Pole Diameter Research Articles

Results of Reconstruction of U400M Cyclotron Magnetic Structure

U400M isochronous cyclotron was create on the base of U300 classic cyclotron and is under operation at FLNR, JINR since 1996. U400M cyclotron is intended for accelerating the ion beams with A/Z= 2.286 – 9 to energy W = 80 – 6 MeV/nucl. Cyclotron have H-type main magnet with 4-meter pole diameter and 4 pairs of spiral type sectors. In 2022 year, the reconstruction of cyclotron magnetic structure was held on. The reconstruction included the replacement of magnet main coil, mapping and correction of cyclotron magnetic field. In the frame of the mapping, the magnetic field was corrected to improve its average radial distribution and to compensate the first harmonic. For cyclotron magnetic field mapping the automatic measurement system, based on 14 Hall probes, was used.

Propagation, physiology, and biomass of Giant Cane (Arundinaria gigantea) for conservation and restoration

Arundinaria gigantea is a native species to 22 states in the U.S. The species and its ecosystem are considered critically endangered, and the species has been reduced to 2% of its original extent. Our research goals were to; 1) examine methods for greenhouse propagation for restoration; 2) examine the physiology of cane at one of the only canebrakes on public land in SW MO, greenhouse propagated cane, and field planted cane; and 3) develop an allometric equation to estimate biomass of the canebrake. We used the number of shoots produced as a metric for propagation success. The number of new shoots depended on rhizome length, watering regime, and whether propagation was attempted with the rhizome alone or with an existing culm. We recorded 100% propagation success from every rhizome with culm cut at 2nd internode with regular watering on 8 x 15.6-inch pots having soil-mix/perlite media. Leaf chlorophyll values ranged from 329 umol/m2 in sun leaves to 354 umol/m2 in shade leaves in October 2022. During a mild drought summer 2022, leaves-maintained water potential of -1.8 MPa with photosynthetic rates as high as 12 umol CO2/m2/s. Biomass models based on pole diameter and height were established. We estimated 12,359.508 kg of biomass which is equivalent to 5.8 metric tons of carbon stored by a 0.17 ha canebrake at Mincy Conservation Area in SW MO. Our research provides baseline data for understanding the role of cane and canebrakes in ecosystem functioning in existing canebrakes, and habitats where cane could be restored.

Relative rate of expansion controls speed in one-dimensional pedestrian following.

Patterns of crowd behavior are believed to result from local interactions between pedestrians. Many studies have investigated the local rules of interaction, such as steering, avoiding, and alignment, but how pedestrians control their walking speed when following another remains unsettled. Most pedestrian models assume the physical speed and distance of others as input. The present study compares such "omniscient" models with "visual" models based on optical variables. We experimentally tested eight speed control models from the pedestrian- and car-following literature. Walking participants were asked to follow a leader (a moving pole) in a virtual environment, while the leader's speed was perturbed during the trial. In Experiment 1, the leader's initial distance was varied. Each model was fit to the data and compared. The results showed that visual models based on optical expansion (\(\dot{\theta }\)) had the smallest root mean square error in speed across conditions, whereas other models exhibited increased error at longer distances. In Experiment 2, the leader's size (pole diameter) was varied. A model based on the relative rate of expansion (\(\dot{\theta }/\theta \)) performed better than the expansion rate model (\(\dot{\theta }\)), because it is less sensitive to leader size. Together, the results imply that pedestrians directly control their walking speed in one-dimensional following using relative rate of expansion, rather than the distal speed and distance of the leader.

Design, analysis and comparison of switched reluctance motors for electric vehicle application

This paper presents the design, analysis and comparative study of three different configurations of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) suitable for In-wheel application in Electric Vehicles. C-core stator with dual rotor SRM, C-core stator with disk-type segmented rotor SRM and Dual gap inner segmented rotor SRM are designed and compared for the same stator/rotor pole, supply current, current density and outer diameter. The significant performance indices of an electric motor for an in-wheel application, such as torque ripple, torque per unit active weight and torque per unit active volume, are considered for analysis. 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the machines is performed using the software MagNet 7.5 due to the axial field distribution of the configurations. The best among the three configurations is fabricated and experimental results are presented.

Patterns of single limb forces during terrestrial and arboreal locomotion in rosy-faced lovebirds (Psittaciformes: Agapornis roseicollis).

The biomechanical demands of arboreal locomotion are generally thought to necessitate specialized kinetic and kinematic gait characteristics. While such data have been widely collected across arboreal quadrupeds, no study has yet explored how arboreal substrates influence the locomotor behavior of birds. Parrots - an ancient arboreal lineage that exhibit numerous anatomical specializations towards life in the trees - represent an ideal model group within which to examine this relationship. Here, we quantifiy limb loading patterns within the rosy-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) across a range of experimental conditions to define the circumstances under which arboreal gaits are triggered, and how, during arboreal walking, gait patterns change across substrates of varying diameter. In so doing, we address longstanding questions as to how the challenges associated with arboreality affect gait parameters. Arboreal locomotion was associated with the adoption of a sidling gait, which was employed exclusively on the small and medium diameter poles but not terrestrially. When sidling, the hindlimbs are decoupled into a distinct leading limb (which imparts exclusively braking forces) and trailing limb (which generates only propulsive forces). Sidling was also associated with relatively low pitching forces, even on the smallest substrate. Indeed, these forces were significantly lower than mediolateral forces experienced during striding on terrestrial and large diameter substrates. We propose that the adoption of sidling gaits is a consequence of avian foot morphology and represents a novel form of arboreal locomotion where inversion/eversion is impossible. Such movement mechanics is likely widespread among avian taxa and may also typify patterns of arboreal locomotion in humans.

Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal placental pole and fetal eyeball diameter and associations with the season, duration of gestation, placental weight, sex of the foal, and birthweight in donkeys☆

This study aimed to establish normal ranges and determine variables affecting the duration of gestation, placental and fetal eyeball measurements in donkeys. Jennies (n = 121) were submitted to transrectal ultrasonography at 15-day-intervals from 120 days of gestation until parturition. During each examination, variables assessed included: the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP), fetal eyeball diameter, amniotic membrane thickness, allantoic and amniotic fluids echogenicity, and chorioallantois edema. Parametric data were analyzed with t-test, linear regression, mixed models, ANOVA, Tukey's as posthoc, and non-parametric data with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. The mean duration of gestation was 365.4 ± 10.4 days, and there were effects of the season (P < .001), sex of the foal (P = .001), but there was no interaction (P = .89). Spring-bred jennies had 16d longer gestation than summer- and fall-bred (P < .0001), and with no difference between the latter (P = .81). Colts had four days longer gestation than fillies (P = .0001). The proportion of colts (51%) and fillies (49%) were similar (P = .8). The CTUP measurements varied with gestation age (P < .0001), but there were no effects of the season (P = .68), sex of the foal, or interactions (P = .80). The incidence and scores of chorioallantois edema increased from 240 to 300 days (P < .001). Amniotic membrane thickness increased minimally between mid- and late-gestation (P = .02). The fetal eyeball was strongly associated with gestational age (r=0.78) but not with any other variable (P > .05). Allantoic fluid echogenicity did not vary throughout gestation (P = .21); however, the amniotic fluid echogenicity increased from mid-to late-gestation (P = .0001). In conclusion, the season and sex of the foal affected the duration of gestation, but no other variables. The CTUP displayed a sigmoid increase throughout pregnancy, and gestational age was the only variable affecting it. The incidence of chorioallantois edema and scores increased from 240 to 300 days of gestation. Fetal eyeball diameter was strongly associated with gestational age. Amniotic fluid echogenicity increased late in pregnancy, but not the allantoic fluid.

Mixed Visual and Machine Grading to Select Eucalyptus grandis Poles into High-Strength Classes

Before round timber can be profitably used in construction, it needs structural characterization. The visual grading of Eucalyptus grandis poles was integrated with additional parameters developed by multivariate regression analysis. Acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity were combined with density and pole diameter in the estimation of bending strength and stiffness. The best models achieved were used to group the visually graded material into qualitative structural classes. Overall, dynamic modulus of elasticity was the best single predictor; and adding density and diameter to the model improved the estimation of strength but not of stiffness. The developed parameters separated the material into two classes with very distinct mechanical properties. The models including velocity as a parameter did not perform as well. The strength grading of Eucalyptus grandis poles can be effectively improved by combining visual parameters and nondestructive measurements. The determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity as a grading parameter should be preferred over that of acoustic velocity.

Ecological study of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rott ver molat (Becc.)) in the natural habitat at Malili District East Luwu South Sulawesi

Sago palm (Metroxylon sago), a tropical plant which mostly grows naturally and distributed in Eastern Part of Indonesia (including Wallacea Zone). However, currently the existing of sago palm is facing threats for food security in the future due to land conversion and life cycle of sago palm is a long term periode (10 – 15 years). The objective of this research were to: 1) Analyses of population structure of sago palm; 2) Regeneration potency of sago palm; and 3) describe habitat characteristic of sago palm. The research was conducted in April to August 2017 at Wewangriu Village Malili District. The circle plots (each 314 m2) were purpossively established in a lowland sago palm area based on growth phase of sago palm. The pole and tree diameter were measured at breast height (1.30 m) above the trunk, but sapling and seedling were only counted the number of individals. Moreover, environmental factors were measured directly at every center of plot. The result of research showed that population of sago palm in natural habitat was dominated by sapling with 226 individuals, then followed by seedling was 177 individuals. The regeneration potency of sago palm was categorized Fair based on relatif density and relatif frequency. Related to habitat characteristic or microclimate conditions, the temperature was hot and dry with ranged form 28.7°C to 29.5°C. Hydorology parameters such as water pH was about 6.0 to 7.9. Especially soil propeties was dominated by silty clay and clay with slightly acid condition (soil pH 6.2 and 6.3). Maintaining the existence of sago palm, it is necessary to protect and preserve it in the natural habitat.

Effects of Electrode Beam Radius on Properties of four-poles Electrostatic Double Lens for Point-to-Point Focus

This study investigates the effect of selection the electric pole radius of the four poles electrostatic doublets lens on the optical property. Also, a comparison between the optical property and performance of two lenses with different electrode radius was made. The results showed that the electric pole diameter of the lens plays main function in the imaging characteristics of the four poles electrostatic doublets lens. The results show that the aberration figures can be enhanced when the electrode diameter of the quadrupole lens is equal to the lens aperture, while the chromatic aberration can be improved by choosing the electrode diameter according to the equation.

CT measures of adrenal gland length and caudal pole diameter are reproducible in large breed dogs: A pilot study.

Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly available to evaluate dogs with suspected adrenal disease, however, published studies describing the reproducibility of CT methods for quantifying adrenal gland (AG) measurements are lacking. This prospective, pilot, observer agreement study aimed to evaluate reproducibility and repeatability of two different methods of measurement of AGs on CT to establish a usable technique and define standard reference ranges. Multiplanar reformatted (MPR) CT images of both AGs of six large breed dogs were obtained with the MPR axis parallel to the spine and parallel to the long axis of the AG. Ten measurements were performed: maximal length and diameter at cranial and caudal poles on dorsal, sagittal, and transverse images; and minimal diameter of cranial and caudal poles on transverse images. Three observers with different levels of experience repeated these measurements three times for each dog. Intra‐ and interobserver variability were calculated through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The differences in time to perform measurements between the two methods were tested with Student's t‐test. Regardless of the measurement method used, length of AGs on dorsal and sagittal MPR images had the lowest intra‐ and inter‐observer variability (ICC = 0.93‐0.99), diameter of caudal pole on transverse plane showed low intra‐ and interobserver variability (ICC = 0.77‐0.80) and diameter of cranial pole had the highest variability (ICC = 0.12‐0.61). Although length was the less variable measurement, its use may be unrealistic in daily practice. Interestingly measurement of caudal pole on transverse plane was characterized by low intra‐ and interobserver variability. No difference in time performing the measurements was noted between the two methods.

B-Scan Biometry and Color Doppler Ultrasound Imaging of the Eye in Clinically Normal Donkeys (Equus asinus): Effect of Laterality, Maturity and Gender

Despite the extensive research on ocular ultrasonography, there is paucity of information regarding ocular biometry and color Doppler imaging of the donkey's eye. This study establishes B-scan ocular biometry and color Doppler ultrasonographic reference values in normal donkeys and describes effect of laterality, maturity and gender on ocular biometry and vasculature. Forty (80 eyes) clinically normal immature and mature donkeys of both sexes were included. Transpalpebral ocular ultrasonography was made using a 12-MHz linear transducer. Biometric ocular measurements were made including the anterior chamber depth, central lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, axial globe length, longitudinal globe length, lens pole diameter and posterior wall thickness. Color Doppler velocimetric measurements including peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity were made. Blood flow indices represented by resistive and pulsatility indices were calculated. Results revealed that laterality and gender did not represent variability factors in ocular biometry (P >.05), while the animal's maturity had an influence on axial globe length (P <.001), longitudinal globe length (P = 0.000) and lens pole diameter (P = .000). Laterality had no effect on velocimetric parameters and indices (P >.05) while gender had significant effect on resistive index (P = .024), pulstality index (P = .000) and volume flow per area (P = .008). The state of maturity had significant effects on peak systolic velocity (P = .027) and blood volume flow per distance (P = .012), and area (P = .048). Ocular biometry and color Doppler ultrasonography provided a clinically useful tool to evaluate the donkey's eye that will be helpful in diagnosing donkeys with ocular diseases.

Research on rock breaking mechanism and load characteristics of TBM cutter based on discrete element method

Tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a large-scale tunnel engineering equipment, which has unparalleled advantages in safety and work efficiency. The cutter is subjected to complex and variable random impact loads, resulting in damage to bearings, cutter rings, and cutter shafts. Therefore, based on the discrete element simulation platform and experiment, this paper established the cutter rock simulation model based on the experimental data, and analyzed the rock breaking process, cutter load magnitude, and variation law. The research results show that when the cutter pole diameter decreases from 200 mm, 100 mm, and 0 mm in sequence, the rolling force increases accordingly, and the maximum increase of the rolling force is 56%. Meanwhile the lateral force decreases and the maximum average decrease value is 26%. Moreover, the rolling force showed a downward trend with the increase of the cutter spacing. When the cutter spacing is increased from 80 mm to 120 mm, the average rolling force decreases by 51%, and the maximum value rises slightly, increasing by 2%. And, the lateral force tends to increase, with an increase of 17% and the maximum lateral force value increase was 29%. The results can provide load input reference for TBM cutter layout, cutterhead structure design, and performance evaluation.

Ultrasonographic Reference Values of Different Dimensions of Adrenal Glands in Healthy Dogs

Background: The present study was conducted to measure the dimensions of the adrenal glands in apparently healthy dogs for obtaining reference values via ultrasonographic modality.Methods: This study was carried out on 18 apparently healthy dogs divided into three groups of six each viz., Group I, II and III. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in all the animals in lateral recumbency. Ultrasound images of adrenal glands were reported in the sagittal plane and different measurements of both the adrenal glands were determined.Result: Both the adrenal glands were longest in Group III and shortest in Group I. Similarly, the cranial pole diameter and caudal pole diameter was thickest in Group III and thinnest in Group I. The measurements recorded during this study can be used as reference values.

Features of Claw Marks of Masked Palm Civets: Effects of Using Claw Marks to Survey Raccoons

We examined whether masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) would leave claw marks on wooden poles by having them climb poles experimentally. We also examined the features of civet's claw marks that are generally mistaken for claw marks of racoons (Procyon lotor). The test sessions included two conditions: square and round poles of different sizes (10, 15, and 20 cm). Civets climbed wooden poles regardless of the shape and usually left short claw marks on the pole surface. The claw marks that are generally mistaken for those of a raccoon (five fingers, claw marks over 4 cm in width and over 1 cm in length) occurred in 7.6% of tracks with the 10-cm square pole, 4.1% of tracks with the 15-cm square pole, and 0.6% of tracks with the 20-cm square pole. In the round pole experiments, claw marks generally mistaken for those of a raccoon occurred in 0.0% of tracks with the 10-cm diameter pole, 0.4% of tracks with the 15-cm diameter pole, and 2.1% with 20-cm diameter pole. These results suggest that the presence of masked palm civets would have little impact on the use of claw marks to assess raccoon distribution.

Optimizing the micro-hardness of a surface by magnetic abrasive finishing

In this work, the effect of different viscosities of an oil in magnetic abrasive finishing process (MAF) is analysed. The material specifically chosen for experimentation is Brass alloy (CuZn). The surface of the Brass alloy in this study was exposed to different tests during which key parameters were altered. In order to keep the objectives of this study aligned the list of parameters was limited to six. The six parameters were: Viscosity;Quantity of the powder (doze);Distance between pole and the work piece;Pole diameter;Pole rotational speed and Current. The choice of parameters was based on the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA), with three levels of variance for each parameter. To determine the signal to noise ratio (S/N) and to obtain the optimum condition of micro hardness, Hv, the statistical software (MINITAB 17) was used. The experimentation was repeated with and without oil to identify the significant parameters affecting the micro hardness level (Hv).

Condition assessment tool for timber utility poles using stress wave propagation technique

ABSTRACT Timber utility poles are significantly used in power and telecommunication infrastructures all over the world. The deterioration of timber with time is common due to various factors including termite attacks and climatic conditions. Failure of poles can have serious safety concerns and economic implications. Hence, the condition assessment of timber poles is important for safe and economical operation of the power network. This paper presents the development and application of a non-destructive testing tool using stress wave propagation technique for the condition assessment. Shear waves are generated in timber poles by the application of transverse impacts and both the generated and reflected waves are recorded for further analysis. Short Kernel Method is used as a signal processing technique to address the dispersive nature of the generated shear waves and developed technique is validated with numerically simulated signals using ANSYS finite element programme. The pole condition estimation software is developed and implemented within the tool for on-site assessment. The developed tool is tested using laboratory and field-collected signals from in-service poles. Further, the effects of pole length, age and diameter for stress wave propagation velocity are investigated with the use of a database of collected stress waves using the developed equipment.

STUDI EVALUASI PONDASI TIANG PANCANG (SPUN PILE) DENGAN PONDASI TIANG BOR (BORED PILE) PADA GEDUNG KANTOR PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

Foundation planning must be done carefully and correctly. The planning of this foundation aims to compare the axial forces acting with the carrying capacity of the foundation between the original foundation that spooked the spune pile and bored pile on the construction of the Lamongan Regency Government office building to obtain safe control. The carrying capacity of the foundation is planned to use Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The initial calculation of loading analysis includes dead load, live load and earthquake. These expenses are combined then analyzed with the Staad.Pro program. The reduction calculation uses a method of reduction in clay. Calculation of pile cap and foundation reinforcement using SNI 1726-2012. The output of the Staad.Pro program is obtained axial force in the column that is reviewed at 1260 kN. Carrying capacity of a single pole pole diameter of 40 cm with a depth of 20 m obtained compressive strength of 431.49 kN. Taking into account the efficiency figures obtained group carrying capacity (Qg) of 1715.52 kN&gt; 1260 kN, so that it meets the requirements. The flexural reinforcement D16-125 mm is planned to hold the moment in the pile cap which occurs at 211.6 kN-m. The decrease in total (St) is the immediate total decrease (Si) and the decrease in consolidation (Sc) which is 1.673 &lt;15 cm. The decrease in total (St) on the group pole meets the permitted conditions for the building based on the Geotechnical RSNI.

Strretlight pole metal as the medium of Tetragonula sp nest in Indralaya, South Sumatra

An investigation had been done to Tetragonula (Tetragona) sp nest at Indralaya, South Sumatra to describe the Tetragonula sp nest that use streetlight pole as nest medium during April - May 2019. Purpossive sampling is used to select the target nest. Two streetlight pole found be used by Tetragonula sp as their home. The coordinate of location, heght from ground surface, diameter of streetlight pole, air temperature and humidity, and floral species around nest, were noted. Spot coordinate are S 30 14’ 19.2498’’ and E 1040 39’ 15,3288’’ ; 1,5 m above the ground surface, 12 cm diameter pole, highest air temperature was 35 o C at daylight (April and May 2019), 80 – 90 % humidity at April-May 2019; which Switenia macrophyla, Hevea brasiliensis, Zea mays, and Citrullus lanatus floral species are planted around. Air temperature in the pole is very high, around 40 0 C during daylight.

Design &amp;amp; Modeling of a Tractor Wheel-Based Climbing Robot for Circular Pole with Two Degree of Freedom

This paper describes the development of climbing robot for a uniformly cylindrical structure, such as an outdoor telephone pole. This robot, centre shaft motor of 12 V-mass 2.5 kg, pole diameter 10-15cm and 4 tractor wheels includes several features, linkage designs, to provide high speed climbing. The primary goal of this project was to design, construct and testing a robot that could successfully climb on a circular pole with two degree of freedom. After analyzing existing climbing robot designs, a robot prototype was built using calculations. Our prime consideration in designing pole climbing robot with simple in design and light in weight. The mechanical structure is designed to move on the circular pole in upwards against the gravitational forces. To provide gripping we used tractor wheels. The results show that the robot can successfully climb the pole having two degree of freedom. Pole climbing robot has the potential to work as spray painting, welding, pipe cutting, and extreme height repairing work.

Numerical analysis of capture and isolation of magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic system

Rapid capturing and isolation of magnetic nanoparticles is critical for microfluidic biodetection system. A numerical model based on multiphysics coupled-field finite-element method is developed for evaluating the capture and segregation of magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic channel. The model consists of microfluidic channels surrounded by four electromagnets changed periodically. The trajectories and trapping efficiencies are numerically analyzed for multiple magnetic nanoparticles released in microfluidic channel. Simulation results showed that magnetic pole current, inlet velocity and diameter of magnetic nanoparticles have an impact on the capture efficiency of magnetic nanoparticle. Thus, the model with the optimal parameters can reasonably predict and evaluate completely trapping of 180 nm magnetic nanoparticles in the simulation. The numerical analysis will encouraging for the design and development of new microfluidic bioseparation and detection microsystems.