Diamond Arrangement Research Articles

Enhancing thermal performance of cylindrical Li-ion battery packs: A 3D simulation with strategic phase change material integration and airflow control

This study conducts a three-dimensional simulation of the temperature of a cylindrical Li-ion battery (LIB) pack with nine cells. The cells are arranged in the pack in square and diamond configurations, and the pack is filled with phase-change materials (PCMs). The airflow enters the channel from two inlets at 90° with respect to the pack and is guided by two blades at the sides of the inlet toward the pack. Arc-shaped and linear blades were used for this study, which was carried out for 2500 s. The results indicate that the square arrangement of batteries, combined with the use of curved blades, has been more effective in reducing temperature. In this configuration, a more uniform distribution of air flow and better efficiency of the PCM in absorbing heat were observed, leading to a significant decrease in the overall temperature of the battery pack. Specifically, compared to the diamond arrangement, the temperature of the batteries in the square arrangement was up to 10 °C lower. This reduction in temperature plays an important role in enhancing the lifespan and safety of the batteries. By using machine learning and providing the optimal model for the maximum temperature of the battery surface, it was shown that this parameter was designed with the model and comparing it with the numerical results had an error of 2.01 %.

Thermal energy storage with PCMs: A comprehensive study of horizontal shell and multi-tube systems with finned design

Due to its unique qualities and advantages, phase change materials (PCMs) are crucial for thermal energy storage in various applications. The poor conductivity of PCMs is known to cause delayed charging and discharging rates. So, various techniques were proposed by the researchers to improve the thermal performance of PCM systems. To address this challenge, a comprehensive numerical research was presented on a horizontally oriented finned shell-and-tube type of PCM storage. The investigation was divided into four parts: (i) effects of the quantity and arrangement of heat transfer fluid (HTF) tubes; (ii) effects of the quantity and arrangement of fins; (iii) effects of the length of fins; and (iv) effects of various configurations of the finned shell-and-tube PCM storage. The outcomes depicted that due to buoyancy impact and horizontal location, the upper portion of the PCM storage melted more quickly than the lower portion. Also, it was found that, concerning the effect of the HTF arrangement (lacking fins) on the PCM melting process, with a 67.1 % improvement factor over a base model without fins, a double vertical array of HTF tubes produced the quickest melting time. Moreover, regarding evaluating the impact of the fins arrangement (one HTF tube), with a 39 % improvement factor, the diamond arrangement of fins was shown to be the best configuration for speeding up melting. For the complete melting process (LF = 1), the most significant improvement factor of 53.2 was noted for a fin length of 5.1 mm. Finally, the obtained numerical outcomes depicted that the complete melting time (at LF = 1) was reduced by 69.14 % in the model with a double vertical array of HTF tubes and a double vertical arrangement of fins, making it the ideal layout for the finned shell-and-tube PCM storage system.

Hydrodynamic performance study of manta ray gliding in groups

To investigate the effect of group gliding formation on the hydrodynamic performance of manta rays, numerical simulations were used to investigate the drag, the lift and pressure distribution of multiple manta rays in tandem, triangular and diamond-shaped arrangements. The simulation results show that the leader manta ray at the head of the group always suffers the least drag, and in most cases, the companion manta ray at the tail of the group suffers the most drag. The pressure distribution in the flow field shows that the drag reduction effect mainly comes from the distribution of high pressure and low pressure zones among the individual rays in the cluster, the high pressure zone is beneficial to the manta rays at the front of the group, and under certain circumstances, the presence of low pressure zone generates forward suction to reduce the drag of the manta rays at the end of the group. It is found that when manta rays glide in "two in front and one at the back", four-body diamond, six-body tandem and six-body diamond arrangement, the average drag of the system can be reduced, which provides theoretical guidance for the formation of bionic vehicle groups.

Highly Symmetric, Self-Assembling 3D DNA Crystals with Cubic and Trigonal Lattices.

The rational design of nanoscopic DNA tiles has yielded highly ordered crystalline matter in 2D and 3D. The most well-studied 3D tile is the DNA tensegrity triangle, which is known to self-assemble into macroscopic crystals. However, contemporary rational design parameters for 3D DNA crystals nearly universally invoke integer numbers of DNA helical turns and Watson-Crick (WC) base pairs. In this study, 24-bp edges are substituted into a previously 21-bp (two helical turns of DNA) tensegrity triangle motif to explore whether such unconventional motif can self-assemble into 3D crystals. The use of noncanonical base pairs in the sticky ends results in a cubic arrangement of tensegrity triangles with exceedingly high symmetry, assembling a lattice from winding helical axes and diamond-like tessellation patterns. Reverting this motif to sticky ends with Watson-Crick pairs results in a trigonal hexagonal arrangement, replicating this diamond arrangement in a hexagonal context. These results showcase that the authors can generate unexpected, highly complex, pathways for materials design by testing modifications to 3D tiles without prior knowledge of the ensuing symmetry. This study expands the rational design toolbox for DNA nanotechnology; and it further illustrates the existence of yet-unexplored arrangements of crystalline soft matter.

Regulation of the Assembled Structure of a Flexible Porphyrin Derivative Containing Tetra Isophthalic Acids by Coronene or Different Pyridines.

Based on previous research, a new coassembly formed by a porphyrin derivative (IPETPP), which contains a flexible substituent of m-phthalic acid, is observed with coronene (COR) molecules at a higher concentration. Besides, a fresh IPETPP self-assembly formed at a lower concentration and another new coassembly with COR molecules are obtained. Moreover, the addition of a series of bipyridines alters the diamond arrangement of IPETPP, which enhances the stability of the two-component structures. It is unprecedented that bipyridine derivatives break intermolecular hydrogen bonds containing m-phthalic acid substituents. All the coassemblies are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Combined with density functional theory, the formation mechanism of the assembled structures is revealed. These results would contribute to understanding the interfacial crystal behaviors and probably provide an efficient pathway to regulate the binary structures.

Numerical modeling of thermal behavior of melt pool in laser additive manufacturing of Ni-based diamond tools

In this paper the heat absorption, heat transfer and solidification evolution of melt pool in the laser additive manufacturing of Ni–Cr metal bonded diamond tools were studied. Based on the ray tracing theory, the influence of diamond and Ni–Cr alloy powder parameters on laser energy absorptivity was analyzed and the temperature model of mixed powder bed was constructed. Combined with the model and experiment, the impact of the diamond itself and its arrangement on the temperature distribution and shape of melt pool was explored and compared. The change rule of melt pool and microstructure in laser multi-track scanning was investigated. The evolution of melt pool solidification and microstructure with the influence of diamond was revealed. The results show that the powder thickness has a great influence on laser energy absorptivity. The diamond has obvious influence on the temperature distribution and geometry of melt pool, and the influence degree and variation rule are related to the diamond arrangement and position. In the process of laser multi-track scanning, the temperature increases and the geometry of melt pool enlarges gradually. Near the diamond, the diamond changes the direction of temperature gradient of metal melt, accelerates crystals solidification, makes the growth direction of crystals approximately perpendicular to diamond, and increases the endogenetic nucleation phenomenon of crystals near the diamond interface.

Study on the buckling behavior of steel plate composite walls with diamond arranged studs under axial compression

In this paper, ten steel plate composite wall specimens with studs in a diamond arrangement and a rectangular arrangement, and one parallel specimen with steel-bars trusses were tested under axial compression. The buckling stress of steel plate and the load-displacement curves for experimental parameters, including solder joint spacing-to-thickness ratio, spacing ratio, stud arrangement shape and connector type, are analyzed. With the solder joint spacing-to-thickness ratio decreasing, both the axial compressive strength of specimens and buckling stress of steel plates increase. Based on the test, the finite element models with the studs simulated as the solid element to consider the contact between concrete and studs are established and validated against the test results. The parametric analysis about the buckling stress of steel plate and stress state of studs are both conducted involving the solder joint spacing-to-thickness ratio and initial geometrical defect. When the increase in the initial geometrical defect coefficient, the outward and average buckling stresses of steel plate decrease, but the maximum tensile stress of the studs first increases then decreases and does not exceed the yield stress of studs. The equations for predicting the buckling stress of steel plates are proposed, providing the reference for the design of steel plate composite walls.

Numerical Investigation of Fluid Flow past Four Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers

A numerical investigation on the effects of separation ratios and Reynolds numbers on the flow around four square cylinders in diamond arrangement has been carried out using the lattice Boltzmann method. The separation ratios between the cylinders vary from g ∗ = 1 to 15. The Reynolds numbers based on the diameter of the square cylinder and the inlet uniform inflow velocity are selected from Re = 80 to 160. The computations show that a total of five different flow regimes are observed over the selected ranges: single bluff-body, quasi-unsteady, chaotic flow, in-phase synchronized vortex shedding, and antiphase synchronized vortex shedding flow regimes. It is found that the flow features significantly depend on both the separation ratio and Reynolds number, with the former’s influence being more than the latter’s. We found that the critical spacing for four square cylinders in diamond arrangement for selected Reynolds numbers (80 ≤ Re ≤ 160) is in the range of 2 ≤ g ∗ ≤ 5. The results reveal that the presence of secondary cylinder interaction frequencies indicates that, for chaotic flow regime, the wake pattern is not stable and there is a strong interaction of gap flows and continuous change in the direction of shed vortices behind the cylinders. The effects of the g ∗ and Re on fluid forces, vortex shedding frequency, and flow separation have been examined in detail.

Three-Dimensional Simulations of Offshore Oil Platform in Square and Diamond Arrangements

The interaction of the solitary wave with an oil platform composed of four vertical circular cylinders is investigated for two attack angle of the solitary wave β = 0 ° (square arrangement) and β = 45 ° (diamond arrangement). The solitary wave is generated using an internal source line as proposed by Hafsia et al. (2009). This generation method is extended to three-dimensional wave flow and is integrated into the PHOENICS code. The volume of fluid approach is used to capture the free surface evolution. The present model is validated in the case of a solitary wave propagating on a flat bottom for H / h = 0.25 where H is the wave height and h is the water depth. Compared to the analytical solution, the pseudowavelength and the wave crest are well reproduced. For a solitary wave interacting with square and diamond cylinders, the simulated results show that the maximum run-ups are well reproduced. For the diamond arrangements, the diffraction process seems to not affect the maximum run-ups, which approached the isolated cylinder. For the square arrangement, the shielding effect leads to a maximum wave force more pronounced for the upstream cylinder array.

Oscillatory flow regimes around four cylinders in a diamond arrangement

Oscillatory flow around a cluster of four circular cylinders in a diamond arrangement is investigated using two-dimensional direct numerical simulation over Keulegan–Carpenter numbers (KC) ranging from 4 to 12 and Reynolds numbers (Re) from 40 to 230 at four gap-to-diameter ratios (G) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4. Three types of flows, namely synchronous, quasi-periodic and desynchronized flows (along with 14 flow regimes) are mapped out in the (G,KC,Re)-parameter space. The observed flow characteristics around four cylinders in a diamond arrangement show a few unique features that are absent in the flow around four cylinders in a square arrangement reported by Tonget al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 769, 2015, pp. 298–336). These include (i) the dominance of flow around the cluster-scale structure at$G=0.5$and 1, (ii) a substantial reduction of regime D flows in the regime maps, (iii) new quasi-periodic (phase trapping)$\text{D}^{\prime }$(at$G=0.5$and 1) and period-doubling$\text{A}^{\prime }$flows (at$G=1$) and most noteworthily (iv) abnormal behaviours at ($G\leqslant 2$) (referred to as holes hereafter) such as the appearance of spatio-temporal synchronized flows in an area surrounded by a single type of synchronized flow in the regime map ($G=0.5$). The mode competition between the cluster-scale and cylinder-scale flows is identified as the key flow mechanism responsible for those unique flow features, with the support of evidence derived from quantitative analysis. Phase dynamics is introduced for the first time in bluff-body flows, to the best knowledge of the authors, to quantitatively interpret the flow response (e.g. quasi-periodic flow features) around the cluster. It is instrumental in revealing the nature of regime$\text{D}^{\prime }$flows where the cluster-scale flow features are largely synchronized with the forcing of incoming oscillatory flow (phase trapping) but are modulated by localized flow features.

Investigation of Faraday effects in photonic band gap for tunable three-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals containing the anisotropic material in diamond arrangement

In this paper, the properties of photonic band gaps (PBGs) for three-dimensional (3-D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) composed of homogeneous magnetized plasma spheres immersed in the anisotropic dielectric (the uniaxial material) background with diamond lattices are theoretically studied by the plane wave expansion method, as the Faraday effects of magnetized plasma are considered. The equations for calculating the anisotropic PBGs in the first irreducible Brillouin zone are theoretically deduced. The anisotropic PBG and one flatbands region can be achieved. The effects of the ordinary-refractive index, extraordinary-refractive index, plasma filling factor, plasma frequency, and the external magnetic field on the characteristics of first anisotropic PBG are studied in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. The numerical results show that the anisotropy can open partial band gaps in diamond lattices, and the complete PBG can be obtained compared to the conventional 3-D MPPCs doped by the isotropic material (the relative bandwidth of PBG is increased by 0.1108). The bandwidth of PBG also can be enlarged by introduced the magnetized plasma into 3-D PCs containing the uniaxial material, and the relative bandwidth of PBG is increased by 0.0266. It also is shown that the first anisotropic PBG can be manipulated by the ordinary-refractive index, extraordinary-refractive index, plasma filling factor, plasma frequency, and the external magnetic field, respectively. The PBG can be enlarged by introducing the uniaxial material into 3-D MPPCs as the Faraday effects are considered. It also provides a way to enlarge the complete PBG for the 3-D MPPCs.

Bitubular square tubes with different arrangements under quasi-static axial compression loading

This paper attempts to present new methods for improving the crashworthiness parameters of square thin-walled energy absorber components. Experimental and finite element analyses were performed on bitubular square thin-walled tubes with different arrangements under quasi-static axial compression loading. 15 tests were conducted on single and bitubular square aluminum tubes. To investigate the energy absorption capacity of bitubular tubes and assess the effect of different parameters on crashworthiness characteristics of these tubes, finite element code LS-DYNA was utilized. At first, single tubes were investigated, and then bitubular tubes with two different arrangements including Parallel and Diamond arrangements were studied. Results show that absorbed energy by bitubular tubes is more than the sum of the energy absorbed by inner and outer tubes loaded separately which is due to the interaction effects between inner and outer tubes. Diamond arrangement was used to highlight the role of interaction effect in energy absorbing as progressive buckling modes of the tubes change because of the interaction. Also, the effect of length difference in inner and outer tubes was inspected and the main advantage of bitubular tubes is introduced when the inner tube is shorter than the outer. In this case, the peak load remains the same as that of the outer tube while mean load increases considerably.

Flow patterns and force characteristics of laminar flow past four cylinders in diamond arrangement

A three-dimensional numerical investigation of cross-flow past four circular cylinders in a diamond arrangement at Reynolds number of 200 is carried out. With the spacing ratios ( L/D) ranging from 1.2 to 5.0, the flow patterns can be classified into three basic regimes. The critical spacing ratio for the transition from narrow gap flow pattern to vortex impingement flow pattern around the cylinders is found to be L/D = 3.0, while a single bluff-body flow pattern is observed at L/D = 1.2. The relationship between the three-dimensional flow patterns and force characteristics around the four cylinders shows that the variation of forces and Strouhal numbers against L/D are generally governed by these three kinds of flow patterns. It is concluded that the spacing ratio has important effects on the development of the free shear layers about the cylinders and hence has significant effects on the force and pressure characteristics of the four cylinders with different spacing ratios.

Optimization of the arrangement of fiber laser array in beam coherent combining

Based on the expanding of the fundamental mode of a step-index fiber in terms of Laguerre–Gaussian modes, the accurate expression for the beam propagation of a fiber laser in free space is obtained. Thereby, the coherent combining beam of three fiber laser arrays including circular arrangement, square arrangement, and diamond arrangement are numerically analyzed. The study shows that all the beams gradually concentrate centrally on the propagation axis and the highest far-field peak intensity can be obtained by using the circular arrangement. Meanwhile, the far-field intensity of the circular arrangement by using the Laguerre–Gaussian approximation is also compared with that by using the pure Gaussian approximation, which indicates that the pure Gaussian approximation will induce much error in the far-field intensity. Finally, the influence of the radius of a circular fiber laser array on the far-field intensity is studied, of which the result shows that the far-field intensity decreases with increasing radius. Therefore, the fiber laser elements are suggested to be placed as close as possible.

Inter- and intra-molecular condensation patterns of (en)PdII with trans-[a2PtL2]2+ (a = am(m)ine, L = 2-aminopyridine): PtPd3 and Pt2Pd4 species with multiple amide bridges. Unexpected trapping of a pair of nitrate ions by a Pt2Pd4 double coneElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H NMR spectra of 2a, 4a and 5; views of the crystal structure of 5. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/dt/b3/b301708g/

Reaction of trans-[a2Pt(Hampy)2]X2 (a = NH3, 2; a = MeNH2, 3; Hampy = 2-aminopyridine; X = NO3 or ClO4) with an excess of [(en)Pd(H2O)2]2+ in aqueous solution leads to two types of condensation products: (i) tetranuclear PtPd3 species, in which the deprotonated “a” ligands (μ-NH2, μ-MeNH) and the deprotonated amino group of the 2-aminopyridine (ampy) ligands are chelated by two (en)PdII entities and in addition a single PdII ion (without en) cross-links the amido functions of ampy in a nearly linear fashion. The four metal ions thus form a diamond arrangement with a short (<2.5 A) Pt→Pd dative bond. (ii) Hexanuclear Pt2Pd4 species, in which (en)PdII moieties bridge exclusively amido groups of four ampy ligands in such a way that an open rectangular box (or double cone) is formed. This allows two nitrate counter ions to become inserted in the cavity of the +8 charged cation. Thus in both cases the ampy ligand acts as a μ3-ligand, either in an intramolecular or an intermolecular fashion.

Comparison of Two Different Spatial Arrays in Relation to Serial Position Effect

Summary The influence of spatial presentation of items on the serial position effect was investigated by presenting items simultaneously either in a vertical list or a diamond arrangement to 30 male and female volunteers from general psychology classes. It was hypothesized that the points of the diamond would serve as spatial anchors and facilitate the recall of adjoining items. The only significant facilitation occurred in an item next to the six o'clock anchor, yielding only slight support for the spatial representation hypothesis of the serial position effect.

Establishment of new facilities for WWVL and WWVB

A brief report of the new facilities for standard radio broadcast stations WWVL and WWVB is appropriate here for two reasons. First, the organizers of the Symposium on the Ionospheric Propagation of VLF Radio Waves, to which this issue is devoted, graciously allocated a session of the Symposium for the dedication of the new stations. characteristics and accuracy of these broadcasts arc of clear interest as a tool in VLF and LF propagfLtion r esearch. Secondly, in this first issue of the new journal, R adio Science, it is pleasant to stress an example where radio propagation activities and radio standards activities combine so nicely to fall under the broader term, radio science. dedication of the e facilities to the public ser vice was made by A. V. Astin, Director of the National Bureau of Standards. An address, The Presen t Status of National Standard s for the Basic PhysicnJ Quanti ties, by R. D. Huntoon was part of the dedication sessio n. T echnical papers descrip ti \'e of the transmitLer design , the an tenna design, the frequency and Lime con trol system, and the staLion usefulness in proyiding standard frequencies and times were presented, and are listed by Litle elsewhere in this issue. Both stations are located near Ft. Collins, Colo. Station WliVVI.1 broadcasts at 20 kc/s with a design objecti\'e of 50 kw deli\Tered to the antenna and 1.5 kw radiated. Station vYWVB broadcasts at 60 kc/s with a design objective of 50 kw delivered to the antenna and 10 kw radiated, Frequency of both is normally held to within 2 parts in lOll of the United States Frequency Standard. Deviations from the stated frequency are published for users interested in the highest possible accuracy, Frequency control is realized by a 100 mile round trip servo loop between Ft, Collins and Boulder. carrier phases as recei\red at Boulder are compared with the phase of the working atomic frequency standard. Error signals, from both the 20 kc/s and 60 kc/s transmissions, modulate a 50 lI[c/s FM telemetering transmitter at Boulder. These signals are recovered at Ft, Collins and applied to a servo-motor driven resolver at the input of each transmitter. A significant feature is that long term phase coherence of the transmissions with the atomically controlled standards at Boulder is always m.aintained, even through transmitter outages. Each antenna consists of four guyed masts 400 ft high , placed in a diamond arrangement 750 ft wide and 1880 ft long. An insulated network of aluminum. cables is suspended from each group of four masts . A down lead is suspended from the center of the cable network. present computed radiating efficiency is 2.2 percent at 20 kc/s and 24.6 percent at 60 kc/s. operating schedule is to be con tinuous on both frequencies except for reguhLr maintenfLllce periods. Station IVWVL is operated on an experimental program of b roadcasts to facilitate VLF propagation and timing resefLrch, K eyed canier station identification in International Morse Code is used . Time signals on vVvVVB co nsist of seconds pulses of 5 cycles of 1000 cycle, double-sideband amplitude modula tion . On the beginning of ettch minute (,he pulse will be in creased to one-quarter second and on the beginning of eiLch hoUl' the pulse will be thl'eequarters of tL second in dura tion. Modulation of 500 cis is used to identify the stiLtion in In tema tioIliLl Morse Code. Following the s tfttiOll call letters will be ft letter, either M or P (standing for minus or plus), and a Lhree digit number. This informa tion gi \'es the rela t ionship of the carrier frequency to atomic frequency. For instance M 130 m.eans that the carrier frequency is lower by 130 parts in 1010 than the United States Frequency Standard, This offset is incorporated to enable clocks run by the broadcas t frequency to keep time approximating Universal Time which is commonly used over the world. number is broadcast because this figure changes nearly every year and could change more often. It serves as a reminder to the user that the full fLccuracy of the transmissions can only be realized with proper corrections. 60 kc/s signal is provided as a continentftl service of the National Bureau of Standards. 20 kc/s signal is largely experimental. Both signals are now used to steer radio station WWV wi th negligible degradation of accuracy.