Pole Diameter Research Articles

A novel algorithm for estimating the relative rotation angle of solar azimuth through single-pixel rings from polar coordinate transformation for imaging polarization navigation sensors

Polarized skylight provides navigation compass for many polarization sensitive birds and insects. In this paper, a method based on polar coordinate transformation (PCTA) is proposed to use all the polarization information of the polarization angle image. First, a polar coordinate system is set up on the image of angle of polarization (AOP), and then the single pixel ring corresponding to each pole diameter is extracted. After that, the corresponding point of the same pixel value is found from the two consecutive single pixel rings, and the relative rotation angle of the solar meridian is calculated according to the trigonometric relationship. Finally, simulation and outdoor experiments are performed. The algorithm is preliminarily tested and the accuracy of the simulation is in −0.004°∼+0.045°. The outdoor static experiment is carried out on a roof of a building on campus. The experiment shows that the outdoor static experimental precision is within 0.63°. In order to be applied to the estimation of the actual carrier rotation angle, the dynamic application research experiment is carried out. The center region is chosen as the true value of AOP. The error is about −0.7°∼+0.5°. It proves that the proposed algorithm is effective and accurate.

The Use of Various Vegetation Level by Bird Community on Mbarek Spring, Gedangan, Malang

Study of correlation between vegetation and birds could show how great the impact of Figs ( Ficus spp.) towards wildlife. Mbarek spring has a unique microhabitat by Figs. These trees expected to provide a high potential role and benefit related to supporting bird life. This study aims to analyze the use of vegetation by birds in the sphere of Mbarek’s spring microhabitat. Study was held in Mulyosari sub-village, Sumberejo village, Gedangan subdistrict, Malang regency. The study was conducted from 26-29 October 2017. Bird observation point was chosen on Ficus racemosa , known locally as ‘Lo’, which suspected to have a major influence on the presence of birds. Each of observation results were identified, counted, and recorded. Documentation were done incidentally. The results are visualized by descriptive representations of the use of vegetation composition on 4 vegetation classifications : seedling (high = 0-1.5 m), sapling (high≥1.5 m), pole (diameter = 10-20 cm), tree (diameter> 20 cm). Sooty-headed Bulbul ( Pycnonotus aurigaster ) is the dominant bird during observation. Most of birds observed at the canopy with the activity of sunbathing. Figs became a favorite location for birds to rest and parenting during the day. Sedges ( Cyperus sp.) is the greatest importance on study site. Keywords: Birds, Figs, Mbarek, Sedges

04.02: Plastic behaviour of polygonal hollow sections in bending

ABSTRACTSteel poles of polygonal sections are an economic alternative to circular hollow sections for use as lighting towers or transmission line pylons. Especially for transmission lines, the design of the poles is intended to become more compact to avoid land usage and to obtain an inconspicuous appearance. If the pole diameter is reduced, the slenderness of the sections needs to be reduced as well to achieve the desired resistance, but an increasing wall thickness disproportionately reduces the cost‐effectiveness of the structure. The European design rules for overhead electrical lines [1] do not allow using the plastic behaviour of stocky sections, which reduces the advantages of compact sections.In modern standards for steel structures, such as Eurocode 3 (EC3) [2], activating plastic reserves is generally acknowledged state of the art. According to EC3‐1‐1, the slenderness of the profile decides on the allocation to cross section class 1 or 2, where plastic design is allowed, class 3, where only elastic behaviour is used or class 4, where local buckling is assumed. When changing from class 2 to class 3 sections, this standard provides a sudden drop in resistance, which has long been recognised to be unjustified. Research has been done to overcome this mismatch for circular hollow sections [3].In this paper the transition between the plastic bending moment capacity and the limit state of buckling is investigated to identify the ultimate load of polygonal sections. The investigated polygon of 16 edges can be treated as a collection of plate strips using the plate buckling design rules EC3‐1‐5 for cross sections class 4. Detailed examinations illustrate the inconsistency of EC3 in the bending capacity of compact sections right before the start of stability problems.On the basis of experimental data gained from full‐scale bending tests, along with imperfection measurements via laser scanning, numerical investigations have been performed. These results suggest that the bending moment capacity can be increased above the calculated elastic capacity with more compact sections, but might be overestimated when calculating the full plastic capacity according to EC3‐1‐1.

Research on the Filtration Performance of Two Kinds of PTFE Modified Filter Media

With the improvement of environmental standards, fine particle control technology has put forward a severe test. Lamination and impregnation which are two main methods for PTFE modified filter materials at present were studied in this research. By comparing the SEM result, classification efficiency of two modification methods, the influence rules of humidity and corrosive environments, filter performance was investigated. Research indicates that two modification methods have different improvements in filter materials filter performance. Filter material after lamination porosity is high and pore size is small, the average pole diameter is around 2.3μm which is 1/10 of that after impregnation, so surface filtering is easily formed. The laminated filter material can effectively withhold the yardstick of microscopic dust micron. Attachments on the surface of composite filter material fiber noticeably increased, surface density and thickness of composite filter material all increased slightly after emulsion impregnation treatment which can increase the filter material strength under normal conditions. The pressure loss of lamination filter material is higher than that of impregnation filter material. Lamination filter material has higher filtering classification efficiency for fine particles. Impregnation is conducive to enhance the strength of the filter. Two kinds of modified filter materials have good resistance to acids, but break in 85°C and alkali conditions, strength retention disappears entirely. The study provided a reference for the stable and efficient application of modified filter material in the dust removal field.

Tree growth, wood and bark water content of 28 Amazonian tree species in response to variations in rainfall and wood density

Abstract: Pole diameter and wood density are variables commonly used in allometric equations to estimate tree biomass and carbon stocks in tropical forests. The effect of variations in tree water content on pole diameters is often disregarded in allometric equations. This study aimed to determine the effect of rainfall seasonality on tree growth, stem wood and bark water content and to assess the relationship between water content and wood density (dry mass to fresh mass volume ratio) in 120 trees from 28 species in a terra-firme rain forest in the central Amazon. In 2006, stem wood and bark water content were gravimetrically determined in the dry season (August-September) and rainy season (April-May). In the same year, growth in diameter was measured at monthly intervals in the 120 trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) with dendrometric bands previously adapted to the tree. Mean wood water content was lower in the dry season than the rainy season. On the contrary, bark water content was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Wood densities higher than 0.75 g cm-3 were found in 64.3% of the trees. Trees with denser woods grew slower and had lower stem water content. Monthly rainfall did not affect tree growth in diameter, which was contrary to our initial expectation on the effect of rainfall seasonality on tree growth in central Amazonia. This finding supports the hypothesis that in central Amazonia, the mild dry season is not long enough to deplete soil water beyond the reach of the root system, which allows the trees to grow at quite constant rates over the year.

Growth stresses in old beech poles after thinning: distribution and relation with wood anatomy

In the present study, we investigated the reaction of small diameter but old beech poles to canopy opening with particular interest in occurrence of growth stresses which allows the tree to maintain or correct its spatial position. We studied the relationships between growth stresses and (i) thinning treatment and (ii) anatomical structure. Forty-two beech poles were used for the study, half of which were thinned in 2007. We measured the growth stresses indicators (GSI) at eight positions around the trunk periphery and wood anatomical characteristics including proportion of G-fibers and vessel characteristics. Surprisingly, thinning treatment did not affect the average growth stress level and intensity of reaction in old beech poles. This rather unexpected result may be related to the high age of these trees and/or the high reaction wood occurrence prior to thinning resulting from the growth in suppressed condition. Considering the relationship between the proportions of G-fiber and the level of growth stresses, a significant positive correlation was found in agreement with previous studies on other species. Further, a negative correlation was found between vessel surface area and GSI level. Vessel frequency was also decreasing with the increasing GSI level and proportion of G-fibers.

Design and Operation of Very Slow Speed Generators for a Bristol Cylinder Sea Wave Generating Device

This paper describes the operation of a direct-drive brushless generator for a Bristol Cylinder ocean wave device. This is a very low-speed device; thus, the pole number and diameter are very large. Although the machine may be large, its pole pitch and axial length is low. The application is described and simulated using analytical and finite-element analysis techniques. A 248-pole design with surface rotor magnets is developed with both surface and slotted windings. An analysis of the control is put forward.

Veneer based composite hollow utility poles manufactured from hardwood plantation thinned trees

Australia’s utility pole network is aging and approaching its end of life. It is estimated that 70% of the 5million poles currently in-service nationally were installed within the 20years following the end of World War II and require replacement or remedial maintenance. Additionally, an estimated 21,700 high-durability new poles are required each year to support the expansion of the energy network. Utility poles were traditionally cut from native forest hardwood species. However, due to agreements which progressively phase out logging of native forests around Australia, finding new sources for utility poles presents a challenge. This paper presents the development of veneer based composite hardwood hollow utility poles manufactured from mid-rotation Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) plantation thinned trees (also referred to as “thinning”), as an alternative to solid hardwood poles. The incentives behind the project and benefits of the proposed products are introduced in the paper. Small diameter poles, of nominal 115mm internal diameter and 15mm wall-thickness, were manufactured in two half-poles butt jointed together, using 9 hardwood veneers per half-pole. The poles were tested in bending and shear, and experimental test results are presented. The mechanical performance of the hollow poles is discussed and compared to hardwood poles sourced from mature trees and of similar size. Additionally, the required dimensions of the proposed hollow pole to replace actual solid poles are estimated. Results show that the proposed product represents a viable technical solution to the current shortage of utility poles. Future research and different options for improving the current concept are proposed in order to provide a more reliable and cost effective product for structural and architectural applications in general.

Morphometric and phytochemical characterization of chaura fruits (Gaultheria pumila): a native Chilean berry with commercial potential.

BackgroundFor the first time, a morphometric characterization of chaura (Gaultheria pumila) fruits has been conducted between natural populations growing in the Villarrica National Park, Araucania Region, Chile. Chaura is a native Ericaceae from Chile that produces aromatic and tasty fruits which could be of agricultural interest.ResultsTo influence the decision for a further domestication of G. pumila, both the fruit sizes (indicator of productivity) and the nutritional properties of the fruits have been determined from different subpopulations. Samples were a total of 74 plants and 15 fruits per plant which were randomly harvested following its natural distribution around the Villarrica volcano. Altogether, fresh weight, shape, color, diameter in the pole and the equatorial dimensions were determined as phenotypic traits of the G. pumila fruits. Meanwhile the total soluble solids, anthocyanin and pectin contents were calculated as nutritional traits of the Chaura fruits. Results showed a high phenotypic diversity between the sampled population with three main fruit shapes and three predominant colors. The round shapes were the most abundant, whereas a significant correlation was found among fruit size with weight and color. The highest fresh weight (597.3 mg), pole diameter (7.1 mm) and equatorial diameter (6.5 mm) were estimated in the pink color fruits.ConclusionsThe total amount of anthocyanin was higher in red fruits, while the maximum pectin content was obtained in the round white fruits. Overall results must pave the way for a further domestication and introduction of the Chaura species in the agro-productive system in Chile.

Related Parameters Analysis in Vehicle Side Pole Impact

Passenger can be caused serious injury in vehicle side pole impact. Through China In-Depth Accident study (CIDAS) ,We extract some important parameters and carry on targeted research in side pole impact accident. Accident data show that: The method with vehicle lateral strike a diameter of 200mm ~ 300mm pole in the direction of 8 ~ 11 points and in the speed of less than 40km/h is in accordance with the Chinese actual accident situation. Research results show that: The important parameters of pole diameter, impact velocity, impact angle and impact point position within the CIDAS data range, The collision velocity has large effect on body structure, the collision point position and pole diameter has very little effect.The results are helpful for us to further understand the special side impact form.

Comparison of High Pole Number Ultra-Low Speed Generator Designs Using Slotted and Air-Gap Windings

This paper describes the simple design rules that can be used to design direct-drive brushless generators for an ocean wave device. This is a very low speed device so the pole number and diameter is very large. While these machines may be large, the pole pitch and axial length is low. The application is described and air-gap wound and slotted designs are developed and simulated using analytical and finite element analysis techniques. A 248-pole design with surface rotor magnets is developed. The machines use a substantial amount of permanent magnet material and a more compact version of the slotted machine is also developed.

SIMPOLE — Simulation of wood poles mechanical behaviour

Generation of virtual poles, based on the statistical distribution of selected visual and physical properties, and the estimation of their mechanical properties are of great help for predicting the quality of the roundwood that a forest stand can provide. With this objective in mind, an algorithm, SIMPOLE (SIMulator of POLEs), was developed. This algorithm allows the generation of pole’s geometry, as well as the mechanical properties of clear wood and the distribution of knots along its length. This generation is made through statistical distributions. The generated poles are simulated, either according to standard EN14251 or according to EN14229, for testing with simple supported beam conditions or with cantilever beam conditions, respectively. The algorithm outputs are: the bending strength, the modulus of elasticity, the location, and cause of failure. The algorithm was calibrated with a sample of 56 maritime pine utility poles and validated with another sample of 57 small diameter maritime pine poles. The results for the validation sample show: for bending strength, a mean error of 16.9%, and for modulus of elasticity, a mean error of 17.2%. Based on these results, the algorithm shows potential to estimate mechanical characteristics of small diameter poles from a forest.

Optimasi Sudut Ujung Pipa Penangkapan Gas Metana Pada Metode Arrow System

Drilling system on a pile of waste to get the methane gas is very difficult because the majority of waste that is made from plastic so it can get caught in the drill. Manual excavationis not allowed because it is very dangerous, while digging with heavy equipment has not been able to do because it requires a special tool that is able to push and pull waste surface. Makingholes with arrow system method that is larger arrowhead from the arrow shaft, is one alternative that can be tried to get a hole / gas extraction wells at the Landfill Supit Urang - Malang.Results hole larger than the arrow shaft is then filled with gravels as well extration methane in the landfill. The force required pile (arrow system) to the pole with pole diameter 26.7 cm and a maximum depth of 5.20 m (at point 1, the arrows point of 30˚ and 45˚) is a row of 63,087 kg and 79,717 kg . Optimum angle in terms of penetration force needs is the pole with arrowhead angle 30˚.

Characteristics of HS‐15250 traction motors: a case study in quality control

PurposeThe paper aims to discuss a case study involving the speed load characteristics of DC series motors used for traction application. The variation of characteristics from motor to motor in a mass manufacturing situation is required to be maintained within a narrow band.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted was to analyze the data, compare these with competitors' corresponding data and study the base documents to identify the root cause. Having done that an attempt to achieve specific improvements and measure improvements was carried out.FindingsThe paper finds the limits being followed had to be corrected. Strict control on a few selected parameters was established. An improvement on the method of setting neutral axis was tried with advantage. It was found that motors manufactured by a manufacturer were not able to meet the requirements. An investigation was undertaken to determine the root cause and corrective measures.Research limitations/implicationsIn the absence of computerised models, the experimentation had to be done in shop on a limited scale.Practical implicationsThe method can be applied to solve the same problem on any other design of traction motor. Also the approach remains useful for handling other problems in traction motors.Originality/valueThe inference regarding the relationships of speed with pole diameter, the importance of accuracy of magnetic neutral and method of refining neutral settings are the original findings.

Mechanical Design and Analysis of an Eight-Pole Superconducting Vector Magnet for Soft X-Ray Magnetic Dichroism Measurements

An eight-pole superconducting magnet is being developed for soft x-ray magnetic dichroism (XMD) experiments at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL). Eight conical Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn coils with Holmium poles are arranged in octahedral symmetry to form four dipole pairs that provide magnetic fields of up to 5 T in any direction relative to the incoming x-ray beam. The dimensions of the magnet yoke as well as pole taper, diameter, and length were optimized for maximum peak field in the magnet center using the software package TOSCA. The structural analysis of the magnet is performed using ANSYS with the coil properties derived using a numerical homogenization scheme. It is found that the use of orthotropic material properties for the coil has an important influence in the design of the magnet.

Heavy ion DC-110 cyclotron for industrial applications and applied studies in nanotechnologies

A cyclotron complex has been developed at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, for a wide spectrum of applied studies in the field of nanotechnologies (template technologies, track membranes, surface modification, etc.). This complex includes a specialized DC-110 cyclotron, which gives high intensity beams of accelerated Ar, Kr, and Xe ions with a fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. This cyclotron is equipped by an external injection system with an ECR ion source operating at a frequency of 18 GHz. The cyclotron electromagnet with a pole diameter of 2 m offers a working magnetic field on a level of 1.67 T. The fixed RF frequency is 15.5 MHz. The beam is extracted from the cyclotron by the electrostatic deflector. The main parameters of DC-110 cyclotron are presented in this paper.

Is primate-like quadrupedalism necessary for fine-branch locomotion? A test using sugar gliders ( Petaurus breviceps)

Locomotor features shared by arboreal marsupials and primates are frequently cited as a functional complex that evolved in the context of a “fine branch niche.” Adaptation to a fine branch niche cannot be understood without considering that small and large arboreal mammals may differ in their biomechanical response to a given branch size. We tested the effects of substrate diameter and orientation on quadrupedal kinematics in a small arboreal marsupial (the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps). P. breviceps individuals were filmed moving across a flat horizontal surface and on horizontal, inclining and declining poles of diameter 2.5, 1.0, and 0.5 cm. Gait frequencies, limb phases, speeds and duty factors were compared across substrate conditions. P. breviceps had a clear preference for lateral sequence/diagonal couplets gaits, regardless of substrate type, diameter or orientation. Limb phase was significantly influenced by substrate type (higher limb phases on poles vs. the flat surface) and by orientation (higher limb phases on inclined vs. horizontal poles), but was not influenced by pole diameter. Speed was lowest on declines, and duty factors (at a given speed) were highest on the flat board, smallest pole, and on declines. P. breviceps exhibited some parallels, but also some departures from the characteristic patterns of other arboreal marsupials and primates. Notably, limb phase values, on average, remained lower in P. breviceps than those recorded for primates or other arboreal marsupials. We suggest that arboreal mammals of different body sizes may use dissimilar, but apparently equally successful strategies for navigating a “fine branch niche.”

Relationships between drying defect parameters and some growth characteristics in kiln-dried South African grown Eucalyptus grandis poles

Eucalyptus grandis wood is susceptible to serious drying defects and all possible measures before and during kiln drying of poles need to be taken to minimize the defects. In order to identify factors that may affect drying quality of poles, the objective of this study was to assess relationships between surface check total length and depth, MC gradient, honeycomb percentage of pole cross section area, extent of collapse, sapwood depth, heartwood percentage of pole cross-sectional area, green MC and pole diameter. The defects were measured on 3 loads of 10 kiln-dried E. grandis poles, using a different drying schedule for each load. After measuring surface check length using a measuring tape and check depth using feeler gauges and a ruler, poles were cross cut at the theoretical ground line (TGL) 1.5 m from the butt end, to measure the MC gradient between the shell and core of poles. Digital image analysis of cross sections of discs cut at TGL was used to measure sapwood depth, and the areas of honeycomb, heartwood and disc cross section. Collapse was assessed using qualitative methods. Results showed that surface check total length was positively correlated with sapwood depth, and the average depth of surface checks was greater than the average sapwood depth. MC gradient between the shell and core was positively correlated with green MC while the transformed honeycomb percentage and collapse class were both positively correlated with heartwood percentage. It was concluded that pole drying defects are related to sapwood depth, green MC and heartwood percentage, and if pre-sorting of poles by these characteristics is done and appropriate kiln schedules are used, drying defects can be minimised.

The forced motion of a flag

The prevailing view of the dynamics of flapping flags is that the onset of motion is caused by temporal instability of the initial planar state. This view is re-examined by considering the linearized two-dimensional motion of a flag immersed in a high-Reynolds-number flow and taking account of forcing by a ‘street’ of vortices shed periodically from its cylindrical pole. The zone of nominal instability is determined by analysis of the self-induced motion in the absence of shed vorticity, including the balance between flag inertia, bending rigidity, varying tension and fluid loading. Forced motion is then investigated by separating the flag deflection into ‘vortex-induced’ and ‘self’ components. The former is related directly to the motion that would be generated by the shed vortices if the flag were absent. This component serves as an inhomogeneous forcing term in the equation satisfied by the ‘self’ motion. It is found that forced flapping is possible whenever the Reynolds number based on the pole diameter ReD ≳ 100, such that a wake of distinct vortex structures is established behind the pole. Such conditions typically prevail at mean flow velocities significantly lower than the critical threshold values predicted by the linear theory. It is therefore argued that analyses of the onset of flag motion that are based on ideal, homogeneous flag theory are incomplete and that consideration of the pole-induced fluid flow is essential at all relevant wind speeds.

Compact E×B mass separator for heavy ion beams

A compact E x B mass separator that deflects beam by 30 degrees has been designed and built to prove its principle of operation. The main part of the separator is contained in a shielding box of 11 cm long, 9 cm wide, and 1.5 cm high. An electromagnet of 7 cm pole diameter produced variable magnetic field in the mass separation region instead of a couple of permanent magnets which is to be used in the final design. The experimental result agreed well with the theoretical prediction, and larger mass ions is bent with less magnetic field with the aid of the deflection electric field. The reduction in resolving power for mass separation due to the deflection electric field has been investigated experimentally.