Modern Dialects Research Articles

Содержание тематической группы «Питание» в лексике говоров верхнего течения реки Непрядвы

This article studies the thematic group ‘Food’ in the dialects of the area located at the upper reaches of the Nepryadva river. Food, as well as the arrangement of the dwelling, household items, folk costumes, is part of the everyday culture of the people. The material for the study was an array of unique lexemes collected in filed research in five settlements of the Volovsky district of the Tula region. Since ancient times, population of this area has been engaged in various activities, crafts, trades. In the course of the study, we identified lexical units that denote the names of foods, meals, and drinks. The entire array of tokens was grouped into 6 thematic subgroups. The lexical units were described from the point of view of semantics; the motivational features of their denomination were determined. The collected material was compared with data from a number of lexicographic sources such as dialect dictionaries and dictionaries of the modern Russian language. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical facts related to the thematic group ‘Food’ continue to exist in modern dialects. The analysis of the lexemes made it possible to single out among them: unique lexemes that are not presented in dialect dictionaries or in dictionaries of the modern Russian language; semantic dialectisms; lexemes whose meaning is close to the literary one; lexemes found in dialect dictionaries in similar meanings; lexemes that are noted not only in the dialects of the territory under study but also in Ryazan dialects, in the identical or similar meaning. The studied content of this thematic group and the lexical units included in it require further scholarly reflection.

Archaic Dialect of Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (Passeriformes, Fringillidae), Song in the Lower-Dnipro Area (South Ukraine) and Its Territorial Relations

Archaic song dialect of Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758) is located in the Lower-Dnipro Area. To describe it, we recorded 11673 songs of 2008 males from 43 localities in Southern Ukraine during 2004–2015. This dialect has compound spatial structure and connects with other dialects forming a well developed contact area with them. Its core was located in old forests of the lower stream of the Dnipro River. It has spread from them to the new forests in their outskirts. The complex is separated at dialect level in the cluster analysis. It includes considerable number of original song types. Their elements and structure demonstrate archaic features similar to those of other southern complexes but more modern than the old Carpathian and Danube dialects. It occupies the intermediate position between them and modern dialects of the Forest and Wood-and-Steppe Ukraine by the structure of song and is similar to the dialect of Crimean Chaffinch and the song complex of South-Eastern Ukraine.

Translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into Erzya: some features of noun morphology

Introduction. This paper considers some features of noun morphology in the translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into the Erzya language, namely the indicators of such grammatical categories of the noun as number, case and the categories of possessiveness and definiteness. Analysis of old manuscripts is necessary, as it provides important information in the reconstruction of the language. Materials and Methods. The text of the translation of the “Gospel of Luke” (1821) into Erzya, materials of the Erzya dialects were collected by the author during the expeditions to Samara region in 2011–2012. The analysis of the books on the topic of dialect features of the Erzya dialects were also used for the research. When working with the material, the morphological paradigms in the published part of the concordance of the “Gospel of Luke” (lingvodoc.ispras.ru) and the material obtained by the method of continuous sampling were compared with the data of modern dialects of the Erzya language. Results and Discussion. It is shown that the indicators of the category of number of nouns in the text of the manuscript correspond to the affixes of the Central dialect and are used according to the same rules. The case system is different from the case system of the literary language, namely the semantics of some cases is represented by other case formants, postpositions, and other syntactic constructions. The index declension is represented by the formant -s’t’, and the possessive declension shows the numerical difference between the possessors in 1 and 3 persons singular. Conclusion. The analysis of the language material allows to conclude that the translated text belongs to the Central dialect, which has its own distinctive features. At the same time, the final solution of the dialectal affiliation of the manuscript should be based on a comprehensive account not only of the material considered in the paper, but also, at least, on the results of further detailed analysis of the features of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary.

IS KOMI-YAZVA SEPARATE LANGUAGE OR KOMI-PERMIAN’S DIALECT?

The question of Komi-Yazva separate language or Komi-Permian dialects is currently open. There are different opinions: linguists of the late XIX - early XX cent. suggested that it is a dialect. In the early XXI cent. opinions of the scientists were divided and some experts supposed that Komi-Yazva can be a separate language. Currently, on the LinguoDoc platform there are special program modules, which reproduce the etymologist's big data analysis results, as well as 16 dictionaries of Komi dialect related languages with etymological connections. These are audio dictionaries, materials for which were collected in 2015-2018, and archival dictionaries of the XVIII-XIXcent. As a result of the dictionaries’ processing with the use of special comparative-historical module for phonetic and etymological criteria, it was found that the distance from the Komi-Yazva to the modern dialects of the Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak languages is significantly greater than between the latter two ones, so in terms of phonetic changes, Komi-Yazva is currently a separate language. In the XVIII. cent. Komi-Yazva was close to the Komi-Permyak dictionaries recorded by P. S. Pallas and Nikita Ovchinnikov. As the analysis shows, 250 years ago, Komi-Yazva and Komi-Permyak languages had only minor dialect differences, but over the next two centuries, the Komi-Permyak dialects had many innovative changes, which brought them closer to the Komi-Zyryan dialects of the Komi Republic, whereas the Komi-Yazva language presents the archaic stage of Komi languages: the features, which were the characteristics of the Komi-Permyak first dictionaries in the XVIII-th. century.

History of the Albanian present suffix ‑i/‑ën from Proto-Indo-European to the modern dialects

Abstract In standard Albanian, there is a restricted class of three intransitive verbs (hip-, ec-, ik-) that shows a suffix ‑i/‑ën in the conjugation of the present singular. In dialects and in Old Albanian, however, this suffix is more prolific. This paper studies the history of this suffix and its function by comparing its use in a wide range of Albanian dialects. Based on the dialectal data a Proto- Albanian inchoative/imperfective function inherited from Proto-Indo-European can be reconstructed for the suffix. This function is still present in the Arbëresh dialect of San Costantino Albanese. As the suffix lost its semantic component, it became a marker for the imperfect in Tosk and southern Geg, while in northern Geg the suffix is used as a present marker in verbs where ambiguity with the imperfect could arise. The verbs hip-, ec-, and ik- were originally transitive verbs which were intransitivized by the suffix ‑i/‑ën. As their original transitive meaning was lost, the suffix was obligatory in these verbs in Proto-Albanian already, a situation that is continued in almost all present dialects.

The preservation of proto-Japanese tone class 2.5 in the Izumo region explained

Abstract In 1981, Okumura Mitsuo reported that the dialect of Izumo Taisha in western Japan had preserved remnants of the separate tone class 2.5, which until then had only been found in dialects in central Japan. His discovery proved that this tone class had formed part of proto-Japanese, but the phonetic realization in Izumo and in central Japan was totally different. The article offers a reconstruction of the proto-system of the Izumo region, as well as an explanation of how class 2.5 came to be (partly) preserved in Izumo. It is argued that this was through a series of rightward shifts of the /H/ tone. These shifts radiated out from the northwestern part of the region. In the period, when the shifts were active, a contour tone on the second syllable of class 2.5 blocked rightward /H/ tone shift in this class. In this way, the contour tone, although later lost, left a trace in the modern dialects.

The evolution of the Min potential complement construction: A case of constructional renewal and variation from an areal perspective

This paper studies the evolution of a unique potential complement construction (PCC), i.e. V-MOD/MODNEG-C, in Min, a southeastern Chinese dialect group. Based on Southern Min historical materials, the Min PCC is observed to have emerged in the late 19th century and, with its higher compositionality, accessibility and universality, renewed the preexisting mainstream Chinese PCC, i.e. V-PRT/NEG-C, in the 20th century. In modern Min dialects, the Min PCC evolves into three types of allostructions (i.e. morphosyntactic variants), which can be accounted for by directionality at the universal, language-specific, and category-specific levels. The emergence of the Min PCC and its allostructions has increased the schematicity of the Chinese PCC hierarchy.

SÜNİ DİLLƏRİN TƏRTİBİ PRİNSİPLƏRİ

The explosion of information and the ever-increasing number of international languages make the modern language situation very difficult. The interaction of languages ultimately leads to the creation of international artificial languages that operate in parallel with the world`s languages. The expansion of interlinguistic issues is a natural consequence of the aggravation of the linguistic landscape of the modern world. The modern interlinguistic dialect, which is defined as a field of linguistics that studies international languages and international languages as a means of communication, deals with the importance of overcoming the barrier.The problem of international artificial languages is widely covered in the writings of I.A.Baudouin de Courtenay, V.P.Qrigorev, N.L.Gudskov, E.K.Drezen, A.D.Dulchenko, M.I.Isayev, S.N.Kuznechov, A.D.Melnikov and many other scientists. Key words:the concept of natural language, the concept of artificial language, the degree of artificiality of language, the authenticity of language

Процессы дивергенции в разделенном государственной границей западноюжнославянском диалекте (на материале современной диалектной речи Восточной Сербии и Западной Болгарии)

Процессы дивергенции в разделенном государственной границей западноюжнославянском диалекте (на материале современной диалектной речи Восточной Сербии и Западной Болгарии)

Adverbial Subordination in Egyptian Judaeo-Arabic and Muslim Middle Arabic Versions of Qiṣṣat al-ğumğuma from the Ottoman Period

Abstract In examining two Judaeo-Arabic adaptations of Qiṣṣat al-ğumğuma ‘The Story of the Skull’ (Cairo JC 104 and CUL T-S 37.39) alongside two Muslim Middle Arabic versions (CUL Qq. 173 and BnF Arabe 3655) from the Ottoman period, this paper explores the extent of linguistic similarities and divergences on the level of adverbial subordination, and the means through which these are expressed. It questions the long-established methodological boundaries imposed on the study of Middle Arabic, in which linguistic features of confessional varieties are generally examined in relation to Classical Arabic grammatical rules and modern spoken dialects, rather than other contemporaneous denominational varieties of written Arabic.

Incunable from the Book collection of Metropolitan Pitirim (Nechayev) (Monastery of St Joseph of Volokolamsk). The first attempt of attribution

The following notice is the first draft description of the incunable, the famous Peregrinatio in terram sanctam, written by German nobleman, cathedral dean and politician in the Electorate of Mainz, Bernhard von Breidenbach, which had been discovered in the April 2020 in the library of St Joseph of Volokolamsk Monastery. This example is a German translation into early modern standard German dialect. By the comparison of the discovered book with the digital images of the editions of 1486 (Peter Schöffer of Mainz) and circa 1500 (Peter Drach of Speyer) collected in the European libraries it was identified as one of the copies printed circa 1500. Digitized copies are available in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek und Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel.

Dialectal vocabulary of labour activities of the people residing on the banks of the Nepryadva River

The main goal of this article is to draw readers' attention to the dialectal vocabulary, which belongs to the thematic group of labour. Dialectal vocabulary is most often associated with historical facts, it reflects the traditional worldview of a person, his/her system of values. The article considers lexical units that were recorded on a territory rich in its historical and cultural past. This article is devoted to the analysis of dialectal vocabulary, reflecting labour activity and professional occupation of people living in the basin of the upper reaches of the Nepryadva River. Since ancient times, the population of this region was engaged in various activities and crafts. The thematic group “Labour activity” comprises a whole complex of subgroups that have repeatedly become the subject of consideration by linguists. In the framework of the article, the authors focus on the lexical empirical material that exists in the Tula group of dialects. They analyze a particular part of lexis that reflects important areas of human activity, such as field cultivation, gardening, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry farming. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the dialectal vocabulary of the specified thematic group is a system, and the selected empirical material makes it possible to see the identity in the dialects of the studied settlements and certain differences. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical units related to the thematic group of labour continue to exist in modern dialects of the Russian language. The considered lexical units and samples of dialectal professional discourse require further scientific consideration.

同音替代原則對漢字跨時空能力的影響

Chinese character simplification has achieved positive result since the 1950s. Character simplification has played a very positive role in popularizing education and promoting cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. After a comprehensive analysis of relevant materials, we believe that the efforts and results of character simplification are remarkable, but there is still room for improvement. For example, in order to speed up converting Chinese characters to alphabetic writing system, the “homonym substitution” principle was extended. The meaning of “homonym” is very clear. It refers to the phonetic system of Mandarin, but not the system of “Qieyun”, nor that of dialects.Its purpose is to reduce the amount of common Chinese characters.As a result, the simplified character system does not correspond to the phonologic system of the ancient Chinese “Qieyun”, or the phonetic systems of modern dialects. For example, two Chinese characters with different sounds in some dialects are simplified and merged into one character, such as the five groups of characters “(折)摺折” “(复)複復” “(郁)郁鬱” “(松)鬆松” “(並)并並”. Most of these groups of characters in southern dialects have different sounds, but they are simplified as the same characters. Some characters having different sounds in all dialects are also merged into one, which increases the phenomenon that one Chinese character has more than one pronunciations, such as the five groups of characters “(干)乾幹” “(斗)斗鬥” “(舍)捨舍” “(只)隻只” “(几)几幾”. Homonym substitution principle has influenced the feature that Chinese character system can extend through history and dialects. We proposed optimizations to the simplification of these ten characters, hoping to solve the problem caused by homonym substitution with minimum modification to the existing scheme.

Cape Town Gujarati and its relation to Gujarati dialectology: A study of retroflex boosting

Abstract This paper has two purposes. Firstly, it provides a bird’s eye view of the characteristics of a variety of Gujarati in diaspora, viz. that spoken in Cape Town, South Africa for almost 150 years. Secondly it focusses on one notable feature, viz. the prominence of retroflexes over dentals, and connects this with other dialects of Gujarati in India and with Western Indo-Aryan. We analyse the speech of 32 speakers born or brought up in South Africa, and resident in Cape Town. We show that Cape Town Gujarati retains the dialect variation of late nineteenth century Gujarati as identified by Grierson, Sir George A. 1908. Linguistic survey of India. Vol IX, part II: Indo-Aryan family, Central Group – Rajasthani and Gujarati. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. In particular, it resembles the Surti dialect, in keeping with the fact that the area around Surat district provided the bulk of migrants to Cape Town in the nineteenth and twentieth century. We then focus in detail on a prominent, but little-studied, phenomenon of Gujarati dialects: the variable occurrence of retroflex stops where Standard Gujarati has dentals [t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪h]. We demonstrate the considerable amount of such “retroflex boosting” in the Cape Town variety. We provide a detailed and replicable methodology from variationist sociolinguistics for studying this boosting that we believe illuminates the study of its occurrence in modern dialects in Gujarat.

Uśṇīśa Vijayā Dhāraṇī Sūtra’da birleşik zarf-fiil ekleri

Zarf-fiiller, yapılarına göre, basit ve birleşik zarf-fiiller olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Basit zarf-fiiller, Türk dilinde genellikle ünlülü zarf-fiil ekleri, -(X)p ve benzeri şekillerle temsil edilirken birleşik zarf-fiil ekleri, genellikle sıfat-fiil eklerine durum ekleri ya da edatların gelmesi sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Fiillere eklenerek cümlede yüklemin anlamını çeşitli açılardan etkileyen zarf-fiil ekleri içerisinde yer alan birleşik zarf-fiil ekleri, Türk dilinin yazılı olarak takip edildiği Eski Türkçe dönemi içerisinde yer alan Orhon Türkçesi metinlerinde ilk kez tanıklanmıştır. Orhon Türkçesi metinleri başta olmak üzere, Eski Uygur Türkçesinde de zengin örneklere sahip olan birleşik zarf-fiil ekleri, tarihî dönemlerde gösterdiği zengin malzemeleri çok az farkla çağdaş dönemlerde de sürdürmüştür. Bu doğrultuda, Tantrik Türk Budizmi içerisinde 13. ya da 14. yüzyıllarda Eski Uygur Türkçesine Tibetçe ya da Çinceye dayalı bir versiyondan aktarılan Uṣṇīṣa Vijayā Dhāraṇī Sūtra’da tespit edilen birleşik zarf-fiil ekleri, -UrDA, -Ur+iyelik eki+DA, -gUKA, -gInçA ve -DUk+iyelik eki+DA biçimbirimleridir. Tantrik Türk Budizmi özelinde tanıklanan bu beş birleşik zarf-fiil yapısı, Budizm’in Tantracılık anlayışını sürdüren Uygur Türkleri ile Müslüman Türkler arasındaki etkileşim ve yazı geleneğinin devam ettiğini gösteren deliller olması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışma ile Eski Uygurca Uṣṇīṣa Vijayā Dhāraṇī Sūtra yoluyla tanıkladığımız birleşik zarf-fiil eklerinin yapısına, oluşum yönüne, tarihî ve modern lehçelerdeki görünümlerine, bu yapıların yaşadıkları kırılma noktalarına değinilerek Türk dilinin sahip olduğu türetme durumu ortaya konmak istenmiştir.

Dialect Lexicography: to the Problem of Thematic Presentation of Vocabulary of the Middle Volga Dialects

The results of work on a multi-aspect thematic dictionary of Samara dialects is summarized in the article. The novelty of the study is that the created dictionary is the first combined dialect dictionary in the region. It is reported that the language corpus of vocabulary fixations compiled by participants in dialectological expeditions using the methodology for presenting a thematic questionnaire to respondents is used as the main source of material for the thematic dictionary. The question is raised about the possibility of a systematic representation of the vocabulary of secondary dialects. The idea is proved that the thematic presentation of vocabulary material occupies an essential place in the complex characterization of the Volga dialects along with methods for presenting facts at other levels of the language (phonetic, morphological, etc.). The possibility of establishing classifying semantic and word-formation features is demonstrated in the example of separate thematic groups of the dictionary. Attention is drawn to the variety of word-formation formants in lexical-semantic groups, their role in the organization of a certain semantic space. It is concluded that the publication of a thematic dictionary offers great opportunities for the study of dialects of territories of late settlement in various aspects. The author of the article states that the thematic principle of the presentation of vocabulary material makes the structure of the dictionary open, the study of the lexical level of modern dialects is promising.

MYTHOLOGEMES OF THE RYAZAN-MORDOVIAN BORDER

The article covers mythologemes recorded in the Shatsk area of the Ryazan region. The dialect material demonstrates different semantic content of mythologemes in Shatsk dialects, which shows reduction of mythological images in rural residents' consciousness: a mythological character itself - a character of disguise - a scarecrow or a bogeyman - a character for scaring children. The ritual function of the characters in modern dialects is mainly lost and preserved only in the older generation's memory.

Russian object genitive of negation in modern dialect corpora and oral subcorpus of RNC

Russian object genitive of negation in modern dialect corpora and oral subcorpus of RNC

Modern dialectics of the state and morality S.N. Baburin. The moral state. Russian view on the values of constitutionalism

Modern dialectics of the state and morality S.N. Baburin. The moral state. Russian view on the values of constitutionalism

From Medieval Tribes to Modern Dialects: on the Afterlives of Colonial Knowledge in Arabic Dialectology

AbstractBy producing certain types of knowledge and discourse and rendering medieval sources such as Ibn Khaldūn into the terms of that discourse, colonial Orientalists delimited what it was possible to know about both the medieval and modern Maghrib. Concerned with the narrative of the “Arabization” of the Maghrib distilled out of Ibn Khaldūn by colonial scholars, the field of Arabic dialectology attempted to use linguistic research on modern Arabic to buttress this narrative while employing it to categorize its results. This article examines how particular categories such as divisions of “Bedouin” dialects originated through this type of colonial scholarship, and how they have lived on until now as the categories into which current research is fit.