Dialectical Approach Research Articles

Designing a system of control over management reporting indicators

Subject. This article analyzes the system of monitoring of the reliability of management indicators at various stages of their formation. Objectives. The article aims to systematize and summarize knowledge about the features of developing a system control of management reporting indicators. Methods. For the study, we used a dialectical approach, observation, synthesis of disparate information, analysis of the results obtained, and accounting methods. Statutory acts on accounting legislation, scholarly works of Russian and foreign scientists on management accounting and reporting served as the information base of the study. Results. The article reveals the problem of replacing the control of the reliability of indicators of management reports with the control of the effectiveness of activities, carried out by comparing the indicators. It describes the stages of arranging control at the enterprise and offers recommendations for their implementation, taking into account the management goals of management. The article also substantiates the possibility of strengthening control over the reliability of management data in the context of the development of digital technologies. Conclusions. Accounting methods should be applied based on the context of management objectives. Internal control procedures should be carried out within the management subsystem.

Jung's Psychoid Monism.

Jung's final psychoid theory of archetypes was an additional attempt to find a solution to the philosophical problem of how to relate mind and matter. In the following essay Jung's solution is summarized by a set of 17 theses, and Jung's philosophy will be called psychoid monism. According to psychoid monism, what ultimately and primarily is, is the psycho-physically neutral domain of instinctual experience. The origin of this view can be traced back to Post-Kantian German Idealism (Schopenhauer, Schelling, Hölderlin), and a systematization of the view requires a dialectic approach and, in particular, contradiction-tolerant dialectic logic.

Perception and understanding of information as determinants of the investigator’s professional competence

The experimental study is devoted to solving the problem of perception and understanding by investigators of the National Police of Ukraine of forensic information about offences presented in the form of texts. The expediency of forming the personality of a specialist investigator based on the competence approach is declared, due to which the contradiction between the professionalism of the individual and the professionalism of the activity is eliminated in the educational process. The purpose of the study was to establish correlates of understanding (sensemaking) of the forensic text by investigators in the process of its compression; personal factors that mediate the investigator’s understanding of official information in the text form of the presentation. The methodological tools were based on the method of structural and functional analysis and empirical methods, systematic, teleological, and dialectical approaches that allowed analysing the dynamics of text information transformation and changes in the parameters of its mental reflection in the subject’s thinking. The study established the dynamics of compression of experimental texts, features of the intensity of text compression depending on the time modes of working with it and individual characteristics of the investigator’s cognitive processes – perception, memory, and thinking. The highest intensity of compression of the expanded text and the allocation of significant information is achieved in the conditions of free time working with the text. It is proved that at the initial stage of understanding a text message, the ratio between the main and concretising elements of information is a criterion of competence, and at the final stage of understanding – the intensity of sensemaking. The indicators of text compression intensity are analysed and it is revealed that under the conditions of a given operating mode, the elimination of text elements occurs more intensively than in the conditions of free time mode. It is proved that the ratio between the intensity of compression and the level of text connectivity has direct proportional relationships at all stages of compression. It is established that the process of understanding is significantly influenced by typological features of conceptual and figurative components of memory and thinking. The provisions formulated in the paper will contribute to the search for more effective methods of professional and psychological training of future investigators and improve the psychological support of investigative activities

The Evolution of Philip Melanchthon's Views: from Humanistic Religiosity to Reformation

The subject of research in this article is some aspects of the life path of a prominent figure of the Reformation in Germany, Philip Melanchthon, which influenced the evolution of his worldview. Special attention is paid to the facts of his biography, the characteristics of his early works, as well as his assessments of the confessional struggle and calls for the active involvement of administrative resources to crack down on dissidents. The methodological basis of this article is the dialectical approach, in particular, the principle of the relationship between the general and the singular, as well as the principle of the unity of the logical and historical. These principles allow us to identify the ethical nuances of the evolution of F. Melanchthon's views as a Reformation figure based on his statements and assessments. Philip Melanchthon is often evaluated in the scientific literature as one of the founders of the new faith, the second most important after Martin Luther, whose merit was the attempt to reconcile humanistic views and new confessional interests. However, based on a detailed analysis of the material presented in the article, the authors come to the conclusion that Philip Melanchthon, having devoted himself entirely to the Reformation, renounced the German humanistic tradition of the XV century, the values of humanism represented in the works of Jacob Wimplefing, Johann Reichlin, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas More, John Colet. Therefore, its classification as "Christian humanism" is erroneous.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION COMPETENCY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The article analyzes the essence and functions of methodological approaches and defines their importance for scientific substantiation of the researched problem. The research methodology of the problem of formation of information and communication competency is considered at the philosophical, general scientific, specific scientific and technological levels. All levels of research methodology are considered as a complex system that includes interconnected elements, defined subordination and interconnection of all scientific approaches. The article discusses the practical application of each of the approaches in the research process. At the philosophical level, the research problem is considered on the basis of a dialectical approach, which involves taking into account the pedagogical regularities of the use of relevant information technologies in the educational process. At the general scientific level, aspects of research are considered on the basis of systemic (considers the research problem as a set of interrelated elements), activity (ensures the inclusion of schoolchildren in active activities in computer science lessons), and competency (presupposes an orientation towards the formation of life competencies in students) approaches. At the concrete-scientific level, the implementation of personal-oriented (presupposes subject-subject interaction of all participants in the educational process), integrated (allows the formation of a comprehensive vision of the subject and its tasks), environmental (creation of necessary and sufficient conditions for its participants in the process) and technological (allows to create a model of formation of information and communication competency with its further implementation in the educational process) approaches.
 Keywords: methodology; approach; scientific approach; information and communication competency.

Accounting as an element of practical economic theory

Introduction. Business accounting as a branch of human activity has a centuries- old history of development. The development of forces and relations of production has resulted in bookkeeping’s evolvement into accounting. Accordingly, the emergence and establishment of accountancy as a profession accompanied the long and natural process of labour division. This is due to the fact that accounting satisfies the business owners’ need for reliable and objective information on the fair value of revenues, losses, assets, liabilities, equity and the state’s need for data on creation and distribution of national income generated by business entities, composition of important micro and macro economic indicators.Research goal – to update the meaning of accounting in accordance with the assessment of its historical influence on the development of the world economy, to refine the theoretical foundations of accounting’s development as a science using the provisions of economic theory.Research methods. The research goal is achieved through the use of methods based on theoretical generalization, systematization, dialectic approach to scientific cognition of economic phenomena and processes studied by economic theory and other sciences; these made it possible to examine the relationship between accounting and economic theory and other sciences, as well as to reflect the effect of economic laws on business performance and determine directions for future research.Results. Historical approaches of renowned economists to the role accounting in the development of forces and relations of production are systemized and analyzed. The article presents the methodological components of accounting’s development, its relationship with economic theory, requirements of economic laws, and basic and fundamental sciences. The importance of using general mathematical and natural sciences is highlighted in view of the wide application of information computer technology in accounting. As a result, the author concludes that accounting is a practical element of economic theory. Consequently, the suggested changes to the current procedure for recording revenues and VAT in the system of accounting take into consideration the requirements of basic economic laws. Implementation of the proposed recommendations will ensure more efficient operation of business entities by improving their financial conditions and will increase state budget revenues.Prospects. Future research should focus on deepening the connection between the economic theory and the methodology and current practices of accounting.

Teleology and mechanism: a dialectical approach

The paper proposes a dialectical approach to our understanding of the relation between teleology and mechanism. This approach is dialectical both in form and content. In form, it proposes a contemporary interpretation of Hegel’s metaphysical account of teleology. This account is grounded in a dialectical methodology, which consists in scrutinizing the inherent limitations of a theoretical position that lead it to suppress itself and evolve into a better one. I apply the same methodology to the function debate. For Hegel, teleology can be understood in three main variants, which can be fruitfully mapped onto the three main positions in the function debate, the key conceptual distinction being whether teleological principles are understood as extrinsic or intrinsic. When it comes to autonomous systems, i.e. systems that embody the regime of Geist, extrinsic functionality must be grounded in intrinsic functionality. My approach is dialectical also in content, insofar as it concludes that intrinsic functional ascriptions rely on the relation of co-determination between the parts and the whole of a system, as well as between the system and its environment.

Finding fit in friction: the value of contrast in mentoring for leadership development

PurposeThe dual purpose of this paper is (1) to describe and contextualize encounters between mentors' and mentees' differing needs in a leadership development programme and (2) to posit that practice negotiating frictional encounters constructs “good fit” between mentors and mentees and is a potentially important skill for leadership development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors gathered data through qualitative, semi-structured interviews of mentors, mentees and mentoring programme staff participating in a mentoring programme for leadership development offered at a mid-sized Canadian business school. Using a grounded theory, interpretive analytical approach, the authors examine the notion of “good fit” and how it emerged in encounters between participants' diverse needs.FindingsThe authors identified participants' mentoring needs by eliciting their experiences of “good fit” in the focal leadership development programme. The findings revealed that encounters between contrasting needs fell into two categories: (1) the need for career advising versus leadership development and (2) the need for structured versus free-flowing conversation. Those encounters, in turn, generated opportunities for leadership development.Practical implicationsThe findings have valuable implications for designing mentoring for leadership programmes. Namely, the authors propose pairing individuals with similar deeper-level qualities but diverse educational backgrounds and experiences to allow for practice in negotiating encounters with friction and contrast.Originality/valueAs an empirical study of mentoring for leadership development in practice, this study applies a dialectical approach to encounters across contrasting mentoring needs. In doing so, it locates leadership development potential in those frictional encounters.

Why Not Happiness? Marx’s Notion of the Free Life

It has recently been claimed that Marx’s aspiration to achieve happiness by reducing human suffering makes it possible to dismantle the conceptual walls between his approach, contemporary socialist approaches, and Eastern and Western perceptions of happiness. In contrast, this essay argues that Marx’s notion of freedom not only cannot be conceived as a means of achieving happiness but actually contradicts the possibility of happiness. The essay instead interprets the dialectical negation of the ideal of happiness in a way intended not to reinforce the walls between Marx’s approach and different worldviews but to reveal a common denominator relevant to different streams of nineteenth-century thought on this subject. Marx’s own conclusion that satisfaction is not a natural purpose of human existence originates in a dialectical approach regarding human needs that expresses radical criticism toward the hierarchical binary conception of pleasure and pain and of physical and spiritual needs.

Ensuring safety of maritime transport: current trends and conceptual generalizations of its international legal mechanism

The article deals with topical issues of ensuring security of maritime transport and preventing relevant threats based on legal measures. The scientific literature in the field of maritime law and legal means (norms, methods) of ensuring safety in maritime transport is analyzed. The variability and complexity of the nature of maritime threats and various measures to respond to them require an understanding of the policies, regulations, national civil and criminal legislation of the participating States and international public law, and therefore actualize the issues of conceptualization of international legal regulation of maritime transport security in this study. The subject of the study is the provision of safety in maritime transport through the knowledge of current trends and the substantiation of the conceptual provisions of the international legal mechanism as such. Systematic, comparative legal and dialectical approaches have been applied to generalize the essence and features of international legal regulation of safety in maritime transport. The main research methods used are diverse variations of analysis and synthesis of its results, analogy and comparison, generalization and concretization, functional cognition and deduction, abstraction, historical and formal legal methods. The main scientific result of the study is that the problem of ensuring safety in maritime transport has been studied from a legal and organizational point of view. The paper examines the formation of the legal mechanism for ensuring international security in maritime transport, defines the concept of the legal mechanism for ensuring international security in maritime transport, reveals the characteristics of the main threats to international security in maritime transport, justifies the right to ensure security in maritime transport as an institute of international maritime law, presents the results of the analysis of the existing areas of security in maritime transport, put forward proposals to improve international legislation in the field of maritime transport safety. The scientific results obtained as a result of the research can be used in educational activities when teaching the basics of international law, as well as in scientific research procedures when learning about the functioning of modern international law and its individual institutions.

The Relationship of the Kappelevites Command Staff with G. M. Semenov on the Basis of Memoir Sources

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of relations between ataman G. M. Semenov and senior officers of the remnants of the Kolchak armies who arrived in Transbaikalia in the early 1920. The analysis of these relations is carried out on the basis of published memoirs of participants of the white movement. The relevance of the study is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of a large amount of memoir literature of both leaders and ordinary members of the white movement who found themselves on the territory of Transbaikalia. In the light of the newly discovered information, it is possible to consider in more detail how the relations within the Kappel command staff and their interaction with ataman G. M. Semenov developed. Previously, these sources were not available to researchers. In the future, the analysis of these sources will allow a deeper study of the final stage of the Civil War in Transbaikalia. The research methodology is based on comparative and dialectical approaches that minimize the subjectivity of memoirs as a historical source. The result of the study is the conclusion that the arrival of military contingents of the former Kolchak troops in Chita did not have a significant impact on the course of events. Attempts by part of their command staff to show political subjectivity and independence in relation to Ataman Semenov failed. The passage of echelons of Czechoslovak Corps units through Chita caused a split among the Kappel command. The negative attitude towards them was caused by the Czechs’ unwillingness to engage in confrontation with the Reds during the joint movement to the east with the Kappelevites. G. M. Semenov, who initially relied on the Japanese, treated the Czechs with distrust. An attempt by G. M. Semenov to disarm one of the Czech echelons in Chita was prevented by the commander of the Kappelevites S. V. Wojciechowski, who treated the Czechs positively. As a result, the Czech factor did not have a significant impact on the subsequent events of the Civil War in Transbaikalia.

Financial literacy and consumer culture in behavioral economics as a condition for sustainable development

The purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of improving financial literacy and economic culture, behavioral economics in conjunction with solving the problems of sustainable development in the economic, environmental and social spheres. The apparatus of "behavioral economics" is applied as a theoretical paradigm that takes into account "psychology" to analyze the behavior of subjects of industrial relations. In the work, the author links financial literacy, behavioral economics, economic culture with the problems of sustainable development, and also reveals the conditionality of this development by the need to increase: the culture of thinking, comprehension of moral values, the level of rational consumption. According to the research hypothesis, the solution of these problems is largely due to the quality of the content of the education and enlightenment system. Financial literacy is considered as a condition for increasing the culture of consumption. The research methodology is based on a dialectical approach, an inductive-deductive method, a descriptive analysis of the fundamentals of the behavior of economic agents: theoretical principles of rational choice (maximizing utility) and observed deviations from rational behavior (limited rationality, behavioral effects and systematic errors associated with them); consumer culture, etc. Projects to improve financial literacy in the higher education system are considered as an educational environment that should be used to form predicative thinking, increase economic culture, culture of thinking, financial literacy, consumer culture, as important components in achieving sustainable development. The author concludes that increasing the financial literacy of the population contributes to an increase in the culture of consumption, which consists in satisfying the natural needs of a person as opposed to irrational behavior and degradation-parasitic consumption, which not only lead to losses in the personal budget, but also increase the destruction of natural resources and the destruction of the biosphere. As a result, it is proposed to supplement the program of improving economic culture conducted by national institutions with the topic of improving consumer culture, to expand the content of the general cultural competencies of the Federal State Educational Institution with a more complete knowledge of dialectics, moral value orientations, and the ability of predicative thinking

Legal content and etymology of the concept «national idea»

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal content of the concept of «national idea», to reveal approaches to its implementation in Ukrainian state-legal thought and influence on modern state-building processes. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a set of theoretical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods, as well as the principles of objectivity and historicism. The key was the dialectical approach and the comparativist method, which made it possible to reveal the value principles and dynamics of the development of the concept of «national idea». Results. It was established that in the Ukrainian tradition of state-building and state-legal thought of the 20th century. the concept of the national idea is reflected quite thoroughly. At the same time, in the conditions of independence, this concept is the object of social or political discussions and has not received a clear legal expression. In Ukrainian legal opinion, in addition to the concept of «national idea», the concepts of «national identity», «ethnic identity», and «religious identity» are used. The connection between the national idea and the country's legal system is demonstrated, because the legal ideology of the country is a component of the national ideology, and the legal awareness and legal culture of the population are a component of the national consciousness. Originality. It was established that the concept of the national idea should be considered at three levels: 1) everyday or conscious-cultural; 2) professional or ideological-legal; 3) theoretical. The national idea itself is a set of value orientations that determine the general vector of the state's development. Realization of the national idea is possible only if one takes into account one's own experience of state formation and the system of democratic values. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further theoretical-legal and historical-legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Changes in tax legislation in the Russian Federation: an educational study

The current study makes an attempt to emphasize that the criminal policy in Russia on liability for tax-related offenses holds a steady tendency toward humanizing. To meet that aim, the present study utilizes the dialectical approach of cognition of legal and social concepts and phenomena in their interdependence as well as development. Based on the results obtained, tax evasion is comprised of acts, such as deliberately including false information in the tax return or other documents, the submission of which is mandatory according to the legislation on taxes and fees in Russia, or simply failing to submit any of these documents.

Existential-legal principle in forming the personality of a human and citizen

Objective : to study the existential-legal principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen. Methods: the dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena led to the choice of the following methods of cognition: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological methods. Results : scientific usage includes a methodologically dubious approach associated with the concept of “a person in law”. There seems to be a human and a citizen in law. In this regard, of the most important doctrinal issues referring to a human, attention is drawn by the issue of the role of the existential principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen, which has not been developed by lawyers. Existence covers situations of personal choice that affect the vital problems of a person’s life, their formation as a personality, overcoming objective life difficulties and subjective dissatisfaction in the process of experiencing them. The level of freedom, felt (reflected) by a person and allowing them (giving them the right) to decide for themselves what to do with their life in all its senses, forms an existential right. It is still waiting for its researcher. One of the directions of such research is the formation of subjective rights and obligations outside and before the mediation of relevant social relations by positive law. Scientific novelty : the most important existentialist questions (where we came from, where we are going, what we stand on, what justifies us, what is the meaning of our presence in the world) are not only philosophical questions. They are purely practical. It is no coincidence that discontent is brewing in the Russian public opinion, both in the scientific community and in the mass of thinking citizens, about the lack of a basic ideology. Existentialism gives preference to internal regulators of behavior over external ones and, consequently, this philosophy does not leave much room to legalism and everything related to the use of legislative means. However, the study of the existence involved in the legal sphere, directed to the legal status of the individual, inevitably actualizes the problems of legislative regulation, evaluation of the existing laws for compliance with natural rights and obligations. The aspect which always remains relevant is the prevention of behavior that deviates from the requirements of an external regulator through metered prohibitions and permits of legitimate authorities. The place of the existential principle in the formation of the personality of a human and a citizen is determined in the light of the ratio of general, special and individual spheres, patterns and forms of life activity. The first is dominated by the general laws of natural-scientific and social development reflected in philosophy; the second is dominated by the specific laws of the political and legal movement of societies and states in a definite place and time; the third – by the existence of active personalities. Practical significance : the conclusions and provisions of the article can be used in scientific and legislative activities, in the educational process of universities.

Excessive judicialization, extralegal interventions, and violent insurrection: a snapshot of our 59<sup>th</sup> Presidential Election

Objective : to study the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the 59 th US presidential election). Methods : dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, sociological. Results : apparently, Democrats and Republicans have their own views as to which voting procedures should be in place, how votes should be counted, and what a fair and accurate result is. The US history is full of ballot battles that share certain characteristics with what happened in 2020 and with how new laws are shaping the sixtieth presidential election. The US history is also replete with legal and popular efforts to expand voting rights, ensure that voting procedures are fair and objective, and ensure that those who are sworn into office were the ones actually elected. In this regard, an alert, informed, and active citizenry is absolutely essential for an inclusive, transparent, and fair electoral system in any state. The fifty-ninth presidential election reflected an extraordinarily contentious landscape. The next presidential election may be even more polarizing and there is no assurance that democratic institutions and norms of peaceful succession will hold. Scientific novelty : for first time, the article considers and analyses the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the 59 th US presidential election). Special attention is paid to restricting ballot access, changing the voting rules, counting the votes, attacking the results and election subversion. Practical significance : the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the US presidential elections due in 2024.

The Political and Social Change Driven by Protest: The Need to Reform the Anti-Riot Act and Examine Anti-Riot Provisions

Objective : to research the right to join in peaceful assembly and petition in the United States of America. Methods : dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological. Results : the right to join in peaceful assembly and petition is critical to an effective democracy and is at the core of the First Amendment. The assault of peaceful protestors in the pursuit of racial justice is not a new phenomenon, and legislators at the federal and state levels have drafted anti-riot provisions as a measure to target protestors they deem an existential threat to American society. As these provisions have become increasingly prevalent in light of the protests following the murders of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd, they have the likelihood of severely chilling the effect on protestors' right to freedom of expression. Scientific novelty : this Note examines these effects, considering the Anti-Riot Act of 1968’s intent to protect the public from violent protestors and, in light of congressional inaction due to ongoing political polarization, asks whether presidential intervention is warranted. More specifically, this Note determines whether the Act's current interpretation meets Congress's intent or subverts the constitutional right to freedom of expression. This Note contends that while persuasive arguments exist both in support for harsher anti-riot provisions and for a novel approach to address public safety, these arguments tend to rely on anecdotal evidence due to the limited scholarship on this topic. Therefore, this Note argues that the president should establish a commission to comprehensively investigate the recent outbreaks of racially motivated protests before potentially moving forward with executive action. Practical significance : the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the right to join in peaceful assembly and petition.

Концепция эффективного устойчивого ESG-развития промышленных экосистем в циркулярной экономике

The relevance of research is due to the low-level penetration of the closed-loop economy in the world tending to decline: From 9.1% in 2018 to 8.6% in 2020. In order to keep our world liveable and prosperous for current and future generations, global circularity must be doubled to 17%. The industrial ecosystems of the Russian Federation place the great importance on the global sustainability agenda and ESG transformation. However, this fact does not yet allow to overcome the main problems on the way of development of industrial ecosystems in the closed-loop economy of the RF - the galloping growth of production and consumption waste, as well as the trend of anti-decoupling, characteristic of the linear, highly material-intensive commodity-heavy economic model, one of the most inert and unstable. The aim of the study is to substantiate the theoretical concept of effective sustainable ESG development of industrial ecosystems in the closed-loop economy. The dialectical approach is fundamental in the research process, in addition to which we used the systemic, complex, interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral, project, value, holistic approaches and the whole complex of methods (comparative analysis, semantic analysis, historical method, method of differentiation of taxonomic features, etc.). The analysis of the narrative of closed-loop economy development on the basis of the historical method and the comparative analysis of the closed-loop economy concepts made it possible to present the closed-loop economy as an umbrella term for a multitude of co-evolving concepts. Identification of the semantic core of the existing definitions of closed-loop economy based on broad and narrow specialized approaches has allowed to represent the author’s vision of the essence of the closed-loop economy. The identification of the primary causes of the need for a closed-loop economy, principles, approaches, factors, strategies at three levels, circular business models, effects on the stages of the chain of circular value creation based on cross-sectoral and holistic approaches, taxon differentiation method based on taxonomic features allowed to identify the essential features of the closed-loop economy in industry and develop the concept of effective sustainable development of industrial ecosystems in the closed-loop economy. The direction of further research is to form a methodology of strategic management of effective sustainable ESG development of industrial ecosystems in a closed-loop economy.

Socionatures, Space, and Decolonisation: Amílcar Cabral's Praxis of Dialectics

AbstractThe agronomic writings of influential theorist and independence leader Amílcar Cabral contain a hitherto underappreciated dialectical approach that is environmental, nonreductive, spatialised, nonteleological, and anticolonial, with significance for geographies that are simultaneously critical, physical, Southern, Black, African, and decolonial. Cabral's interests in socionatures—and especially colonialism and the state—emerged from childhood in colonial Cabo Verde. His undergraduate thesis examines dialectics of soil erosion and agrarian structures in Portugal, amidst his politicisation and anti‐colonial networking. He developed his dialectical approach spatially as he conducted Guinea‐Bissau's agricultural census and advanced beyond methodological nationalism and evolutionary stagism by emphasising colonial connections (colonial state mechanisation and export crops in African agrarian systems). These insights and concerns shaped and were shaped by his work on warehouses, Angolan plantations, and broader post‐1960 liberation struggles to suggest that a rural guerrilla strategy was possible and necessary in Guinea through dialectical engagements with diverse peasantries and international support.

Individuality and Convention in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening: A Hegelian Dialectic Approach

This research paper studies the themes of individuality and convention in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening from a Hegelian dialectic perspective. The significance of the study lies in the fact that it fills a gap in knowledge that has not been fully addressed in relation to the theme of individuality and convention using Hegel’s dialectics. It examines the work to discover the vacillations of the heroine between rebellion and conformity and evaluate the outcome. Hegel’s framework of thesis, antithesis and synthesis is applicable to the analysis of the opposing themes. The study has managed to answer its key research questions. First, convention in the novel is represented by stringent social norms, patriarchy, matrimony, and women’s conformity with them. Second, individualism is mainly represented by Edna who struggles to put her inner self first, her misogamy, and her extra-marital romances. Third, interaction between individuality and convention tips the balance in favor of convention for the following main reasons: Edna’s compliance and ambivalence and Robert’s wavering and estrangement. Ultimately, the thesis comes into interaction with the antithesis to allow convention to prevail, leveraging and isolating Edna before she commits suicide.