isolated compounds do not.

Plant growth regulatory effect and insecticidal activity of the extracts of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima L.)

BackgroundThere is an urgent need to explore and utilize naturally occurring products for combating harmful agricultural and public health pests. Secondary metabolites in the leaves of the Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima L. have been reported to be herbicidal and insecticidal. The mode of action, however, of the active compounds in A. altissima are not understood. In this paper, we report the chemical characteristics of the herbicidal and insecticidal components in this tree, and will discuss the effect of light on the bioactivity of the active components.ResultsExtracts from the fresh leaves of A. altissima showed a strong plant germination/growth inhibitory effect in laboratory bioassays against alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The effect was dose-dependent. The growth inhibitory components were in the methylene chloride soluble fraction of the extract. The effect was greater in the light than in the dark. Other fractions had plant growth enhancing effect at lower concentrations. The extract was slightly insecticidal against yellow fever mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti).ConclusionsThe extract or its semi-purified fractions of A. altissima were strong plant growth inhibitors, therefore good candidates as potential environmentally safe and effective agricultural pest management agents. The finding that light affects the activity will be useful in the application of such natural products.

A comparison of mesophase formation under sparging and vacuum

A petroleum pitch was heat treated using nitrogen sparging or vacuum, and the constitution of samples was investigated as a function of heat-treatment time with microscopy, solid state 13C NMR, and ESR spectroscopy. The samples were extracted with methylene chloride, and the soluble fractions were characterized by number-average molecular weight, 1H and 13C NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The free radical concentration and aromaticity of the two final (ca 80% mesophase) pitch samples were similar. Microscopic examination of samples showed extensive mechanical deformation of the isotropic phase whenever the anisotropic phase was continuous. Nucleation of anisotropic spheres continued throughout mesophase formation. The major difference between the two runs appeared to be the higher amount of methylene chloride-soluble components in the vacuum run. After vacuum heat treatment, the average MW of the methylene chloride solubles was considerably higher than for the starting pitch while, for samples which had been sparged, the MW of these solubles was slightly lower. Fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy indicated that considerable changes in the distribution of aromatic ring systems and alkyl substituents occurred in the methylene chloride-soluble fraction during heat treatment.

Inhibitory effect of the root ofCoptis japonica on catecholamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells

The effect of the root ofCoptis japonica (COPT), both the dichloromethane soluble (CH2Cl2) and insoluble (H2O) fractions, on catecholamine contents and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells was investigated. CH2Cl2 and H2O fractions showed 21 and 53% inhibitions on dopamine content, respectively, at a concentration of 40 μg/ml in medium: the H2O fraction provided a greater inhibitory effect. The TH activity was reduced by the treatment of COPT (H2O fraction). These results suggest that COPT has an inhibitory effect on the catecholamine biosynthesis by the reduction of TH activity in PC12 cells.

石炭液化油の酸性，中性，塩基性油の水素化脱窒素反応におよぼすフェノール類の添加効果

The liquid products derived from Miike coal were separated into weakly acidic (WA1), strongly acidic (SA1), neutral-hexane insoluble (N-HI1), basic-benzene soluble (B-BS1), and basic-benzene insoluble and dichloromethane solu-ble (B-BI1) fractions. The additive effects of phenols on their denitrogenation (DN) were investigated in detail by the hydrogenolysis reactions with a sulfided Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst.Additive effect of phenol could not be observed in DN of WA1, due to the increased acidity of the catalyst caused by phenols in WA1. However, phenol addition was very effective in DN of SA1 containing only a small amount of phenols. When 7.0% of phenol was added to N-HI1, the hydrogenolysis was promoted by the catalyst of increased acidity. The adsorption of nitrogen-containing aromatic rings of B-BS1 on the catalyst surface was inhibited by the steric hindrance of long-chain alkyl groups bonded to aromatic rings. Therefore, phenol addition did not affect the DN of B-BS1. On the other hand, the DN of B-BI1, which does not have long-chain alkyl groups bonded to aromatic rings, was slightly promoted by phenol addition. Cresol isomers were as effective as phenol for the DN.

The Mutagenic Activity of Particulate Organic Matter Collected with a Dilution Sampler at Coal-Fired Power Plants

The Deep Creek Lake Study of 1983 provided an opportunity to obtain emission samples from coal-fired power plants with a dilution sampler for mutagenicity testing. Stack and ambient samples of particulate matter were collected with a dilution sampler at three coal-fired power plants in West Virginia. Samples were sequentially extracted with cyclohexane (CX), dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone (ACE) and tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay using TA98 (-S9). For the stack samples, the CX, DCM and ACE fractions constituted 1.0, 0.7 and 98.1 percent of the total extractable organic material (EOM), respectively, compared to 28.5, 7.4 and 64.1 percent for the ambient samples. In contrast, the mutagenic activity of the organic fractions was concentrated in the CX and DCM fractions. The cyclohexane- and dichloromethane-soluble fractions of the stack samples from all locations exhibited mutagenicity when tested in the plate incorporation assay. No significant response was observed with the acetone fraction. When tested with Kado's modification of the preincubation assay, the acetone-soluble fraction did exhibit mutagenic activity comparable to that of the other fractions when expressed in units of revertants per milligram of particular matter. Chemical analyses of one of the acetone-soluble fractions indicated that half of the mass was sulfuric acid while the remainder consisted of C, H and O. More than 30 peaks were detected in the high pressure liquid chromatogram of this fraction. Although little mutagenic activity was detected in the polar ACE fraction of the diluted stack emissions samples with this single bioassay, in view of the large mass of this fraction, further investigation of the chemical composition and genotoxic activity of this fraction would be prudent.

Direct liquefaction of different lignocellulosics and their constituents: 1. Fractionation, elemental composition

Oils have been produced thermochemically from the following lignocellulosic materials by applying constant hydrogenolytic conditions in an aqueous phase with palladium as catalyst : spruce and birch wood, spruce and birch holocellulose, cellulose, pine bark, spruce and bagasse organosolv lignins, and birch Willstätter lignin. The liquid products were separated into water-, acetone- and dichloromethane-soluble (oil) fractions. The highest oil yield was obtained from spruce organosolv lignin (64%) and the lowest from carbohydrates and pine bark (20–31%). The oils were separated into neutral, strongly acidic and weakly acidic fractions by a liquid/liquid extraction procedure. Sequential elution by solvent chromatography was used for additional comparative characterization of the oils. Calorific values of the feedstocks and oils were calculated based upon the data of elemental analysis.

Effect of sampling duration on the concentration of particulate organics collected on glass fiber filters

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of sampling duration upon the concentration of particulate organic matter (POM) collected on glass fiber filters. Samples of total suspended particulate matter were simultaneously collected over three sampling periods: seven days (1 weekly sample), twenty-four hours (13 daily samples), and six hours (4/day for 13 days). Each collected filter sample was extracted sequentially with solvents of increasing polarity, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, and acetone, respectively. Higher concentrations of cyclohexane-soluble organic matter were observed with longer sampling periods for these simultaneously collected samples. In contrast, concentrations of dichloromethane-soluble fraction were lower as the duration of sampling increased. The concentrations of the acetone-soluble fractions showed no significant dependence on sampling duration, within the experimental uncertainties.

Chemical and Biological Investigations of <i>Samanea saman</i> (Jacq.) Merr.

Two compounds namely lupeol (1) and epilupeol (2) were isolated from n-hexane soluble fraction of crude methanol extract of the powdered whole plant of Samanea saman Merr. for the first time. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by extensive analyses of their high resolution NMR spectral data as well as co- TLC with authentic samples. In our preliminary screening, the n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, and dichloromethane soluble fractions of the crude methanolic extract of S. saman were subjected to antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The carbon tetrachloride soluble partitionate of the methanol extract exhibited mild to moderate antimicrobial activity and strong cytotoxicity having LC50 of 0.831μg/ml. Key words: Samanea saman; Leguminosae; lupeol; epilupeol; antimicrobial activity; brine shrimp lethality bioassay. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v9i2.7882 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(2): 69-73, 2010 (December)

700. Carcinogens in water and soil: Borneff, J. (1964). Kanzerogene Substanzen in Wasser und Boden. XV. Zwischenbilanz der bisherigen Untersuchungsergebnisse. Arch. Hyg., Berl.148, 1

Present-day and more than 30 years old road and footpath pavements from Auckland, New Zealand were analysed for PAHs to test the hypothesis that coal tar based pavement binders contribute to unusually high PAH concentrations in adjacent stream and estuarine sediments. Total PAH (∑28PAH) concentrations in the dichloromethane-soluble fraction (“binder”), comprising 5–10% of pavement mass, were as high as 200 000 mg kg−1 (10 000 mg kg−1 in binder + aggregate). Older and deeper pavement layers were strongly pyrogenic, whereas pavement layers from recently sealed roads had a more petrogenic composition and more than 1000 times lower ∑28PAH concentrations. Source identification analysis using three PAH isomer ratio pairs (benz(a)anthracene/(benz(a)anthracene + chrysene); benzo(a)pyrene/(benzo(a)pyrene + benzo(e)pyrene); and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) revealed low PAH (bitumen) pavements to have consistently lower isomer ratios than high PAH (coal tar) samples. Moreover, pavement data for one isomer ratio (e.g. benzo(a)pyrene/(benzo(a)pyrene + benzo(e)pyrene) were highly correlated with those of another isomer ratio (e.g. benz(a)anthracene/(benz(a)anthracene + chrysene) and were bounded at their lower and higher extremes by the characteristics of pure bitumen and coal tar, respectively, suggesting that PAH composition of a given pavement sample could be accounted for by conservative mixing between coal tar and bitumen as source materials. A concentration-weighted mixing model, with coal tar and bitumen as source materials, explained more than 80% of the variance in isomer ratios and enveloped the entire PAH compositional and concentration range encountered. PAH composition and concentrations in adjacent stream sediments (> 15 mg kg−1 dry weight) were consistent with diluted coal tar material as a principal PAH source. Due to the very high PAH concentrations of coal tar, a coal tar content of as little as 0.01% of total sediment mass can account for more than 90% of PAH concentrations in adjacent stream sediments.