Shoot Diameter Research Articles

Effect of Foliar Application of Sitofex, Potassium and Arginine on Vegetative Growth of “Zaghinia” Apricot Trees

The experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in Al-Sayada site of the College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk / Republic of Iraq, during the 2020 growing season, on six-year-old “Zaghinia” apricot trees to study the effect of foliar spraying with three concentrations of Sitofex growth regulator (0 and 7.5 and 15 mg L−1), two concentrations of potassium sulfate (0 and 3000 mg L−1) and three concentrations of amino acid (Arginine) (0, 250 and 500 mg L−1). The spraying was carried out a week after the full blooming stage, followed by two sprays with an interval of three weeks. The results indicated that spraying with 15 mg L−1 of Sitofex or spraying with 3000 mg L−1 of potassium sulfate led to a significant increase in all the studied characteristics (length and diameter of shoots, leaf area, total chlorophyll content and dry weight of leaves). As for spraying with amino acid “Arginine”, the foliar spray of 500 mg L−1 treatment gave a significant increase in the length and diameter of shoots, leaf area and its total chlorophyll content. Bilateral and triple interference treatments had a significant effect on most of the studied characteristics.

Stomatal Behaviors and Physiological Responses Affected by Iron Deficiency in Peach Plants Grafted onto Garnem and GF 677

Iron (Fe) is a pivotal nutrient taking roles in respiration, photosynthesis and many plant metabolisms. Chlorosis caused by Fe deficiency generally occurs in high pH environments and many fruit trees including peach are known sensitive to iron starvation. Fe starvation declines leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, supresses plant growth and declines photosynthetic capacity. Iron deficiency induces responses in plants and different stomatal behaviors and physiological alterations occur to sustain the increased iron uptake capacity of Fe-deficient plants. In this study, the effects of iron deficiency on stomatal morphology and leaf physiological responses in peach variety Rich May grafted onto Garnem and GF 677 rootstocks were investigated. Plants were exposed to Fe deficient conditions for 3 months. End of the experiment, many leaf and stomatal properties were evaluated. The highest decrease in plant growth (relative growth rates of shoot diameter and length) induced by Fe deficiency was found in Rich May grafted onto Garnem. SPAD and relative anthocyanin decreased by 52 and 70% in Fe deficient Rich May/Garnem grafting combination. Decreases in SPAD and relative anthocyanin values were lower with GF 677. In GF 677, LRWC decreased by 1.8% and membrane permeability increased by 10%. Fe controlled stomatal behaviors in peach plants. Stomatal factors were found more sensitive to Fe deficiency in sensitive rootstock, Garnem. The increment in stomatal and pore areas leaded increase in stomatal conductance. The damage by Fe depletion was found higher in Garnem due to higher loss in SPAD, anthocyanin and increasing membrane permeability. Thus, GF 677 can be used in peach orchards under Fe deficiency conditions.

Efektifitas Jamur Metharhizium anisopliae Menghambat Perkembangan Hama Uret pada Tanaman Cincau Hitam (Mesona palustris BL)

Abstract— Black grass jelly plants can be used as conservation plants. However, uret pests (Leucopholis rorida F.) are often complained that eat the base of the stems, flowers and roots at night. This study aims to determine: 1) the effect of M. anisopliae fungi on uret pests, (2) the level of susceptibility of uret pests, and (3) M. anisopliae fungal effectiveness on uret pests. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Data from the observations were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 5% test carried out when diversity analysis showed a real effect. Uret mortality monitoring will be carried out after the application of fungi. by observing each uret and calculating the amount of uret mortality and average plant growth. The highest percentage of second instar larvae from uret was found in treatment P4 (manure and fungi were incubated for 72 hours at the next temperature of 28 oC applied to the field with straw mulch) which was 82, 98% at 12 days after application of fungi. The average growth of plants consisting of: root length, root volume, stem diameter and number of shoots was also found in treatment P4 (manure and fungi were incubated for 72 hours at the next 28 oC, applied to the field with straw mulch), respectively amounting to 12.45; 5.70; 1.88; 12,15. Dead larvae emit fluids such as ethanol and their bodies are weak, then the body dries and hardens and stiffens, like mummies and fungi forming green sporulation.  Keywords—: black grass jelly plants; Leucopholis rorida F;Metharhizium anisopliae; mortality;effectiveness.

Effect of shot peening intensity on surface integrity of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel

The surface integrity of components treated by shot peening is determined by many influencing factors, which are generally divided into shot peening process parameter, procedure parameter and machine parameter. To understand the influencing relationship of these parameters, and thereby obtain the appropriate peening intensity for the engineering practice, this study experimentally examined the effect of different shot peening parameters on the peening intensity, and further explored the influence of which on surface integrity parameters of carburized steel rollers. It is found that the intensity is mainly affected by the shot diameter (36.73%), air pressure (32.07%) and shot flow rate (23.11%). The maximum compressive residual stress and surface hardness increase linearly as the intensity increases, reaching −1250 MPa and 785 HV at the intensity of 0.55 mmA, respectively. Surface roughness parameter Sq can be used to predict the surface hardness due to the approximately linear relationship between them.

Determination of Some Growth Parameters of Different Grass Species and Varieties in the Soilless Medium

This study was conducted in order to determine some growth parameters of different grass species and varieties in the soilless medium. According to the research results, the highest green plant yields were obtained from S7 and S8 pure species and varieties. The highest dry matter rate values were obtained from S6, while the highest plant height, root and leaf blade length values were obtained from S2. The earliest emergence and covering speed values were obtained from pure species and varieties of S1, S7, S8, and S9. The best overall appearance values were obtained from S7, while the highest shoot diameter values were obtained from S1. The highest tiller number values were obtained from S8, while the highest leaf blade width values were obtained from S1. The highest index values, on the other hand, were obtained from S5. When the results of the research are evaluated based on the highest overall appearance values, S7 (Lolium perenne L.) is in the advisable quality in terms of the production of the soilless roll sod.

Effect of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Undersowing Cultivation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Weed Infestation, Biomass Yield and Its Component, Content and Uptake of Macroelements of Willow (Salix viminalis L.)

Fertilization of willow with nitrogen is an important issue with economic and environmental implications. The study was aimed at determining the effect of nitrogen fertilization and white clover on weed infestation, morphology, biomass and chemical composition of willow. A field experiment was established at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Poland) during the years 2013–2017 with the use of a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the number and dry mass of weeds per m2, the number of willow shoots and the fresh weight yield of willow were smaller where the clover was sown. The plants were found to be higher after applying nitrogen fertilization. The dry mass yield and shoot diameter did not depend on the cultivation method. Nitrogen fertilization increased the ash content. Undersowing willow with white clover, higher nitrogen content was found. Nitrogen fertilization increased the content of ash, and in undersowing cultivation, the willow stems had higher nitrogen content than in monoculture. On average, the phloem had 5.6 times higher crude ash content and 4.6 times higher nitrogen content than wood. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that in the first years after planting, the undersowing growing of willow with white clover can be an alternative to plantations fertilized and non-fertilized with nitrogen.

EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID PRE-TREATMENTS ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF WALNUT (Juglans regia L.)

Present investigation was carried out during the winter season at Horticulture Research block, Department of Horticulture, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. To investigate the effect of GA3 treatment on growth attributes and days taken for germination initiation of walnut. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments. The treatments comprised following levels of GA3 concentrations viz. 500ppm, 1000ppm, 15000ppm and control in three different replications of Horticultural Research Block. Various observations regarding growth parameters such as leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, shoot width and numbers of days taken for germination initiation of walnut were recorded. The result revealed that treatment of GA3 1500ppm of nursery polybag application found to be beneficial for vegetative characters viz, found to be the most effective treatment for increasing leaf length, shoot length and shoot diameter. In another point of view, 1500ppm GA3 treatment in polyhouse was found to be profitable as compared to rest of treatments in terms of number of days taken for germination. Apart from this leaf width of 1000ppm in nursery polybag was found best.

Yenidünya (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) için anaç olarak alıç (Crataegus spp) kullanımının araştırılması

The aim of the study is to illuminate the possibilities of using of hawthorn (Crataegus spp) as rootstock in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) growing. For this aim, cv. Hafif Çukurgöbek (HÇG) was budded on the hawthorn rootstocks on 8th February, 18th May, 7th August, and 31st October 2019 with the chip budding method in the field conditions. The percent of bud-take successes were recorded after 45 days of the budding operations. In the bud-take, the top of the rootstock was cut from 10 cm above the budding point in order to sprout of the budding. After 15 days from this cutting, the ratio of bud-sprout was recorded. In addition, the bud shoot length and bud shoot diameter and also rootstock trunk diameter in all plants except dormant buddings were assigned in two different times on 24 December, 2019 and 8 February, 2020. The trial was planned in a completely randomized design with 6 replications and 10 plants per replication. Differences among means were analyzed by the Tukey's HSD method using SAS program. The highest values of bud take (47.6 %) and sprouting (70 %) rates were taken from budding done on 7th August, 2019. This was followed by 31st October, 2019 with 41.67 % bud take and bud sprout (% 21.43). The lowest budding success rate (10.58 %) was taken from the buddings which were done on 8th February, 2019. In both periods of measurement, budding done on 18th May 2019 yielded the higher values of bud shoot length and diameter. Preliminary results of this study show that hawthorn rootstock can be used in loquat cultivation.

Morphological and Proteomic Evaluation of Zea Mays in Response to Osmotic Stress

Introduction: Drought is the main abiotic stress responsible for crop loss worldwide. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a widely grown drought-sensitive crop used as a staple food by the growing population. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the molecular mechanisms behind drought response and tolerance in maize. Transcriptomic profiling of abiotic stress responsive pathways in various crops appeared to be an unreliable approach due to post-transcriptional modifications, while there is limited published data on molecular mechanisms of osmotic-stress response in maize. Hence our study aimed at profiling osmotic stress responsive proteins augmented by their associated morphological features in Z. mays. Materials and Methods: In this regard, morphological and proteomic investigations were carried out on 16-day maize seedlings exposed to 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v) polyethylene glycol(PEG) to induce osmotic-stress. Proteomics approach (one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis) compared differential protein abundance between controls and the osmotic stressed maize plants. Results: Morphological parameters such as plant growth, height, shoot diameter, leaf area, and colour were highly affected with PEG treatment as compared to the untreated ones. Molecular evaluation by 1D gel electrophoresis revealed that the separated protein patterns were highly expressed in the experiments than the controls. Using 2D gel electrophoresis, a total of seven and eight protein spots were revealed in experimental plants under 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v) PEG treatment respectively while the control plants only expressed one protein. Increased drought stress resulted in a greater number of proteins with differential abundance. Conclusion: This study has successfully profiled the total osmotic stress responsive proteins and revealed the efficiency of proteomic tools in the qualitative detection of differential proteins from maize.

PENGARUH LAMA PERENDAMAN AIR KELAPA MUDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK BIBIT VANILI (Vanilla planifolia Andrews)

This study was conducted to determine the appropriate duration of immersion in young coconut water on the growth of vanilla seed cuttings. This research was conducted at the Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic Experimental Garden in March – June 2021. The experiment used a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The experimental units were five levels of immersion time, 2 hours of immersion (P1), 4 hours of immersion (P2), 6 hours of immersion (P3), 8 hours of immersion (P4), and 10 hours of immersion (P5). Parameters observed were shoot emergence, root emergence, internode growth, shoot diameter, root wet weight, and shoot wet weight. The results showed that the immersion time of young coconut water with 10 hours of immersion (P5) was able to produce better seedling growth compared to other treatments in each parameter of observation.

Decomposed babassu biomass residue enhances the initial development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Cassava is a tuber of significant cultural and economic importance for family farming. However, cultivation in the northeastern region of Brazil is characterized by low productivity, resulting from cultivation in naturally marginal soil, which can cause food insecurity to farmers in the region. The objective was to evaluate the initial development of cassava using substrates derived from decomposed residue from babassu biomass, as a supplement to the soils with low natural fertility. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the municipality of Chapadinha, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six inclusion levels of babassu biomass (BB) in the substrates: S0, 100% soil; S20, 20% BB + 80% soil; S40, 40% BB + 60% soil; S60, 60% BB + 40% soil; S80, 80% BB + 20% soil; and S100, 100% BB. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The soil used in the experiment is classified as dystrophic Yellow Oxisol. At the end of the experiment, the following were evaluated: percentage of cuttings survival, leaf area, shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, root volume, aerial part dry mass and root dry mass. With the exception of the sprout diameter, the inclusion of BB in the substrates provided a significant positive effect for all analyzed variables, which demonstrates the early response capacity of cassava seedlings to the use of organic waste associated with the soil low fertility. The use of babassu biomass as an organic fertilizer improves soil fertility, stimulating the growth and development of cassava seedlings in a sustainable production system

The influence of compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on sugarcane growth and nutrient uptake

Compost and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are environmentally sustainable and low-cost materials that can benefit tropical soils with high phosphorus fixation and low organic matter content. This study investigated the effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and compost on the growth and nutrient uptake efficiency of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) seedlings. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial design, where factor A (n = 5) was the compost doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 t ha-1) and B (n = 3) the AMF inoculum (Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, and non-inoculated). At 30 and 90 d, seedlings’ diameter and height were measured. Mycorrhizal colonization rate, biomass production, nutrient uptake (P and N), and mycorrhizal dependency were assessed at the end of the experiment. The AMF and compost doses affected the colonization rate, initial growth, biomass production, and nutrient uptake of sugarcane seedlings. Overall, the AMF benefited plant growth at lower doses of compost. R. clarus had a higher impact on the shoot diameter of sugarcane seedlings. Mycorrhizal colonization increased with compost addition only in seedlings inoculated with G. margarita. There was no clear trend among AMF treatments for nutrient uptake. In general, sugarcane seedlings dependency on mycorrhizal condition to produce growth was higher at lower compost doses.

Mitigation of Copper Stress in Maize (Zea mays) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Plants by Copper-resistant Pseudomonas Strains.

Use of heavy metal (HM) resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is among the eco-friendly strategies to increase the resistance of crop plants against the HM stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of two copper (Cu)-resistant PGPR strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens P22 and Pseudomonas sp. Z6) on the growth and nutrition of maize (Zea mays) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants grown in a Cu-contaminated soil under glasshouse conditions. Both PGPR strains significantly increased the plant vegetative parameters including shoot biomass, stem height and diameter, and chlorophyll (SPAD values) index in both crops. In both plants, the PGPR inoculations also significantly elevated the uptake of nutrients including potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium (only by P. fluorescens P22), iron, zinc, manganese, and Cu. Magnitude of the nutritional effects varied between the PGPR strains, e.g., in sunflower, inoculation with P. fluorescens P22 and Pseudomonas sp. Z6 led to an increase in uptake of Zn by 42% and 114%, or Mn by 61% and 88%, respectively, in comparison with control plants. Improved performance of the inoculated plants can be attributed to the plant growth-promoting (e.g., production of auxin and siderophore, phosphate solubilization activities, etc.) and stress removal (e.g., production of ACC-deaminase to drop the ethylene level in stressed plants) properties of the PGPR strains, which were uncovered in our in vitro studies prior to the glasshouse experiment. Beside the plant growth-promoting traits of these PGPR strains, their high resistance to Cu toxicity seemed to be of particular importance for plant fitness improvement under Cu toxicity.

Chipilín (C. longirostrata Hook. and Arn.) Capacity for Regrowth and Leaf Area Production in Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application

Background: Fertilizer application combined with successive foliage cuttings can positively affect plant growth, yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of chipilín to successive foliage cuttings and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer application under greenhouse conditions. Methods: During 2018, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse under a completely randomized design, with six replications of each treatment. The treatments were as follows: control, 100 kg ha-1 N as urea and 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 as triple superphosphate. The fertilizers were applied one month after planting (MAP). Two MAPs, uniform cuttings were performed, followed by three successive cuttings, with one every 30 days. At each cutting, the traits evaluated included the number of new shoots; the length, diameter, leaf area and dry biomass of the new shoots by component (leaves and stems); the relative growth rate (RGR) of the biomass of the shoot leaves, the chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoid content and NDVI. Result: Cutting foliage every 30 days increased (p less than 0.05) the number of new shoots, leaf biomass, total biomass and leaf area, but reduced the length and diameter of the shoots. There was no effect (p greater than 0.05) of cutting on root biomass or nodulation, but there was an effect of fertilizer application, with both variables decreasing with nitrogen addition.

Physiological and Proteomic Insights Into Red and Blue Light-Mediated Enhancement of in vitro Growth in Scrophularia kakudensis-A Potential Medicinal Plant.

The current study has determined the effect of red and blue lights on the enhancement of growth, antioxidant property, phytochemical contents, and expression of proteins in Scrophularia kakudensis. In vitro-grown shoot tip explants of S. kakudensis were cultured on the plant growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and cultured under the conventional cool white fluorescent lamp (control), blue light-emitting diodes (LED) light, or red LED light. After 4 weeks, growth, stomatal ultrastructure, total phenols and flavonoids, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and protein expressions were determined. Interestingly, blue or red LED treatment increased the shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, and biomass on comparison with the control. In addition, the LED treatments enhanced the contents of phytochemicals in the extracts. The red LED treatment significantly elicited the accumulation of flavonoids in comparison with the control. In accordance with the secondary metabolites, the LED treatments modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the proteomic insights using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system revealed the proteins involved in transcription and translation, carbohydrate mechanism, post-translational modification, and stress responses. Taken together, the incorporation of blue or red LED during in vitro propagation of S. kakudensis can be a beneficial way to increase the plant quality and medicinal values of S. kakudensis.

Basic shoot characteristics predict the cropping potential of young sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees

ABSTRACT The basic shoot characteristics of ‘Karina’ and ‘Sylvia’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees grafted on Gisela 3, Gisela 5, Piku 4, Weiroot 72 and F12/1 rootstocks were examined 3 years after planting. In both cultivars, F12/1 achieved a greater shoot length (SL) and diameter (SD) and a lower number of flower clusters per cm SL (NFC·cm−1 SL) than the other rootstocks. Furthermore, although the two cultivars had different growth vigour, they exhibited similar differences in SL, SD and NFC·cm−1 SL among the rootstocks. The correlation between SL and NFC·cm−1 SL was 34.4% and 39.9% greater than the correlation between SD and NFC·cm−1 SL in ‘Karina’ and ‘Sylvia’, respectively. Regression analysis for both cultivars on particular rootstocks and for the mean values across the rootstocks showed that there was a logarithmic relationship between SL and NFC·cm−1 SL, with r 2 values of 0.703 and 0.694 for ‘Karina’ and ‘Sylvia’, respectively, when the responses were fitted by logarithmic function models. The minimum and maximum NFC·cm−1 SL predicted by these models were approximately 0.01 and 0.9 (for SL = 145 and 7 cm, respectively) for ‘Karina’ and 0.0 and 0.9 (for SL = 150 and 5 cm, respectively) for ‘Sylvia’. These findings combined with data obtained in previous studies suggest that NFC·cm−1 SL can be used as an index for predicting the fruiting potential of young sweet cherry trees.

基于野外调查和同质种植园实验的芦苇植物功能性状变异研究

研究表型可塑性和遗传变异在植物表型分化中的相对作用，有助于预测全球环境变化下的植物群落组成和生态系统功能的变化。芦苇（Phragmites australis）是全球性广布的草本植物，种内变异丰富，在我国西北和东部均存在多个分化稳定的生态型，但中国芦苇在更大尺度上的表型研究还非常匮乏。将位于黄河上游的宁夏平原和黄河下游的黄河三角洲作为研究区域，通过野外调查和同质种植园实验对芦苇自然种群的植物功能性状变异进行观测。结果表明，无论在野外还是同质种植园，黄河三角洲芦苇的基径、叶长和叶宽均显著大于宁夏平原芦苇，说明两个地区的芦苇种群之间存在着受遗传决定的表型分化，这可能与两个地区间的降水等气候差异有关。在野外，宁夏芦苇的株高和叶厚显著大于黄河三角洲芦苇，但在同质园中差异消失或相反，说明株高、叶厚受环境影响较大，表型可塑性也是芦苇适应环境变化的重要机制。在同质种植园中，宁夏平原芦苇的叶片氮磷含量较低，但株数却显著多于黄河三角洲芦苇，反映了不同地区芦苇之间存在不同的适应策略，宁夏平原芦苇更偏向于高扩散率的杂草策略，而黄河三角洲芦苇更偏向于竞争策略。此外，宁夏平原芦苇的株高、叶长两个性状以及基径-比叶面积相关性在野外和同质园两个环境中存在一致性，表明了性状变异和权衡策略的遗传稳定性。综上，位于黄河上下游的芦苇种群间存在着适应性分化，这是表型可塑性和遗传变异共同作用的结果，不同来源芦苇对全球变化下的多重环境因子的响应还需要进一步研究。;Study on the relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation to plant phenotypic differentiation can facilitate the predictions of community composition and ecosystem functioning under global environmental changes. As a cosmopolitan grass, common reed (Phragmites australis) has a high intraspecific diversity and has several ecotypes in northwest and east China. However, few studies focused on the phenotypic variation of common reed at a larger scale in China. Here, we investigated the intraspecific variation in plant functional traits of P. australis from Ningxia Plain, an upstream wetland, and the Yellow River Delta, a downstream wetland, via field investigation and common garden experiment. The results showed that the shoot diameter, leaf length and leaf width of P. australis from the Yellow River Delta were significantly larger than those from the Ningxia Plain in both the field and the common garden, suggesting a stable phenotypic differentiation controlled by genetic variation between the two regions. The phenotypic differentiation could be explained by the adaptation to local climatic conditions such as precipitation. In the field, the shoot height and the leaf thickness of P. australis from Ningxia Plain were significantly higher than those from the Yellow River Delta, but the difference disappeared or reversed in the common garden, which suggests that these traits are regulated directly by the current environment and phenotypic plasticity is also an important mechanism for P. australis to adapt to environmental changes. In the common garden, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves of P. australis from Ningxia Plain was lower, while the plant density was significantly larger than that from the Yellow River Delta. Which reflects different adaptive strategies that P. australis from Ningxia Plain prefers a ruderal strategy with a high reproduction rate, while P. australis from the Yellow River Delta favors a competitive strategy. Moreover, there were correlations between the field and the common garden observations in shoot height, leaf length and relationship between shoot diameter and specific leaf area, which indicates the genetic inheritance of trait variation and trade-off strategy. In conclusion, there is an adaptive differentiation between the upstream and downstream populations of P. australis in the Yellow River basin due to phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation. Further studies are needed to reveal the responses of plant from different provenances to future changes of the multiple environmental factors.

Responses of two fringing salt marsh plant species along a wave climate gradient

Salt marshes are increasingly valued for their role in coastal defense. In particular, marsh plants slow the progression of waves, thereby decreasing wave heights, orbital velocities and associated energy. Practical application of these effects has driven substantial research estimating the effects of plants on waves. However, the effects of waves on plants remain understudied, especially regarding plant responses along a wave climate gradient. To begin to understand these responses, we collected above- and belowground plant data and wave data from 60 sites across Mobile Bay, USA, and tributaries and evaluated plant responses along the range of assessed wave climate conditions. Plant responses among the dominant species, Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora, varied along the wave climate gradient. However, the basal diameter of shoots in both species declined linearly with increasing wave climate. While wave climate had no observable effect on other S. alterniflora parameters, the declining diameter of J. roemerianus shoots along the same gradient was commensurate with a decline in the percentage of live canopy shoots aboveground and an increase in root and rhizome biomass in the active rooting zone belowground. In contrast to previous studies, other responses including the height, biomass and density of aboveground shoots in both species were not related to wave climate. More broadly, these results demonstrate that plant features important for wave attenuation such as shoot diameter can change in response to varying wave conditions. These feedbacks should be incorporated to improve coastal modeling and successes of coastal conservation, restoration and enhancement projects.

Effect of rootstocks on growth parameters of red globe grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

The present investigation was conducted for two years (2018-19 and 2019-20) to study the effect of rootstocks (Dogridge, 110R, 140Ru, Salt Creek and own roots of Red Globe) on growth parameters of Red Globe grapevines. The vigour and growth parameters such as pruning weight was found maximum on vines grafted on Dogridge rootstocks while minimum days to sprout and cane maturity was recorded in own rooted Red Globe vines. Number of canes/vine, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and stock: scion ratio varied significantly among the rootstocks and were found maximum in vines grafted on Dogridge rootstock followed by Salt Creek and 110R rootstocks. The present study revealed that Red Globe grapevines grafted on Dogridge followed by Salt Creek rootstock proved better for growth parameters but in terms of growth period Red Globe own rooted vines was early to sprout and took minimum days for cane maturity over the vines grafted on rootstocks.

Fenología del aguacate ‘Hass’ en el Estado de México, México

Avocado is the third most produced crop in the State of Mexico, with 11,296 ha, where the predominant variety is ‘Hass.’ Due to a lack of knowledge about its development in different environments, its agronomic management is highly heterogeneous, since it is based on experiences in other states. The objective of this study was to analyze, describe and quantify the phenological development of ‘Hass’ avocado in three environments in the State of Mexico. The vegetative, flowering, root and fruit development of ‘Hass’ avocado was recorded during the 2011-2012 cycle. Two periods were distinguished for vegetative growth (December-April and October-November), flowering (December-February and August-October), harvest (November-February and August-October) and root growth (April-July and October-December). The vegetative growth (0.40 and 0.06 cm increase in shoot length and diameter, respectively) and root growth (36 and 24 g fresh weight and dry matter, respectively) were lower than fruit growth (70.1 mm increase in diameter) in Coatepec Harinas (temperate with andosol soil and isotherms from 14-18 °C). In contrast, the same growth measurements were higher in the localities with cambisol-luvisol soil and isotherms from 16-20 °C: Ixtapan del Oro (temperate/semi-warm, with 0.69 and 0.12 cm in shoot, and 56 and 48.8 g in root) and Temascaltepec (semi-warm, with 0.78 and 0.23 cm in shoot, and 69.3 and 31.3 g in root), but lower increases in fruit (59.4 and 56.6 mm, respectively). The phenological differences observed among environments will be useful for the technical management of the crop.