Shoot Diameter Research Articles

Crushed amygdaloidal basalt rock and its effects on tomato production

Abstract
 Sustainable agriculture plays an important role in agricultural productivity, in which it seeks to reduce dependence on conventional synthetic fertilizers (imported from Europe) and promote the use of alternative, low-cost and environmentally friendly sources. An experiment was carried out in the municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the efficiency and agronomic viability of using a mineral product (amygdaloid basalt powder) as an agricultural input on tomato productivity Solanum lycopersicum. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications, at doses 0 (treatment 1 - control), 1.0 ton ha-1 of rock dust (treatment 2), 2.5-ton ha-1 of rock dust (treatment 3), 3.5-ton ha-1 of rock dust (treatment 4), 4.5-ton ha-1 of rock dust (treatment 5), and recommended fertilization for tomato 5-20-20 NPK (treatment 6 - standard). The treatments were applied in December 2018 and the transplant took place in February 2019. According to the conditions under which the experiment was submitted and analyzing the results obtained, it can be inferred that the application of 1-ton ha-1 of amygdaloidal basalt in the soil increased parameters such as root length, stem diameter, green and dry mass of shoots and roots, number of flowers/plants, number of fruits/plant and productivity in tomato Solanum lycopersicum. It is a viable, sustainable, and low-cost strategy that contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2) and can be replicated in Brazil and worldwide.

Effects of combined drought and pathogen stress on growth, resistance, and gene expression in young Norway spruce trees.

Drought-induced mortality is a major direct effect of climate change on tree health, but drought may also affect trees indirectly by altering their susceptibility to pathogens. Here we report how a combination of mild or severe drought and pathogen infection affected growth, pathogen resistance, and gene expression in potted 5-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). After 5weeks of drought, trees were inoculated with the fungal pathogen Endoconidiophora polonica. Combined drought-pathogen stress over the next 8weeks led to significant reductions in growth of drought-treated trees relative to well-watered trees, and more so in trees subjected to severe drought. Belowground, growth of the smallest fine roots was most affected. Aboveground, shoot diameter change was most sensitive to the combined stress, followed by shoot length growth and twig biomass. Both drought-related and some resistance-related genes were upregulated in bark samples collected after five weeks of drought (but before pathogen infection), and gene expression levels scaled with the intensity of drought stress. Trees subjected to severe drought were much more susceptible to pathogen infection than well-watered trees or trees subjected to mild drought. Overall, our results show that mild drought stress may increase tree resistance to pathogen infection by upregulating resistance-related genes. Severe drought stress, on the other hand, decreased tree resistance. Because drought episodes are expected to become more frequent with climate change, combined effects of drought and pathogen stress should be studied in more detail to understand how these stressors interactively influence tree susceptibility to pests and pathogens.

Early Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculum and Fertilizer on Morphological and Physiological Variables of Nursery-Grown Nothofagus alessandrii Plants.

Nothofagus alessandrii (ruil) is an endangered relict species, endemic to the Mediterranean area of Chile, and one of the most threatened trees in the country. Its natural distribution area has been greatly reduced by the effect of human activities; the remaining fragments are mostly intervened and highly deteriorated as a habitat and refuge for the associated biodiversity. In order to produce healthy and resistant nursery plants for recovery and restoration of N. alessandrii forests, this study evaluates the early effects of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum (MFI) combined with fertilization on the cultivation of seedlings. The experiment was established under a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of the mycorrhizal factors (M0 = without mycorrhizal, M1 = Thelephora sp. and M2 = Hebeloma sp.) and fertilization (F1 = standard fertilization and F2 = intensive fertilization), with three replicates of each combination, for each type of plant (P1 = plants from one season and P2 = plants from two seasons). Each experimental unit corresponded to a group of 20 plants, with 720 plants in the test. The results indicate that application of fertilizer and MFI significantly affects some growth and photosynthesis parameters of ruil plants in one and two seasons. The morphological parameters obtained in the study show shoot height values ranging between 67 and 91 cm for P1 and between 96 and 111 cm for P2; while, for shoot diameter, values ranged between 7.91 and 8.24 mm for P1 and between 10.91 and 11.49 mm for P2. Although formation of fully developed mycorrhizal roots was not observed during the assay period, we conclude that inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi combined with fertilization could be an efficient strategy to produce a quality plant, in addition to maintaining a high photosynthetic capacity and, therefore, a higher percentage of survival in the field.

Effects of Irrigation Interval and Planting Spacing on the Establishment and Growth of Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev. Transplants in Arid Land Soils

The study aimed to assess the establishment of Faidherbiaalbida transplants under the effect of irrigation intervals and plantingspacing in the field conditions. It consisted of three irrigation intervals of5, 10 and 15 days and three planting spacings of 1x1 m, 1x2 m, and 2x3m; and it was conducted in the premises of the Forest Research Center,Khartoum, during May 2008 to June 2009. The results showed that thetemporal growth rate of F. albida shoot heights was greater in winter(November-February), but it was seriously slowed during the summerperiod (March-June). The shoot height, diameter and biomass growth ofF. albida increased with decreasing irrigation intervals; the growth ofthese parameters was highest in 5 days interval and lowest in 15 daysinterval. Planting spacings had no direct definite effect on F. albidaseedlings’ growth parameters. Even though, in the longer irrigationintervals, transplants’ growth tented to be greater in the wider spacing.Root biomass development seemed to be higher in the longer irrigationinterval regimes. There were no significant differences in the foliarnutrient content of the transplants between the different irrigationintervals. The values of mineral elements measured in this study areindicative of moderate nutrient supply for the F. albida transplants

Effect of some regulating substances on the vegetative parameters of flame seedless grapes cleft grafted on three nematode resistant rootstocks.

Grapes, the second next to Citrus, are one of Egypt's most popular fruits. Egypt is the world's 14th largest grape producers. The Flame seedless grape is a popular and early-season cultivar and one of the most prevalent grape kinds. Because the grape is nematode-sensitive, grafting on nematode-resistant rootstocks could be an effective way to minimize worm infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of IBA, Kinetin in graft union, and some grapevine rootstocks, such as Harmony, Freedom, and Salt Creek, on the percentage of Flame seedless grapevine survival and vegetative growth parameters when grafted using the cleft grafting method on the 15th February grafting date. When the Flame seedless grapes were treated at the graft union of the Freedom rootstock with a high level of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA, 1000 ppm) and a low level of Kinetin (250 ppm), they had a significantly higher survival percentage, shoot length, shoot diameter, L/D ratio, number of leaves per shoot, leaf area, fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight root system, dry weight of leaves and shoots, and dry weight root system in both seasons. It can be concluded that grafting on Freedom rootstock and using a low amount of Kinetin (250 ppm) are the most effective treatments for getting the highest percentage of survival and vegetative development parameters in Flame seedless grapevine.

PENGARUH KOMBINASI TAKARAN TANAH, PUPUK KANDANG DAN ARANG SEKAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK BATANG KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.)

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the combination of soil, manure and husk charcoal on the growth of Moringa stem cuttings. The research was carried out at the Field Laboratory of Experimental Gardens II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, from December 2021 to March 2022. This research method was an experimental method with 3 kinds of media, namely soil, manure and husk charcoal. This research design was arranged randomly in groups with 3 replications and 7 treatments. The variables observed were shoot length, shoot number, shoot diameter, number of roots, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight. The results showed that the application of a combination of manure and husk charcoal can increase the growth of Moringa stem cuttings.

Intraspecific grafting and anatomical compatibility of Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh

The E. stipitata is a native fruit tree from the Amazon, currently in the domestication phase due to its high nutritional and economic potential. In this process, studies aiming at the technical feasibility of propagating materials with desirable agronomic qualities are necessary but still incipient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different grafting methods forE. stipitata propagation and the compatibility between scion and rootstock using anatomical analysis as a tool. For the experiment, a randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme over time, with three replications. The plots consisted of three grafting types: cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting, and budding. The subplots were four evaluation times: 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after grafting (DAG). The evaluated variables were the grafting success rate, the number of shoots per graft, shoot length, and shoot diameter. There was a significant interaction between the factors under study. During the experimental period, an increasing grafting success rate and the number of shoots emitted were observed for budding, although with a low success rate. Through cleft grafting, there was a complete loss of shoots at 120 DAG, leading to the subsequent death of all tissues. Budding grafting appears as a promising method for E. stipitata propagation, demonstrating vascular tissue connection feasibility, although this effect did not reflect in the grafting success rate.

Influence of plant growth regulators on growth and formation of sylleptic shoots in one-year-old apple cv. Gala Mast

Aim: To examine the effectiveness of 6-benzyladenine (BA) alone or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) on sylleptic shoots formation on one-year-old apple cv. Gala Mast grafted on MM-106 rootstock. Methodology: During the second vegetative period, the actively growing apical portion of the nursery tree was sprayed with varying doses of BA and BA+GA3 (200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm) using a hand sprayer until run-off. Three spray treatments were performed at one week apart. The first spray was applied when the growth of the central leader reached 70-80 cm. Results: All plant growth regulators treatments significantly increased the number and length of sylleptic shoots, branching zone and per cent branched trees compared to control. The unsprayed trees had an average of 1.95 useful sylleptic per tree, 1.1 m total sylleptic shoot length, 10.24 cm branching zone and 35 per cent branched trees. Application of BA (700 ppm) resulted in four-fold increase in the number of sylleptic shoots (7.8), more than two-fold increase in total length of sylleptic shoots (2.44 m), and around four-fold increase in branching zone (38.96 cm). The 100 per cent branched trees were obtained with the application of BA (500, 600, 700 ppm) and BA+GA3 (600, 700 ppm) in both experimental years. Moreover, these treatments obtained 2.78 to 2.90 values of the trunk and mean sylleptic shoot diameter ratio. Interpretation: Application of BA alone or in combination with GA3 played an important role in overcoming apical dominance and therefore in the production of well-branched apple nursery tree. However, application of BA alone has a stronger positive effect on sylleptic shoot formation. More than 400 ppm BA appears to give a significant stimulation for the production of sylleptic shoots, with the highest beneficial effect reported with the application of 700 ppm BA. However, it is cost-effective to apply 3 sprays of 500 ppm BA for adequate growth and sylleptic shoot production. Key words: 6-benzyladenine, Gibberellic acid, Nursery tree, Plant growth regulators, Sylleptic shoot

Potencial de adubação orgânica líquida com urina de cavalo e vaca no crescimento da parte aérea de Cattleya labiata Lindl.

Abstract Liquid organic waste from animals can be fermented into liquid organic fertilizer, so it can be an alternative to increase plant growth. This study aims to determine the effect of giving horse and cow urine LOF, as well as its interaction on shoot growth in the Cattleya labiata Lindl orchid plant. The method used is a factorial experimental method with a randomized block design and three replications. Liquid organic fertilizer from horse and cow urine with a concentration of 0%, 10% and 20%. There were 9 treatment combinations with 27 experimental units. The results showed that the LOF application of horse and cow urine and their interactions had a very significant effect on the growth of Cattleya labiata shoot diameter in the 4th week. The application of horse urine LOF and its interaction with cow urine LOF had no significant effect on the growth of the number and height of shoots, but had a very significant effect on the administration of cow urine LOF. The best treatment was found in the application of 20% cow urine LOF without horse urine LOF (K0S2); obtained the highest growth of one shoot 4.8 cm with the highest diameter of 1.8 cm. LOF application of cow urine is more effective in increasing the growth of orchid shoots including: number, height, and diameter of shoots.

The Growth Response Variability of Some Legume Species on Salinity

Abundant amount of saline soils provides possibility to increase farming acreage in Indonesia. Legume species are good sources of protein for Indonesian daily food. Among legumes species, some species could show more tolerant to salinity and could be potentially cultivated on saline soils. Our present research work was undertaken to evaluate the growth response of legume species to salinity. Alfisol and saline soils, as main factors, used in the study were combined factorially with six legume species (groundnut, soybean, pigeon pea, velvet bean, hyacinth bean and sword bean) as sub-factor. Each factorial treatment was arranged in randomized block designed and was replicated three times. The standard deviation (SD) analysis was used to analyse the effect of salinity to the growth of legume species. Plant height at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and at 50 DAS, shoot diameter at 50 DAS, root dry weight at 50 DAS, shoot dry weight at 50 DAS and leaf dry weight at 50 DAS varied among legume species on Alfisol and saline soils. In general, the plant growth of legume crops, measured as plant height, plant diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf dry weight, was significantly retarded by salinity at different degree. The growth reduction on saline soil was related to higher Na concentration in roots and leaves. The highest and the lowest degrees of retardation by salinity on root, shoot and leaf dry weights were observed on pigeon pea and groundnut, respectively. Soybean, velvet bean, and hyacinth bean showed the degree of growth retardation by salinity between pigeon pea and groundnut. Response to salinity of sword bean was comparable to groundnut. Thus, groundnut and sword bean could be cultivated on saline soil.

Growth and development of species Syringa L. section Villosae C.K. Schneid. in the updated collection of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The article is devoted to the study of the growth and development of Syringa species in the collection of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Heights of Syringa L. of the Villosae section in various geographical areas are given. Growth indicators of seven-year-old plants of hairy lilac in 7 species were studied. The heights, volume and area of the crown projection were measured, the number of formation shoots (skeletal branches), the number of generative shoots and branching shoots of the 1st order were calculated, and the length and diameter of branching shoots were measured. Differences between the studied species are already significant at an early age. The best indicators were found in S. sweginzowii Koehne et Lingelsh. (h-1.51 m, number of branching shoots 218, generative shoots - 28); S. Henry Schneid. – 1.43; 193; nine; S. villosa Vahl. – 1.36; 140; 17; S. tomentella Bur. et Franch. – 1.33; 159; 13; S. komarovii Schneid. - 1.07; 133; 10; S. velutina Komar. – 1.25; 119; eleven; S. wolfii Schneid. – 1.15; 23; 8. The beginning of flowering was noted at the age of 5 in S. sweginzowii, other species from

Response of mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars to agro-chemicals for growth and flowering

An experiment was conducted during 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Agricultural Research Station, Banswara district of Rajasthan (Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur) to study the response of different agro-chemicals for growth and flowering of mango (Mangifera indica). The plants were planted in a square system of planting with a 10m x 10m spacing. Agro-chemicals, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, paclobutrazol and sorbitol were used. The treatment combinations were applied as control (water spray), calcium chloride (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%), potassium nitrate (1, 2 and 3%), paclobutrazol (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) and sorbitol (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%). Application of different agro-chemicals were applied at different stages and time. Effect of agro-chemicals was found significant for growth and flowering parameters. Paclobutrazol (1500 ppm) was found better for shoot length and diameter, tree spread, canopy volume and days of fruit setting from flower initiation and flowering characters viz. date of flower initiation, per cent fruit setting and retention, days to harvest from fruit setting and first flush after fruiting.

The application of fertilizers on calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) seedlings from several populations in West Java

Nutrient input on calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meiss.) seedlings is a necessity to increase productivity. The study has been carried out to evaluate the growth of calliandra seedlings from several populations in West Java after being treated with bio and chemical fertilizers. The treatment used 2 (two) types of biofertilizers, i.e., Rhizomax and PGPR, and chemical fertilizer from Cabriotop, as well as aqua dest as a control. Calliandra seeds were collected from 3 (three) populations of West Jawa, i.e., Sukabumi, Garut, and Cianjur. The findings showed a positive response to seedling growth after fertilization, either with bio or chemical fertilizer. Biofertilizer was more responsive than chemical in the variables of leaf number, stem segment number, shoot dry weight, diameter, and root dry weight. Seedlings from Garut mainly showed the best growth compared to the Sukabumi and Cianjur seedlings.

Effect of bud position on the seedling growth of five citrus species

This research aimed to evaluate the bud position in the vegetative phase of seedling growth derived from five citrus species. The research was carried out from April to July 2018 at the Tlekung Agricultural Research Installation. Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors is the method in this study. The bud position taken as the propagation material was the first factor consisting of the top (36-50 cm from the base part of tree), middle (16-35 cm from the base part of tree), and bottom (0-15 cm from the base part of tree). The second factor was the citrus species consisting of mandarin cv. Madura, tangerine cv. Pontianak, pummelo cv. Giri Matang, lime cv. Sweet, and orange cv. Punten. There was no significant interaction between the bud position and species on all variables. However, regardless of bud position, citrus species showed significantly different in vegetative growth. The best average of 100% for the success of bud grafting, 36.89 days after bud grafting for the budburst time, 4.5 mm for the shoot diameter, 29.81 cm for the shoot length, and 19.55 leaves for the number of leaves was shown by orange cv. Punten. The results of this research sugges that the use of buds taken from different positions is recommended for citrus grafted bud.

Effect of ultrasonic shot peening on electrodeposited Ni and Cu coatings on Cu substrate

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic shot peening (USSP) on bilayered Ni and Cu coatings on Cu substrate was studied. On the Cu substrate, Ni and Cu coatings were sequentially electrodeposited followed by ultrasonic shot peening with a varying shot diameter and peening time. Apart from phase analysis and microscopy study of the coatings (before and after peening), hardness, compressive residual stress, wear, and corrosion resistances are also examined. Improvement of surface-mechanical properties and electrochemical properties were observed in specific peening conditions. There was also a noticeable improvement in residual compressive stress as an effect of peening.

Ultrasonic shot peening of 316L stainless steel – Experimental and analytical approach

The present study is aimed to analyze the influence of ultrasonic shot peening (USP) on 316L stainless steel both experimentally and analytically. The steel was ultrasonically shot-peened with varying peening parameters in terms of shot diameter and peening time with the primary aim of coverage of a certain area. The obtained samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness tester, and scratch tester. Improved hardness and residual compressive stress were observed after peening. A new analytical model has also been proposed for impact frequency prediction considering the movement of spherical shots inside the peening chamber using equations of motion. The outputs found through experiments supported the analytical results, which verified the validity of the analysis. It is thus established that the developed model can efficiently optimize the process parameters.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth of Wallapatta (<em>Gyrinops walla</em> Gaertn.) Seedlings

Gyrinops walla Gaertn belongs to family Thymelaeaceae is the only agarwood producing plant species naturally found in Sri Lanka. With the recognition of its ability to produce highly valuable agarwood, the species is under threat due to illegal harvesting from the natural habitats. Commercial cultivation of the species is yet to be started due to lack of information on relevant cultural practices. The present study was therefore aimed at evaluating the effect of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on growth of G. walla seedlings. The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna from August 2019 to May 2020. Different combinations of Gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) were tested as foliar applications in an experiment arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replicates. Stem height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were measured as growth parameters. The combination treatment of GA3 and 6-BAP at 50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher stem height, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots compared to those of the control which did not receive any growth regulator. Furthermore the treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased the shoot: root ratio also compared to the control. Based on the results, foliar application of GA3 (50 ppm) along with 6-BAP (100 ppm) can be recommended to enhance the seedling growth of G. walla.

Modeling of various life processes of <i>Juniperus excelsa</i> M. Bieb to determine optimal growing conditions in the southern coast of Crimea, Russia

Aim. In connection with global climate change and an increase in the intensity of aridisation of the region of the southern coast of Crimea (SCC), the aim is to study the ecophysiological response of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb is, during its intensive vegetative phase, and the impact of external environmental factors that greatly influence the characteristics of the water regime, which would allow the possible establishment of optimal and unfavorable conditions for the growth of the species.Material and Methods. Measurements of environmental parameters were carried out using a wireless phytomonitoring system. Applied computer programs were used for statistical data processing. Modeling and smoothing of two‐dimensional data was carried out using the least squares method, robust locally weighted regression and a mathematical model of stepwise regression analysis.Results. To assess the ecophysiological response to the impact of external environmental factors during the growing season of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb, we applied a mathematical model of stepwise regression analysis. As dependent variables, we used the relative water flow velocity in the shoot (Sf, r.u.) and shoot diameter (d, mm), data were obtained from SF‐5P water flow sensors and SD‐10z sensors. The independent variables were the main environmental factors. The share of dispersion of the dependent variable, explained by the applied models, was determined as 98–99%.Conclusions. The development of a model based on a database of plant functions with appropriate quantitative characteristics will make it possible in the future to predict the ecological state of a particular area or region as a whole.

Coppicing as a driver of plant resprouting and the regeneration of a Caatinga dry forest

Resprouting is a widespread mechanism through which woody plants recover from biomass loss and/or abiotic stress, particularly in fire-prone ecosystems. Here, we assess the resprouting responses to coppicing exhibited by woody plant species in a human-modified landscape of Caatinga dry forest, in the northeast of Brazil. A total of 150 resprouts from 19 species (trees and shrubs) were experimentally coppiced. Shoot performance (number of new shoots, length, diameter and coppicing capacity) and mortality were monitored through a 15-mo period. Resprout diameter, chronic disturbance and environmental factors (rainfall, soil fertility and light availability) were assessed as explanatory variables. Of the144 coppiced resprouts, 72.2 % produced new shoots, with a total of 217 new shoots across the 19 focal species and emerged vigorously across all resprout types (root, root collar and stem). Shoot density reached 1.5 ± 1.2 shoots per resprout, with a length of 11.33 ± 10.1 cm and a diameter of 0.2 ± 0.1 cm. When pooling all new shoots across species, resprout diameter was found to have a positive effect on shoot number, length, diameter and coppicing capacity. At species level, resprout diameter was also the most important predictor. However, chronic disturbance had both negative and positive effects on some performance indicators of some species, as did rainfall, soil fertility and leaf area index. Finally, mortality rate was not affected by any of the explanatory variables assessed, neither at species nor community level. Our findings suggest that in human-modified landscapes of Caatinga dry forest, woody flora probably contain a large number of resprouting species (dominant species, in some cases), which are able to vigorously produce new shoots in response to biomass loss. Furthermore, we found shoot performance to be mediated by variables that affect plant growth. Although the Caatinga dry forest flora did not evolve in the presence of fire, resprouting is expected to play a key role in its regeneration and dynamics.

The effects of N-NO3: N-NH4 ratios and calcium concentration of the nutrient solution on the growth parameters and partitioning of nitrogen and calcium in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Calcium (Ca) and nitrogen (N) are essential elements for plant growth; however, the N form ratio in the nutrient solution affects plant growth as well as the uptake and partitioning of other nutrient elements differently. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different N-NO3: N-NH4 ratios and calcium levels on calcium movement, partitioning, and N metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Nitrogen was applied at four N-NO3: N-NH4 ratios (NR1 = 100:0, NR2 = 75:25, NR3 = 50:50, NR4 = 25:75) and Ca at three levels (80, 160, and 320 mg/l) using hydroponic culture. A factorial experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Isfahan University of Technology Research Center using a completely randomized design with four repetitions, three plants in each replication. The results showed that the Ca application decreased shoot length, but increased shoot diameter. Elevation of Ca concentration in the nutrient solution by 320 mg/l Ca treatment increased total amino acid, protein, yield, and Ca content of the fruit, but suppressed the nitrogen content of the shoot, root, and fruit. The highest nitrate and ammonium contents of tomato plants were in NR1 and NR2 treatments, respectively. With increasing the level of Ca, the concentration of Ca increased in the apoplast and xylem sap, but decreased in the symplast. The results showed that the NO3: NH4 ratio significantly affected the growth and calcium partitioning of tomato plants. The NO3: NH4 ratio of 75:25 corresponding to 320 mg/l of Ca improved yield and Ca movement to the distal of tomato fruit, resulting in preventing blossom-end rot and the best fruit quality.