Carnation Research Articles

The chromosome-level genome of Gypsophila paniculata reveals the molecular mechanism of floral development and ethylene insensitivity.

Gypsophila paniculata, belonging to the Caryophyllaceae of the Caryophyllales, is one of the most famous worldwide cut flowers. It is commonly used as dried flowers, whereas the underlying mechanism of flower senescence has not yet been addressed. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly for G. paniculata with a total size of 749.58 Mb. Whole-genome duplication signatures unveil two major duplication events in its evolutionary history: an ancient one occurring before the divergence of Caryophyllaceae and a more recent one shared with Dianthus caryophyllus. The integrative analyses combining genomic and transcriptomic data reveal the mechanisms regulating floral development and ethylene response of G. paniculata. The reduction of AGAMOUS expression probably caused by sequence polymorphism and the mutation in miR172 binding site of PETALOSA are associated with the double flower formation in G. paniculata. The low expression of ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR (ERS) and the reduction of downstream ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) gene copy number collectively lead to the ethylene insensitivity of G. paniculata, affecting flower senescence and making it capable of making dried flowers. This study provides a cornerstone for understanding the underlying principles governing floral development and flower senescence, which could accelerate the molecular breeding of the Caryophyllaceae species.

Varietal evaluation of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) in naturally ventilated polyhouse under Prayagraj agro-climatic condition

Varietal evaluation of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) in naturally ventilated polyhouse under Prayagraj agro-climatic condition

Extending vase life of carnation flowers by postharvest nano silver, humic acid and Aloe Vera gel treatments

Abstract Standard Carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Dover) were harvested at the paint brush stage in the early morning, pre-cooled at 4° C for 6-h then moved under dry conditions to the laboratory. Flowers were weighted and treated for 24-h with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 0, 5 or 10 ppm in plastic buckets. After pulsing treatments, cut flowers were transferred to 500 mL glass jars containing 300 mL of preservation solution treatments including, individually, humic acid at 200, 400 or 600 ppm and Aloe vera gel at 2.5%, 5.0% or 7.5% (w/v) till the end of the experiment (when flower color began to fade, petals began to roll). Distilled water was used for the control and to prepare the tested solutions. 2% sucrose was added to all treatments including the control. Addition of all preservatives to vase solutions significantly increased all the studied characteristics of cut flowers compared to control (distilled water, least values). Nanosilver treatments have the potential to be used as preservative solutions for improving postharvest vase life and quality of carnation flowers. An increment in vase life, relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, flower diameter as well as total chlorophylls in leaves, total carbohydrates and total phenols in leaves and petals was observed, in addition to a decrease in bacterial counts in vase solution. Best results were obtained using 5 ppm AgNPs + 5.0% Aloe vera gel followed by 5 ppm AgNPs +7.5% Aloe vera gel solutions. Aloe vera gel, especially 5.0% level, showed better results than humic acid when used alone or combined with AgNPs. Nanosilver at 5 ppm recorded better results than 10 ppm when used as a single treatment.

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of flowers Dianthus chinensis on the proteins and acetycholinesteras for Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Livestock plays a significant role in the national economy, making it crucial to safeguard the livestock population in order to achieve economic growth and increase exports. The current study aimed to determine whether or not the addition of an aqueous extract of Chinese carnation flowers to the tissues of the parasitic worm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi found in carp fish affected their total protein content and the enzyme’s activity (Cyprinus carpio). Treatment with an aqueous extract of Chinese carnation flowers was found to raise both total routine concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity (AchE). The parasite’s demise is ultimately caused by the host’s behavior, reproduction, health, and other factors.

Green preparation of nano‐silver aqueous solution using fructose and evaluation of its antibacterial potential for cut carnation flowers

The green synthesis of nano-silver (NS) has gained increasing attention owing to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Herein, a novel one-step green preparation method of stable NS aqueous solution using Tollens reagent as the silver ion source, D-fructose as the reduction agent, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone as the stabilizing and capping agent is reported. The prepared NS solution had a pH value of 7.10, with approximately spherical NS particles in the range of 13.95–87.36 nm. The resulting NS solution was stable under normal temperature, boiling water bath, and acidic environment. The NS solution had a remarkable absorption peak at 410 nm in its ultraviolet–visible spectrum. The dynamic light scattering/Zeta analysis showed the average particle size of the NS aqueous solution was 183.5 nm, polymer dispersion index was 0.282, and the zeta potential of the green synthesized NS was –18.0 mV. Moreover, the NS solution exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of the bacteria isolated from the vase water of cut carnation ‘Prince’ flowers. These findings indicate that the obtained NS solution is potentially a practical and effective antibacterial agent for preserving cut carnations and other cut flowers.

Phenology and growth flower of Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. ‘MOON LIGHT’ under greenhouse

Carnation crop in Colombia is one of the main income generating activities in Colombian floriculture. However, the growth dynamics and its relationship with thermal time are unknown. For this reason, the objective of this research was to determine the growth and development of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. ‘Moon Light’ in thermal time when grown in a greenhouse in Bogotá savanna. This research was developed based on the phenological stages and accumulation of Growing Degree Days (GDD). Fresh and dry weight accumulation is fitted to a logistic model that generated a sigmoid type curve. The carnation flower cv. 'Moon light' presented a constant accumulation of dry weight from 15.3 GDD (stage 0 rice) to 777.6 GDD (cut point). The Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) increased slowly during phase I. It presents a rapid and constant gain until reaching the cut-off point with a value of 0.035 g per GDC and an accumulation of 777.6 GDC. The Relative Growth Rate (RGR) presented a continuous decrease with an initial value of 0.0049 g g-1 per GDD in the bullet stage and a value of 0.0024 g g-1 per GDD at the cut-off point. Through the results obtained, the floriculture sector will have a technical tool within the productive projection of the carnation variety 'Moon Light' grown in a greenhouse.

Vase life and antioxidant status of two carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars affected by gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatments

Purpose: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most popular and economically important cut flowers worldwide ranking the third after rose and chrysanthemum. The vase life of many carnation cultivars is short due to sensitivity to ethylene or other factors. This research was performed to study effect of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA 0.5, 0.75 and 1mM) on postharvest quality of tow famous carnation cultivars viz. Delphi (white) and Dob Pedro (Red). Research method: The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications per treatment. Findings: The results indicated that all concentrations of GABA significantly prolonged the vase life in both cultivars. GABA decreased lipid peroxidation of petal tissue while increased the activity of some antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was also decreased in GABA-treated cut flower. Interestingly, both cultivars responded similarly to GABA treatments. The findings also revealed that GABA had antioxidant properties capable of increasing defense ability of the carnation cut flower. Meanwhile, the applied concentration is very critical and should be taken into account. Based on the present findings, the best treatment is GABA at 0.75 mM. Limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: The results of this research indicated that GABA had antioxidant properties capable of increasing defense ability of the carnation cut flower. It appears that the applied GABA operates through membrane conservation, increasing the activity of antioxidants enzymes and decreasing PPO activity.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Source on the Induction of Callus of Dianthus caryophyllus L.

In order to investigate the possibility for in in vitro fast regeneration of Dianthus caryophyllus, different concentrations of Kinetin (Kin), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D) had been tested for induction of callus by leaves and stems explant using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After two months in culture, response callus in the induction rate, fresh and dry weight, texture and color were evaluated. MS medium that contained 4.5 mg.L-1 2, 4-D was suitable for callus induction with leaf explants. The combination of 0.4 mg.L-1 Kin and 2.0 mg.L-1 2, 4-D also demonstrated a wonderful induction of callus on stem explants. In addition to the culture medium complemented by Kin and 2, 4-D, the influence of Zeatin at various concentrations (0.0, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.0 mg.L-1) was assessed. In MS medium that contained 0.4 mg.L-1 Kin+ 2.0 mg.L-1 2,4-D+ 1.0 mg.L-1 Zeatin, rapid callus induction and also more callus proliferation from stem explants were detected. Results indicate on callus induction that, Zeatin was more successful than Kin or 2, 4-D, but other combinations directly developed a shoot. Callus obtained from stems explant was friable, white and yellow, while callus from leaf explants was green.

The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Turmeric Root Powder and Carnation Flowers to The Diet on Some Productive Traits of Broilers Under Heat Stress Conditions

The current study was carried out on a poultry farm which belongs to the Animal production department - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa,for a period of 35 days, start from October 10 to November 13, 2020, for 5 weeks to find out the effect of adding different levels of turmeric root powder and carnation flowers to the diet on some productive traits of broilers. In this experiment, 360 broiler chicks were used, a one-day-old Ross-308 hybrid. Chicks were divided randomly into 6 treatments (60 chick/treatment). Each treatment had 3 replicates with 20 chicks each.These replicate included 20 chicks with an initial average weight of 40gm and the treatments were as follows: 0, 3, and 5 gm/kg diet of turmeric root powder for T0, T1, T2, as well as 3 and 5 gm/kg diet of carnation flower powder for T3 and T4, respectively, and T5 contained 4 gm/kg diet fodder mix of both turmeric root powder and carnation flowers. Chicks were exposed to Cyclical day temperature. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the total body weight average in T2 and T5 Compared with T0, T1, and T3. Total weight gain increased significantly in T5 (P<0.01) compared to T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4.Also, results showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the total feed consumption ratio in T1, T2, T4, and T5 compared to T0 and T3. In addition, thetotal conversion coefficient for the birds showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in T4 and T5 by showing the lowest value 1.58 for both treatments compared to T1 and T3(1.64, and 1.62), respectively.

Effect of Phosphate and Bio Fertilizers (Trichoderma Harizanum) on The Vegetative and Flowering Growth of Clover Plant (Dianthus Caryophyllus)

Plants need an optimum nutrition range as well as a least necessary limit. Below this minimum level, plants start to present nutrient deficiency signs, so the experiment was conducted in a Plastic Greenhouse of the department of plant protection at the College of Agriculture, the University of Al-Anbar from 20/8/2020 to 20/6/2021 to know study the effect of the superphosphate fertilizer four levels (0,1.5,3 and, 4.5) gm/kg soil and Trichoderma harzianum with three levels (0, 5, and 10) gm/kg soil on growth of Clover Plant. Those variables were used, in addition to the interaction between them, to study the effects on the vegetation and flowering characteristics. The best results were obtained when using the at the treatment of Phosphate fertilizer P2O5 with 4.5 gm and biological fungus with 10 gm/kg soil. The result was leaf area was 12 cm2, Chlorophyll 87.18 mg/100gm damp weight, Anthocyanin 40.12 per g dry weight, flower diameter 9.58 cm, and the surface area of roots was 70.74 cm2.

Effect of Adding Different Levels of Turmeric Root Powder and Carnation Flowers to The Diet on Some Blood and Microorganisms Traits of Broilers Under Heat Stress Condition

The current study was carried out on a poultry farm which belongs to the Animal production department - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa, for a period of 35 days started from October 10 to November 13, 2020 for 5 weeks to find out the effect of adding different levels of turmeric root powder and carnation flowers to the diet on some productive traits of broilers. in the experiment, 360 broiler chicks were used, one-day-old Ross-308 hybrid, The chicks were divided randomly into 6 treatments (60 chicks/treatment) by 3 replicates per treatment, with 20 chicks for each with an average initial weight of 40gm and the treatments were as follows: 0, 3, and 5 gm/kg diet of turmeric root powder for treatments T0, T1, T2, as well as 3 and 5 gm/kg diet fodder of carnation flower powder for treatments T3 and T4, respectively.

Production of Dianthus Caryophyllus L. Cultivar (Haytor White) as Cut Flowers Using Day- Extension Treatment and Mulching

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station - Kirkuk University - College of Agriculture for the agricultural season 2020-2021. The experiment was started on 20-11-2020. Carnations were taken from the mothers before the start of the experiment and planted in culture dishes to complete the rooting process. Carnations were planted on terraces with a length of (20 m) and width (75 cm), and the distance between one line and another (30 cm) and between one plant another (30 cm) as well. Artificial lighting (white LED light factor, 40 watts) was used for four hours in addition to the natural light which started half hour before sunset. The intensity of lighting was measured by a light meter (Lux 6612). As for the mulching factor, the industrial mulching was used with white polyethylene and the natural mulching with shredded yellow corn residue with a thickness of 2.5 cm, in addition to the control treatment. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot system in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the treatment of illumination was placed in the main plots, while mulching was placed in the secondary plots, and the results were tested according to Duncan’s multiple range test at a probability level of 5%. The following characteristics were studied: plant height (cm), plant total chlorophyll content (CCI), number of days required for flowering (day), number of flower/m2, and flower stem length (cm). The results showed the superiority of lighting and mulching treatment in all vegetative and flowering traits under study.

Melatonin as a new postharvest treatment for increasing cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) vase life

The marketability of cut flowers is directly affected by their vase life, which determines acceptability for commercial purposes. In carnations and other species of cut flowers, corolla is one of the most affected parts during flower senescence due to the petal withering which is accelerated by metabolic processes occurring after separation from the mother plant. Melatonin (MT) is a compound with antioxidant properties, naturally present in plant tissues that plays important roles in the regulation of different metabolic processes. In this research work the effect of different MT concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) on the vase life of cut carnations flowers cv. Baltico was evaluated. The greatest delay in senescence was observed with 0.1 mM MT concentration, increasing vase life up to 10 days more as compared to control carnations. Although all MT concentrations assayed significantly (P < 0.05) maintained initial levels of fresh weight, membrane stability index, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity for longer time, the lowest concentrations were those that had the most relevant impact on vase life. The highest dose evaluated (1 mM) maintained all the parameters evaluated but showed the wilting symptoms earlier. For this reason, 0.1 MT concentration could be a tool capable of improving carnation vase life for longer time, increasing the commercial potential of this cut flower.

DcWRKY75 promotes ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.).

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most important and typical ethylene sensitive cut flowers worldwide, although how ethylene influences the petal senescence process in carnation remains largely unknown. Here, we screened out one of the key transcription factors, DcWRKY75, using a constructed ethylene induced petal senescence transcriptome in carnation and found that it shows quick induction by ethylene treatment. Silencing of DcWRKY75 delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. Molecular evidence confirms that DcWRKY75 can bind to the promoter regions of two main ethylene biosynthetic genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1) and a couple of senescence associated genes (DcSAG12 and DcSAG29) to activate their expression. Furthermore, we show that DcWRKY75 is a direct target gene of DcEIL3-1, which is a homolog of the ethylene signaling core transcription factor EIN3 in Arabidopsis. DcEIL3-1 can physically interact with DcWRKY75 and silencing of DcEIL3-1 also delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation and inhibits the ethylene induced expression of DcWRKY75 and its target genes. The present study demonstrates that the transcriptional regulation network is vitally important for ethylene induced petal senescence process in carnation and potentially in other ethylene sensitive cut flowers.

Differential regulation of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) genes, including the additionally cloned DcACO2, during senescence in carnation flowers

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase (ACO) catalyzes the final step of ethylene biosynthesis. ACO proteins are also reportedly encoded by a multigene family. Although the presence of several ACO genes is suggested in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), DcACO1 is the only ACO gene in which full-length cDNA has been isolated. This study aimed to clone another ACO gene in carnation flowers and investigate changes the expression of the two ACO genes in floral organs during flower senescence. We cloned a homolog of the ACO gene from carnation gynoecium and designated it DcACO2. Transcript levels of DcACO2 were higher in the style and ovary than in the petals at harvest, although DcACO2 transcript levels in these organs increased during flower senescence. The ACO activity in the style was very high at harvest, suggesting that this high activity could be attributed to the translation of the DcACO2 transcript. However, DcACO2 transcript was only detected at very low levels in the petals of senesced flowers. Ethylene and ACC treatments accelerated petal wilting and increased ethylene production of the petals, style, and ovary. In the style and ovary, the DcACO1 transcript level was markedly higher than the DcACO2 transcript level as a result of ethylene and ACC treatments, and DcACO1 transcript levels in the petals were also increased by ethylene and ACC treatments. These results indicate that the expression of DcACO1 and DcACO2 are differently regulated among floral organs during senescence in carnation flowers.

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of WRKY Gene Family in Dianthus caryophyllus

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of WRKY Gene Family in Dianthus caryophyllus

Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Rooted cuttings from two carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars showing contrasting responses to the vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) were inoculated with this phytopathogen, and some of the biochemical responses associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were investigated in the roots. The resistant cultivar (‘Golem’) showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds at 48–96 h post-inoculation (hpi) (α = 0.05). LC-MS-based analysis indicated that the flavonoids mainly included flavanol-type glycosides, especially quercetin and kaempferol aglycones. Quantification of the mRNA levels of genes encoding CHS (Chalcone Synthase), CHI (Chalcone Isomerase), FLS (Flavonol Synthase), and the transcription factor MYB11 by using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the resistant cultivar exhibited higher expression levels of these genes and, therefore, showed more flavonoid accumulation at 96 hpi. The differences in the temporal regulation of the assessed variables during infection support the idea that the early expression of enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in carnation roots is linked to a resistance response to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Fod race 2. The present experimental approach is the first report describing the molecular mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in carnation roots during their interaction with Fod.

Hydrogen Nanobubble Water Delays Petal Senescence and Prolongs the Vase Life of Cut Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Flowers.

The short vase life of cut flowers limits their commercial value. To ameliorate this practical problem, this study investigated the effect of hydrogen nanobubble water (HNW) on delaying senescence of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). It was observed that HNW had properties of higher concentration and residence time for the dissolved hydrogen gas in comparison with conventional hydrogen-rich water (HRW). Meanwhile, application of 5% HNW significantly prolonged the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared with distilled water, other doses of HNW (including 1%, 10%, and 50%), and 10% HRW, which corresponded with the alleviation of fresh weight and water content loss, increased electrolyte leakage, oxidative damage, and cell death in petals. Further study showed that the increasing trend with respect to the activities of nucleases (including DNase and RNase) and protease during vase life period was inhibited by 5% HNW. The results indicated that HNW delayed petal senescence of cut carnation flowers through reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and initial activities of senescence-associated enzymes. These findings may provide a basic framework for the application of HNW for postharvest preservation of agricultural products.

Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Carnation SHD-27531-4

Carnation SHD-27531-4 is a genetically modified variety of Dianthus caryophyllus L. used as a decorative plant species. The red-purple colour of the flowers results from expression of the two newly introduced genes dfr and f 3’5’h, encoding the enzymes dihydroflavonol 4reductase (DFR) and flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H). The two enzymes enable the production of the pigments delphinidin and cyanidin (anthocyanidins) in the flower petals. Anthocyanidins and their sugar derivatives, anthocyanins, make up a large group of natural colours and are accepted food additives (E 163). The colours of most flowers, berries and fruits consist of a combination of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. &#x0D; Carnation line SHD-27531-4 also contains a mutated herbicide tolerance gene from Nicotiana tabacum , coding for an acetolactate synthase (ALS) variant protein, used to facilitate the selection of GM plantlets during the genetic transformation process. Southern blot analysis and sequencing indicate only a single copy of the intended T-DNA insert in the SHD-27531-4 genome. Flanking sequences show no disruption of endogenous genes. In silico analyses show no significant homologies between the DFR, F3’5’H an ALS proteins and known toxins and IgE-bound allergens. No observed changes in the introduced trait, i.e. the particular flower colour, indicative of instability, have been reported during several generations of vegetatively propagated plants. &#x0D; &#x0D; Considering that carnation SHD-27531-4 is not intended for cultivation or use as food or feed, the VKM GMO Panel considers the comparative analysis of the anthocyanidins delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and pelargonidin in the flower petals sufficient for the risk assessment. The reported morphological differences between SHD-27531-4 and the parent cultivar do not raise safety concerns. &#x0D; &#x0D; Based on current knowledge and the scope of the application, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that the DFR, F3’5’H and ALS proteins and anthocyanidin pigments are unlikely to increase a potential health risk related to an accidental intake or other exposure routes to carnation SHD-27531-4 compared to the conventional counterpart or other non-GM carnations. &#x0D; &#x0D; Likewise, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that carnation SHD-27531-4, based on current knowledge and the intended use as cut ornamental flowers, does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.

Mycelium Dispersion from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Elicits a Reduction of Wilt Severity and Influences Phenolic Profiles of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Roots.

The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) is the causal agent of the vascular wilt of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and the most prevalent pathogen in the areas where this flower is grown. For this reason, the development of new control strategies against Fod in carnation has been continuously encouraged, in particular those based on the implementation of plant resistance inducers that can trigger defensive responses to reduce the disease incidence, even at lower economical and environmental cost. In the present study, the effect of the soil supplementation of a biotic elicitor (i.e., ultrasound-assisted dispersion obtained from Fod mycelium) on disease severity and phenolic-based profiles of roots over two carnation cultivars was evaluated. Results suggest that the tested biotic elicitor, namely, eFod, substantially reduced the progress of vascular wilting in a susceptible cultivar (i.e., ‘Mizuki’) after two independent in vivo tests. The LC-MS-derived semi-quantitative levels of phenolic compounds in roots were also affected by eFod, since particular anthranilate derivatives, conjugated benzoic acids, and glycosylated flavonols were upregulated by elicitation after 144 and 240 h post eFod addition. Our findings indicate that the soil-applied eFod has an effect as a resistance inducer, promoting a disease severity reduction and accumulation of particular phenolic-like compounds.